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Showing papers by "Sungkyunkwan University published in 2001"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the key factors determining the performance of supercapacitors constructed using single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) electrodes and found a maximum specific capacitance of 180 F/g and a measured power density of 20 kW/kg at energy densities in the range from 7 to 6.5 Wh/kg in a solution of 7.5 N KOH.
Abstract: We have investigated the key factors determining the performance of supercapacitors constructed using single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) electrodes. Several parameters, such as composition of the binder, annealing temperature, type of current collector, charging time, and discharging current density have been optimized for the best performance of the supercapacitor with respect to energy density and power density. We find a maximum specific capacitance of 180 F/g and a measured power density of 20 kW/kg at energy densities in the range from 7 to 6.5 Wh/kg at 0.9 V in a solution of 7.5 N KOH (the currently available supercapacitors have energy densities in the range 6‐7 Wh/kg and power density in the range 0.2‐5 kW/kg at 2.3 V in non-aqueous solvents).

862 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effect of brand personality on brand asset management by using the concept of consumers' identification with a brand and found that there are positive relationships between attractiveness, distinctiveness, and self-expressive value of a brand personality.
Abstract: This study investigated the effect of brand personality on brand asset management by using the concept of consumers' identification with a brand. The focus was on one important type of high-technology product, the cellular phone. The authors develop a conceptual framework to explain the effect of brand identification on brand loyalty. The important variables of this framework include the attractiveness of the brand personality, the distinctiveness of the brand personality, the self-expressive value of the brand personality, positive word-of-mouth reports of the brand, and brand loyalty. The empirical results indicated that there are positive relationships between attractiveness, distinctiveness, and self-expressive value of brand personality. These relationships had a statistically significant effect on consumers' identification with a brand. Furthermore, brand identification had a direct effect on word-of-mouth reports and an indirect effect on brand loyalty. The theoretical and managerial implications of the empirical results are presented, and suggestions are made regarding both the limitations of the present study and future directions for research.

499 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The observed experimental results suggest that electrical transport through DNA molecules occurs by polaron hopping, and the gate-voltage dependent transport measurements show that poly(dA)-poly(dT) behaves as an n-type semiconductor, whereas poly (dG)-poly (dC) behavesAs a p-type silicon semiconductor.
Abstract: We report direct measurements of electrical transport through poly(dA)-poly(dT) and poly(dG)-poly(dC) DNA molecules containing identical base pairs. The observed experimental results suggest that electrical transport through DNA molecules occurs by polaron hopping. We have also investigated the effect of gate voltage on the current-voltage curve. It demonstrates the possibility of a DNA field-effect transistor operating at room temperature. Moreover, the gate-voltage dependent transport measurements show that poly(dA)-poly(dT) behaves as an n-type semiconductor, whereas poly(dG)-poly(dC) behaves as a p-type semiconductor.

480 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results suggest that naltrexone is effective in reducing the symptoms of pathologic gambling.

438 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
26 Jul 2001-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that the endonucleases Dna2 and Fen1 act sequentially to facilitate the complete removal of the primer RNA in Okazaki fragments, governed by a single-stranded DNA-binding protein, replication protein-A (RPA).
Abstract: Extensive work on the maturation of lagging strands during the replication of simian virus 40 DNA suggests that the initiator RNA primers of Okazaki fragments are removed by the combined action of two nucleases, RNase HI and Fen1, before the Okazaki fragments join1,2,3,4,5 Despite the well established in vitro roles of these two enzymes6, genetic analyses in yeast revealed that null mutants of RNase HI and/or Fen1 are not lethal7,8,9, suggesting that an additional enzymatic activity may be required for the removal of RNA One such enzyme is the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dna2 helicase10,11,12/endonuclease12, which is essential for cell viability13,14 and is well suited to removing RNA primers of Okazaki fragments15 In addition, Dna2 interacts genetically and physically with several proteins involved in the elongation or maturation of Okazaki fragments10,16 Here we show that the endonucleases Dna2 and Fen1 act sequentially to facilitate the complete removal of the primer RNA The sequential action of these enzymes is governed by a single-stranded DNA-binding protein, replication protein-A (RPA) Our results demonstrate that the processing of Okazaki fragments in eukaryotes differs significantly from, and is more complicated than, that occurring in prokaryotes We propose a novel biochemical mechanism for the maturation of eukaryotic Okazaki fragments

337 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Essential technical tips to successful radio-frequency ablation therapy were collected from five international experts and will be very helpful for physicians performing radio- frequencies ablation of hepatic tumors.
Abstract: Radio-frequency thermal ablation is one of the most promising minimally invasive techniques for the treatment of nonresectable hepatic tumors Essential technical tips to successful radio-frequency ablation therapy were collected from five international experts They were organized into five categories: understanding the mechanisms and principles of radio-frequency ablation, modulation of tissue physiologic characteristics to increase tumor destruction, strategies of overlapping ablations, strategies to improve ablation according to tumor location, and imaging strategies after ablation to ensure adequate therapy Established factors for optimal ablation, as well as emerging technical tips, are addressed with illustrations in each section These essential tips will be very helpful for physicians performing radio-frequency ablation of hepatic tumors

327 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A transdermal preparation containing ketoprofen was developed using O/W microemulsion system and only limonene resulted in a powerful enhancing activity (3-fold increase over control) when evaluated with excised rat skins.

310 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined consumers' price sensitivity using a new approach that incorporates probabilistic thresholds for price gains and price losses in the reference price models and found that higher own-price volatility makes consumers more sensitive to gains and less sensitive to losses.

299 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These data are the first to demonstrate higher amounts of VAT in healthy Asian Americans, a finding that suggests normative VAT values or standards derived from whites may not be applicable to Asians.
Abstract: Objective: Excess visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is recognized as an important risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. Several studies have reported less VAT in African Americans compared with whites. As little is known about the levels of VAT in Asians, we compared whole-body VAT in Asian Americans with European Americans. Research Methods and Procedures: VAT was measured using whole-body multislice magnetic resonance imaging in 54 women (18 Asian Americans, 36 European Americans) and 53 men (19 Asian Americans, 34 European Americans) with body mass index (measured in kilograms per square meter) < 30. Data were analyzed by multiple regression modeling. Results: Asian American women had higher log-transformed VAT compared with European American women (p < 0.05), after adjusting for age and total body fat. There was a significant age by race interaction such that race differences in VAT were most evident over the age of 30 years. No differences in VAT could be detected between Asian American and European American men, even after adjusting for potential covariates, including total adiposity. %Discussion: These data are the first to demonstrate higher amounts of VAT in healthy Asian Americans, a finding that suggests normative VAT values or standards derived from whites may not be applicable to Asians.

282 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recognition and understanding of the radiologic manifestations of the thoracic sequelae and complications of tuberculosis are important to facilitate diagnosis.
Abstract: Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis when droplet nuclei laden with bacilli are inhaled. In accordance with the virulence of the organism and the defenses of the host, tuberculosis can occur in the lungs and in extrapulmonary organs. A variety of sequelae and complications can occur in the pulmonary and extrapulmonary portions of the thorax in treated or untreated patients. These can be categorized as follows: (a) parenchymal lesions, which include tuberculoma, thin-walled cavity, cicatrization, end-stage lung destruction, aspergilloma, and bronchogenic carcinoma; (b) airway lesions, which include bronchiectasis, tracheobronchial stenosis, and broncholithiasis; (c) vascular lesions, which include pulmonary or bronchial arteritis and thrombosis, bronchial artery dilatation, and Rasmussen aneurysm; (d) mediastinal lesions, which include lymph node calcification and extranodal extension, esophagomediastinal or esophagobronchial fistula, constrictive pericarditis, and fibrosing mediastinitis; (e) pleural lesions, which include chronic empyema, fibrothorax, bronchopleural fistula, and pneumothorax; and (f) chest wall lesions, which include rib tuberculosis, tuberculous spondylitis, and malignancy associated with chronic empyema. These varieties of radiologic manifestations can mimic other disease entities. Therefore, recognition and understanding of the radiologic manifestations of the thoracic sequelae and complications of tuberculosis are important to facilitate diagnosis.

258 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that IFN-γ/TNF-α synergism is responsible for autoimmune diabetes in vivo as well as β cell apoptosis in vitro and suggest a novel signal transduction in IFN/T NF- α synergism that may have relevance in other autoimmune diseases and synergistic anti-tumor effects of the two cytokines.
Abstract: Fas ligand (FasL), perforin, TNF-alpha, IL-1, and NO have been considered as effector molecule(s) leading to beta cell death in autoimmune diabetes. However, the real culprit(s) in beta cell destruction have long been elusive, despite intense investigation. We and others have demonstrated that FasL is not a major effector molecule in autoimmune diabetes, and previous inability to transfer diabetes to Fas-deficient nonobese diabetic (NOD)-lpr mice was due to constitutive FasL expression on lymphocytes from these mice. Here, we identified IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha synergism as the final effector molecules in autoimmune diabetes of NOD mice. A combination of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, but neither cytokine alone, induced classical caspase-dependent apoptosis in insulinoma and pancreatic islet cells. IFN-gamma treatment conferred susceptibility to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis on otherwise resistant insulinoma cells by STAT1 activation followed by IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-1 induction. IRF-1 played a central role in IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity because inhibition of IRF-1 induction by antisense oligonucleotides blocked IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity, and transfection of IRF-1 rendered insulinoma cells susceptible to TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity. STAT1 and IRF-1 were expressed in pancreatic islets of diabetic NOD mice and colocalized with apoptotic cells. Moreover, anti-TNF-alpha Ab inhibited the development of diabetes after adoptive transfer. Taken together, our results indicate that IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha synergism is responsible for autoimmune diabetes in vivo as well as beta cell apoptosis in vitro and suggest a novel signal transduction in IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha synergism that may have relevance in other autoimmune diseases and synergistic anti-tumor effects of the two cytokines.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the BAB-type triblock copolymers composed of a central poly(ethyelene oxide) (PEO, M nPEO = 1000) block and two poly[(D,L-lactic acid)-co-(glycolic acid)] end blocks with molecular weights between 900 and 1 600 exhibited an intersting phase transition behavior.
Abstract: The BAB-type triblock copolymers composed of a central poly(ethyelene oxide) (PEO, M nPEO = 1000) block and two poly[(D,L-lactic acid)-co-(glycolic acid)] end blocks with molecular weights between 900 and 1 600 exhibited an intersting phase transition behavior. The copolymer aqueous solution can form micelles with PLGA loops in the core and a PEO shell and groups of micelles because of bridging between micelles caused by the PLGA blocks with raising temperature. A possible micellar gelation mechanism was suggested.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings suggested that other resistance mechanisms would play a role in meropenem resistance in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa.
Abstract: In order to define the contributions of the mechanisms for carbapenem resistance in clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we investigated the presence of OprD, the expressions of the MexAB-OprM and MexEF-OprN systems, and the production of the beta-lactamases for 44 clinical strains. All of the carbapenem-resistant isolates showed the loss of or decreased levels of OprD. Three strains overexpressed the MexAB-OprM efflux system by carrying mutations in mexR. These three strains had the amino acid substitution in MexR protein, Arg (CGG) --> Gln (CAG), at the position of amino acid 70. None of the isolates, however, expressed the MexEF-OprN efflux system. For the characterization of beta-lactamases, at least 13 isolates were the depressed mutants, and 12 strains produced secondary beta-lactamases. Based on the above resistance mechanisms, the MICs of carbapenem for the isolates were analyzed. The MICs of carbapenem were mostly determined by the expression of OprD. The MICs of meropenem were two- to four-fold increased for the isolates which overexpressed MexAB-OprM in the background of OprD loss. However, the elevated MICs of meropenem for some individual isolates could not be explained. These findings suggested that other resistance mechanisms would play a role in meropenem resistance in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa.

Journal ArticleDOI
Kazuo Abe1, Iki Adachi1, Byoung Sup Ahn2, Hiroaki Aihara3  +232 moreInstitutions (40)
TL;DR: In this paper, the branching fraction of the inclusive radiative B meson decay B→Xsγ was measured to be 3.36±0.53(stat)± 0.42(sys)+0.50−0.54(th))×10−4.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that HeLa cells were susceptible to Fas-mediated apoptosis under the condition of glutamine deprivation, and a novel function of mammalian ARSs is suggested, which is controlled positively by the cellular concentration of Gln and negatively by Fas ligation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The simulation comparison indicates that the proposed differential flip-flop achieves power savings of up to 61% with no impact on latency while the single-ended structure provides the maximum power Savings of around 67%, as compared to conventional flip- flops.
Abstract: This paper describes a family of novel low-power flip-flops, collectively called conditional-capture flip-flops (CCFFs). They achieve statistical power reduction by eliminating redundant transitions of internal nodes. These flip-flops also have negative setup time and thus provide small data-to-output latency and attribute of soft-clock edge for overcoming clock skew-related cycle time loss. The simulation comparison indicates that the proposed differential flip-flop achieves power savings of up to 61% with no impact on latency while the single-ended structure provides the maximum power savings of around 67%, as compared to conventional flip-flops. With a typical switching activity of 0.33, the power consumption is reduced by as much as 23-30% with comparable minimum data-to-output latency. It is also indicated that the proposed single-ended structure provides power comparable to the fully static master-slave design with significantly reduced data-to-output latency. An eight-bit counter was fabricated using a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology, and the experimental results indicate that the counter using the differential CCFF saves the overall power consumption by about 30% as compared to that using the conventional flip-flop.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that four cycles of CHOP followed by IF RT is not satisfactory for treating patients with localized nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma, and that further exploration for improved therapy is needed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that PELP1 is a novel coregulator of ERα and may have a role in breast cancer tumorigenesis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The analyses suggest two major groups within the Amygdaloideae: PRUNUS: s.l. (sensu lato) and MADDENIA:, and (2) EXOCHORDA:, Oemleria, and PRINSEPIA: The ITS phylogeny supports the recent treatment of including EXO CHORDA: (formerly in the Spiraeoideae) in the Amydraesideae.
Abstract: The economically important plum or cherry genus (Prunus) and the subfamily Amygdaloideae of the Rosaceae have a controversial taxonomic history due to the lack of a phylogenetic framework. Phylogenetic analysis using the ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) was conducted to construct the evolutionary history and evaluate the historical classifications of Prunus and the Amygdaloideae. The analyses suggest two major groups within the Amygdaloideae: (1) Prunus s.l. (sensu lato) and Maddenia, and (2) Exochorda, Oemleria, and Prinsepia. The ITS phylogeny supports the recent treatment of including Exochorda (formerly in the Spiraeoideae) in the Amygdaloideae. Maddenia is found to be nested within Prunus s.l. in the parsimony and distance analyses, but basal to Prunus s.l. in the maximum likelihood analysis. Within Prunus, two major groups are recognizable: (1) the Amygdalus‐Prunus group, and (2) the Cerasus‐Laurocerasus‐Padus group. The clades in the ITS phylogeny are not congruent with most subgeneric groups in the widely used classification of Prunus by Rehder. A broadly definedPrunus is supported.


Journal Article
TL;DR: This study shows that a PKC-epsilon-Raf-1-MEK-ERK-AP1 signaling cascade acts on a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate response element-like element to mediate hypoxia-induced GRP78 expression in human gastric cancer cells.
Abstract: The Mr 78,000 glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) can be induced by physiological stresses such as glucose deprivation and hypoxia. In solid tumors, hypoxia can promote malignant progression and confer resistance to irradiation and chemotherapy by altering gene expression. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathway involved in the late and prolonged induction of the GRP78 gene by hypoxia in a human gastric cancer cell line, MKN28. Nuclear run-on assays and mRNA stability measurements revealed that transcriptional activation, not stabilization of mRNA, contributed to the dramatic induction of GRP78 gene under hypoxia. Induction of GRP78 by chronic hypoxia was completely abolished by pretreatment with PD98059 [a specific inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK1)] or by overexpression of a dominant-negative MEK1 mutant, demonstrating a direct involvement of ERK in the induction of transcription at the GRP78 promoter under these conditions. Furthermore, hypoxia increased the transcriptional activity of a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate response element-like motif on the GRP78 promoter and increased the abundance and DNA binding activity of AP-1 complex composed of c-Jun and c-Fos. A selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, GF109203X, inhibited the induction of GRP78 gene expression as well as the activities of both ERK and Raf-1. Among six PKC isoforms expressed in MKN28 cells, PKC-e expression level and kinase activity were increased by hypoxia. Transfection of MKN28 cells with a dominant-negative PKC-e blocked the induction of GRP78 through ERK by hypoxia, indicating that PKC-e directly participated in GRP78 induction under hypoxia. Taken together, this study shows that a PKC-e-Raf-1-MEK-ERK-AP1 signaling cascade acts on a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate response element-like element to mediate hypoxia-induced GRP78 expression in human gastric cancer cells. We also confirmed in vivo the overexpression of GRP78 in surgical specimens of human primary gastric tumors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, various hygroscopic effects of such parameters as hygrothermal temperature, matrix volume ratio, void volume ratio (Vv), specimen thickness, lay-up sequence and internal stress were investigated for epoxy/carbon fiber composite laminates.
Abstract: In this study, various hygroscopic effects of such parameters as hygrothermal temperature, matrix volume ratio (Vm), void volume ratio (Vv), specimen thickness, lay-up sequence and internal stress were investigated for epoxy/carbon fiber composite laminates. The specimen thickness and lay-up sequence had little effect on the through-the-thickness water absorption behavior of composite laminates, but the other parameters affected the moisture absorption rate and equilibrium water uptake in different ways and intensities. The glass transition temperature of composite laminates was strongly affected and linearly decreased by the quantity of equilibrium water uptake. A characteristic length of moisture migration through the unidirectional laminates was proposed as a function of fiber angle to the exposed laminate surface. In this approach, the fibers imbedded in the matrix were assumed to act as a barrier to the penetrating water molecules, and the developed model was well compared with the experimental results.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that upon heat shock the Pol II-free form of Mediator is rapidly recruited to HSF binding sites, suggesting that the activator-Mediator interaction likely underlies the initiation of signal transfer from enhancer-bound activators to the basal transcription machinery.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The concept of a fully connected ER network is entirely compatible with evidence indicating that the distribution of Ca2+ -release channels in the ER membrane is discontinuous with clustering in certain localities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a variable dead time control in adaptive single pole auto-reclosing (SPAR) is proposed to give rise to a high rate of successful reclosing by adapting to variable dead times.
Abstract: This paper presents a new concept, based on variable dead time control, in adaptive single pole auto-reclosing (SPAR). The proposed scheme can give rise to a high rate of successful reclosing by adapting to variable dead times. The significance of this algorithm is that it uses the waveform patterns of the voltage transients following initial breaker opening. The performance of this proposed method is tested under a variety of fault locations on the Korean 765 kV system, and the outcome of the study clearly indicates that variable dead time auto-reclosing scheme can be used as an attractive and effective means of better management and operation of a high voltage transmission system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data suggest that TNFRSF14 is involved in atherosclerosis via the induction of proatherogenic cytokines and decreasing plaque stability by inducing extracellular matrix–degrading enzymes.
Abstract: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily 14 (TNFRSF14) is the cellular receptor for TNF superfamily 14 (LIGHT). Immunohistochemical staining of human carotid atherosclerotic plaques revealed a high level of expression of the TNFRSF14 in regions rich in macrophages/foam cells. To investigate the role of TNFRSF14 in the functioning of monocytes in relation to atherogenesis, we have analyzed TNFRSF14 expression levels and cellular events after stimulation of TNFRSF14 in peripheral blood monocytes or the human macrophage–like cell line, THP-1. A high level of expression of TNFRSF14 was detected in activated monocytes, in macrophages derived from monocytes, and in THP-1 cells. Concomitant activation of THP-1 cells with interferon-γ and immobilized anti-TNFRSF14 monoclonal antibody resulted in synergistic induction of proatherogenic cytokines, such as TNF-α and interleukin-8. Activation of THP-1 cells with immobilized anti-TNFRSF14 monoclonal antibody induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-9, MMP-13, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 and -2. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of atherosclerotic plaques with severe infiltration of foam cells revealed that the expression patterns of TNFRSF14 and MMP-1, -9, and -13 overlapped. Treatment of THP-1 cells with soluble LIGHT also caused induction of MMP-9 and interleukin-8. These data suggest that TNFRSF14 is involved in atherosclerosis via the induction of proatherogenic cytokines and decreasing plaque stability by inducing extracellular matrix–degrading enzymes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Gene therapy by peritumoral injection of IL-12-producing autologous fibroblasts is feasible, and promising in patients with advanced cancer, and there appears to be perturbation of systemic immunity.
Abstract: A phase I dose-escalation clinical trial of peritumoral injections of interleukin 12 (IL-12)-transduced autologous fibroblasts was performed in patients with disseminated cancer for whom effective treatment does not exist. The goals of this study were to assess the safety and toxicities as well as the efficacy, and ancillarily the immunomodulatory effects, of peritumoral IL-12 gene transfer. Primary dermal fibroblasts cultured from the patients were transduced with retroviral vector carrying human IL-12 genes (p35 and p40) as well as the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (TFG-hIL-12-Neo). Patients received four injections at intervals of 7 days. Nine patients were enrolled in this dose-escalation study, with secreted IL-12 doses ranging from 300 ng/24 hr for the first three patients to 1000, 3000, and 5000 ng/24 hr for two patients in each subsequent dosage level. Although a definite statement cannot be made, there appears to be perturbation of systemic immunity. Also, the locoregional effects mediated by ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the results of laboratory model tests on the bearing capacity behavior of a strip footing on a geogrid-reinforced earth slope were presented, and a series of finite element analyses were additionally performed on a prototype slope.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the oxidation behavior of TiCrN coatings having compositions of TiO 2 and Cr 2 O 3, and they found that the coating elements diffused either outwardly or inwardly, depending on the concentration gradients.
Abstract: The oxidation behavior of TiCrN coatings having compositions of Ti 36 Cr 26 N 38 , Ti 31 Cr 35 N 34 and Ti 14 Cr 52 N 34 was studied between 700 and 1000°C in atmospheric air. The oxidation resistance of TiCrN coatings which were composed of TiN and CrN phases increased in the order of Ti 36 Cr 26 N 38 , Ti 31 Cr 35 N 34 and Ti 14 Cr 52 N 34 , implying that chromium within the coating played a decisive role in providing the oxidation protection. The oxides formed always consisted of TiO 2 and Cr 2 O 3 . During oxidation, all the involved elements diffused either outwardly or inwardly, depending on the concentration gradients. The substrate elements diffused outwardly toward the oxide-gas interface, oxygen from the atmosphere diffused inwardly and the coating elements diffused predominantly outward.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of Helicobacter pylori infection in iron deficiency anemia (IDA) of pubescent athletes was investigated, and the authors determined whether IDA can be managed by eradication.