Institution
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research
Facility•Birmensdorf, Switzerland•
About: Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research is a facility organization based out in Birmensdorf, Switzerland. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Climate change & Soil water. The organization has 1256 authors who have published 3222 publications receiving 161639 citations. The organization is also known as: WSL.
Topics: Climate change, Soil water, Geology, Biodiversity, Environmental science
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
More filters
••
TL;DR: Zn accumulated in high concentrations in both the cell walls of epidermal cells and in the mesophyll cells, indicating that apoplastic compartmentation is another important mechanism involved in zinc tolerance in the leaves of T. caerulescens.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to show the potential of Thlaspi caerulescens in the cleaning-up of a moderately Zn -contaminated soil and to elucidate tolerance mechanisms at the cellular and subcellular level for the detoxification of the accumulated metal within the leaf. Measured Zn concentrations in shoots were high and reached a maximum value of 83 mmol kg -1 dry mass, whereas total concentrations of Zn in the roots were lower (up to 13 mmol kg -1 ). In order to visualize and quantify Zn at the subcellular level in roots and leaves, ultrathin cryosections were analysed using energy-dispersive X-ray micro-analysis. Elemental maps of ultrathin cryosections showed that T. caerulescens mainly accumulated Zn in the vacuoles of epidermal leaf cells and Zn was almost absent from the vacuoles of the cells from the stomatal complex, thereby protecting the guard and subsidiary cells from high Zn concentrations. Observed patterns of Zn distribution between the functionally different epidermal cells were the same in both the upper and lower epidermis, and were independent of the total Zn content of the plant. Zinc stored in vacuoles was evenly distributed and no Zn-containing crystals or deposits were observed. From the elemental maps there was no indication that P, S or Cl was associated with the high Zn concentrations in the vacuoles. In addition, Zn also accumulated in high concentrations in both the cell walls of epidermal cells and in the mesophyll cells, indicating that apoplastic compartmentation is another important mechanism involved in zinc tolerance in the leaves of T. caerulescens.
191 citations
••
Boston University1, University of Florida2, University of Alaska Fairbanks3, Vassar College4, United States Environmental Protection Agency5, Natural Environment Research Council6, Virginia Tech College of Natural Resources and Environment7, University College London8, University of Maine9, University of California, Santa Barbara10, University of Virginia11, Cornell University12, University of Copenhagen13, University of Minnesota14, University of Colorado Boulder15, Western Washington University16, Northern Arizona University17, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation18, University of Michigan19, United States Geological Survey20, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research21, James Hutton Institute22, National Water Research Institute23, University of Waterloo24, University of Amsterdam25
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of studies at 48 sites across four continents that used enriched 15N isotope tracers concluded that growth enhancement and potential for increased C storage in aboveground biomass from atmospheric N deposition is likely to be modest in these ecosystems.
Abstract: Effects of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition and the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to store carbon (C) depend in part on the amount of N retained in the system and its partitioning among plant and soil pools. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies at 48 sites across four continents that used enriched 15N isotope tracers in order to synthesize information about total ecosystem N retention (i.e., total ecosystem 15N recovery in plant and soil pools) across natural systems and N partitioning among ecosystem pools. The greatest recoveries of ecosystem 15N tracer occurred in shrublands (mean, 89.5%) and wetlands (84.8%) followed by forests (74.9%) and grasslands (51.8%). In the short term (< 1 week after 15N tracer application), total ecosystem 15N recovery was negatively correlated with fine-root and soil 15N natural abundance, and organic soil C and N concentration but was positively correlated with mean annual temperature and mineral soil C:N. In the longer term (3-18 months after 15N tracer application), total ecosystem 15N retention was negatively correlated with foliar natural-abundance 15N but was positively correlated with mineral soil C and N concentration and C:N, showing that plant and soil natural-abundance 15N and soil C:N are good indicators of total ecosystem N retention. Foliar N concentration was not significantly related to ecosystem 15N tracer recovery, suggesting that plant N status is not a good predictor of total ecosystem N retention. Because the largest ecosystem sinks for 15N tracer were below ground in forests, shrublands, and grasslands, we conclude that growth enhancement and potential for increased C storage in aboveground biomass from atmospheric N deposition is likely to be modest in these ecosystems. Total ecosystem 15N recovery decreased with N fertilization, with an apparent threshold fertilization rate of 46 kg N x ha(-1) x yr(-1) above which most ecosystems showed net losses of applied 15N tracer in response to N fertilizer addition.
191 citations
••
Spanish National Research Council1, University of Lisbon2, Autonomous University of Madrid3, VU University Amsterdam4, University of Barcelona5, University of Vigo6, Lawrence University7, University of Sussex8, Centre national de la recherche scientifique9, Michigan State University10, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research11, University of Reading12, University of Oxford13, Natural Environment Research Council14, Trinity College, Dublin15, United States Department of Agriculture16, University of Alcalá17
TL;DR: The results suggest that current knowledge on the ES provided by insects is relatively scarce and biased, and gaps in the least-studied functional and taxonomic groups are shown.
190 citations
••
University of Freiburg1, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute2, University of Melbourne3, University of Kent4, Wright State University5, Polish Academy of Sciences6, University of York7, University College Dublin8, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ9, Swiss Ornithological Institute10, University of Savoy11, University of Grenoble12, University of Bayreuth13, University of Calgary14, Braunschweig University of Technology15, University of New South Wales16, University of Bristol17, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research18, University of Regensburg19
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the mathematical foundations of model averaging along with the diversity of approaches available and stress the importance of non-parametric methods such as cross-validation for a reliable uncertainty quantification of model-averaged predictions.
Abstract: In ecology, the true causal structure for a given problem is often not known, and several plausible models and thus model predictions exist. It has been claimed that using weighted averages of these models can reduce prediction error, as well as better reflect model selection uncertainty. These claims, however, are often demonstrated by isolated examples. Analysts must better understand under which conditions model averaging can improve predictions and their uncertainty estimates. Moreover, a large range of different model averaging methods exists, raising the question of how they differ in their behaviour and performance. Here, we review the mathematical foundations of model averaging along with the diversity of approaches available. We explain that the error in model‐averaged predictions depends on each model's predictive bias and variance, as well as the covariance in predictions between models, and uncertainty about model weights. We show that model averaging is particularly useful if the predictive error of contributing model predictions is dominated by variance, and if the covariance between models is low. For noisy data, which predominate in ecology, these conditions will often be met. Many different methods to derive averaging weights exist, from Bayesian over information‐theoretical to cross‐validation optimized and resampling approaches. A general recommendation is difficult, because the performance of methods is often context dependent. Importantly, estimating weights creates some additional uncertainty. As a result, estimated model weights may not always outperform arbitrary fixed weights, such as equal weights for all models. When averaging a set of models with many inadequate models, however, estimating model weights will typically be superior to equal weights. We also investigate the quality of the confidence intervals calculated for model‐averaged predictions, showing that they differ greatly in behaviour and seldom manage to achieve nominal coverage. Our overall recommendations stress the importance of non‐parametric methods such as cross‐validation for a reliable uncertainty quantification of model‐averaged predictions.
187 citations
••
University of Bern1, University of Freiburg2, Ghent University3, Leipzig University4, Institut national de la recherche agronomique5, University of Bordeaux6, Ştefan cel Mare University of Suceava7, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg8, University of Florence9, University of Liège10, University of Cambridge11, Spanish National Research Council12, University of Copenhagen13, Natural Resources Institute Finland14, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research15, Los Alamos National Laboratory16, École pratique des hautes études17, University of Warsaw18, Royal Holloway, University of London19, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences20, King Juan Carlos University21
TL;DR: This study used a comprehensive pan-European dataset, including 16 ecosystem functions measured in 209 forest plots across six European countries, and performed simulations to investigate how local plot-scale richness of tree species and their turnover between plots are related to landscape-scale multifunctionality.
Abstract: Many experiments have shown that local biodiversity loss impairs the ability of ecosystems to maintain multiple ecosystem functions at high levels (multifunctionality). In contrast, the role of biodiversity in driving ecosystem multifunctionality at landscape scales remains unresolved. We used a comprehensive pan-European dataset, including 16 ecosystem functions measured in 209 forest plots across six European countries, and performed simulations to investigate how local plot-scale richness of tree species (α-diversity) and their turnover between plots (β-diversity) are related to landscape-scale multifunctionality. After accounting for variation in environmental conditions, we found that relationships between α-diversity and landscape-scale multifunctionality varied from positive to negative depending on the multifunctionality metric used. In contrast, when significant, relationships between β-diversity and landscape-scale multifunctionality were always positive, because a high spatial turnover in species composition was closely related to a high spatial turnover in functions that were supported at high levels. Our findings have major implications for forest management and indicate that biotic homogenization can have previously unrecognized and negative consequences for large-scale ecosystem multifunctionality.
187 citations
Authors
Showing all 1333 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Peter H. Verburg | 107 | 464 | 34254 |
Bernhard Schmid | 103 | 460 | 46419 |
Christian Körner | 103 | 376 | 39637 |
André S. H. Prévôt | 90 | 511 | 38599 |
Fortunat Joos | 87 | 276 | 36951 |
Niklaus E. Zimmermann | 80 | 277 | 39364 |
Robert Huber | 78 | 311 | 25131 |
David Frank | 78 | 186 | 18624 |
Jan Esper | 75 | 254 | 19280 |
James W. Kirchner | 73 | 238 | 21958 |
David B. Roy | 70 | 250 | 26241 |
Emmanuel Frossard | 68 | 356 | 15281 |
Derek Eamus | 67 | 285 | 17317 |
Benjamin Poulter | 66 | 255 | 22519 |
Ulf Büntgen | 65 | 316 | 15876 |