Showing papers by "Tata Institute of Fundamental Research published in 2010"
United Nations Environment Programme1, BirdLife International2, Zoological Society of London3, Statistics Netherlands4, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill5, Old Dominion University6, Conservation International7, Food and Agriculture Organization8, University of Virginia9, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds10, University of Queensland11, University of Cambridge12, National Center for Atmospheric Research13, World Wide Fund for Nature14, South African National Parks15, UNESCO16, University of British Columbia17, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research18, The Nature Conservancy19, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center20, American Bird Conservancy21, Stellenbosch University22, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources23
TL;DR: Most indicators of the state of biodiversity showed declines, with no significant recent reductions in rate, whereas indicators of pressures on biodiversity showed increases, indicating that the Convention on Biological Diversity’s 2010 targets have not been met.
Abstract: In 2002, world leaders committed, through the Convention on Biological Diversity, to achieve a significant reduction in the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. We compiled 31 indicators to report on progress toward this target. Most indicators of the state of biodiversity (covering species' population trends, extinction risk, habitat extent and condition, and community composition) showed declines, with no significant recent reductions in rate, whereas indicators of pressures on biodiversity (including resource consumption, invasive alien species, nitrogen pollution, overexploitation, and climate change impacts) showed increases. Despite some local successes and increasing responses (including extent and biodiversity coverage of protected areas, sustainable forest management, policy responses to invasive alien species, and biodiversity-related aid), the rate of biodiversity loss does not appear to be slowing.
3,993 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a biennial review summarizes much of particle physics using data from previous editions, plus 2158 new measurements from 551 papers, they list, evaluate and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons.
Abstract: This biennial Review summarizes much of particle physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 2158 new measurements from 551 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. Among the 108 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on neutrino mass, mixing, and oscillations, QCD, top quark, CKM quark-mixing matrix, V-ud & V-us, V-cb & V-ub, fragmentation functions, particle detectors for accelerator and non-accelerator physics, magnetic monopoles, cosmological parameters, and big bang cosmology.
2,788 citations
Michael R. Hoffmann1, Craig Hilton-Taylor2, Ariadne Angulo2, Monika Böhm3 +170 more•Institutions (81)
TL;DR: Though the threat of extinction is increasing, overall declines would have been worse in the absence of conservation, and current conservation efforts remain insufficient to offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss in these groups.
Abstract: Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world's vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer to extinction each year. However, this overall pattern conceals the impact of conservation successes, and we show that the rate of deterioration would have been at least one-fifth again as much in the absence of these. Nonetheless, current conservation efforts remain insufficient to offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss in these groups: agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species.
1,333 citations
Proceedings Article•
01 Sep 2010
TL;DR: An algorithm for this optimization problem, as well as a greedy scheme with some performance guarantees for a variant of the problem that seeks to minimize a simpler objective are proposed.
Abstract: A scheme for consensus formation is considered wherein the value of a certain variable associated with the nodes of a network is fixed a priori for a prescribed set of K nodes, and allowed to propagate throughout the network through an averaging process that mimics a gossip algorithm. The objective is to find the best choice of these K nodes that will achieve the fastest convergence to consensus. This objective is captured by the Perron-Frobenius eigenvalue of the resultant sub-stochastic matrix, which then is the quantity one seeks to minimize. We propose an algorithm for this optimization problem, as well as a greedy scheme with some performance guarantees for a variant of the problem that seeks to minimize a simpler objective. Some other related formulations are also considered.
719 citations
Vardan Khachatryan, Albert M. Sirunyan, Armen Tumasyan, Wolfgang Adam1 +2197 more•Institutions (149)
TL;DR: The pre-print version of the Published Article can be accessed from the link below - Copyright @ 2010 Springer Verlag as discussed by the authors, which can be viewed as a preprint of the published article.
Abstract: This is the pre-print version of the Published Article, which can be accessed from the link below - Copyright @ 2010 Springer Verlag
717 citations
TL;DR: This work provides an account of various endocytic routes, their mechanisms of operation and occurrence across phyla, and a description of the functional hierarchy of molecular players in these mechanisms of internalization.
Abstract: Endocytosis occurs at the cell surface and involves internalization of the plasma membrane (PM) along with its constituent membrane proteins and lipids. Endocytosis is involved in sampling of the extracellular milieu and also serves to regulate various processes initiated at the cell surface. These include nutrient uptake, signaling from cell-surface receptors, and many other processes essential for cell and tissue functioning in metazoans. It is also central to the maintenance of PM lipid and protein homeostasis. There are multiple means of internalization that operate concurrently, at the cell surface. With advancement in high-resolution visualization techniques, it is now possible to track multiple endocytic cargo at the same time, revealing a remarkable diversity of endocytic processes in a single cell. A combination of live cell imaging and efficient genetic manipulations has also aided in understanding the functional hierarchy of molecular players in these mechanisms of internalization. Here we provide an account of various endocytic routes, their mechanisms of operation and occurrence across phyla.
474 citations
Vardan Khachatryan, Albert M. Sirunyan, Armen Tumasyan, Wolfgang Adam1 +2087 more•Institutions (132)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the transverse momentum and pseudorapidity distributions in proton-proton collisions at root s = 7 TeV with the inner tracking system of the CMS detector at the LHC.
Abstract: Charged-hadron transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions in proton-proton collisions at root s = 7 TeV are measured with the inner tracking system of the CMS detector at the LHC. The charged-hadron yield is obtained by counting the number of reconstructed hits, hit pairs, and fully reconstructed charged-particle tracks. The combination of the three methods gives a charged-particle multiplicity per unit of pseudorapidity dN(ch)/d eta vertical bar(vertical bar eta vertical bar<0.5) = 5.78 +/- 0.01(stat) +/- 0.23(stat) for non-single-diffractive events, higher than predicted by commonly used models. The relative increase in charged-particle multiplicity from root s = 0.9 to 7 TeV is [66.1 +/- 1.0(stat) +/- 4.2(syst)]%. The mean transverse momentum is measured to be 0.545 +/- 0.005(stat) +/- 0.015(syst) GeV/c. The results are compared with similar measurements at lower energies.
464 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the intrinsic axial ratio distribution of the gas discs of extremely faint MB < −14.5 dwarf irregular galaxies was determined based on the observed apparent axial ratios.
Abstract: We determine the intrinsic axial ratio distribution of the gas discs of extremely faint MB < −14.5 dwarf irregular galaxies. We start with the measured (beam corrected) distribution of apparent axial ratios in the H i 21-cm images of dwarf irregular galaxies observed as part of the Faint Irregular Galaxy GMRT Survey (FIGGS). Assuming that the discs can be approximated as oblate spheroids, the intrinsic axial ratio distribution can be obtained from the observed apparent axial ratio distribution. We use a variety of methods to do this, and our final results are based on using Lucy's deconvolution algorithm. This method is constrained to produce physically plausible distributions, and also has the added advantage of allowing for observational errors to be accounted for. While one might a priori expect that gas discs would be thin (because collisions between gas clouds would cause them to quickly settle down to a thin disc), we find that the H i discs of faint dwarf irregulars are quite thick, with mean axial ratio 〈q〉∼ 0.6. While this is substantially larger than the typical value of ∼0.2 for the stellar discs of large spiral galaxies, it is consistent with the much larger ratio of velocity dispersion to rotational velocity (σ/vc) in dwarf galaxy H i discs as compared to that in spiral galaxies. Our findings have implications for studies of the mass distribution and the Tully–Fisher relation for faint dwarf irregular galaxies, where it is often assumed that the gas is in a thin disc.
389 citations
Harvard University1, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research2, University of Chile3, University of Virginia4, Royal Military College of Canada5, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation6, University of Alabama in Huntsville7, Goddard Space Flight Center8, York University9, University of Copenhagen10, Carnegie Institution for Science11, Stockholm University12, University of Hawaii13, University of Arizona14
TL;DR: The discovery of luminous radio emission from the seemingly ordinary type Ibc SN 2009bb, which requires a substantial relativistic outflow powered by a central engine, is reported.
Abstract: Long duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) mark the explosive death of some massive stars and are a rare sub-class of type Ibc supernovae. They are distinguished by the production of an energetic and collimated relativistic outflow powered by a central engine (an accreting black hole or neutron star). Observationally, this outflow is manifested in the pulse of gamma-rays and a long-lived radio afterglow. Until now, central-engine-driven supernovae have been discovered exclusively through their gamma-ray emission, yet it is expected that a larger population goes undetected because of limited satellite sensitivity or beaming of the collimated emission away from our line of sight. In this framework, the recovery of undetected GRBs may be possible through radio searches for type Ibc supernovae with relativistic outflows. Here we report the discovery of luminous radio emission from the seemingly ordinary type Ibc SN 2009bb, which requires a substantial relativistic outflow powered by a central engine. A comparison with our radio survey of type Ibc supernovae reveals that the fraction harbouring central engines is low, about one per cent, measured independently from, but consistent with, the inferred rate of nearby GRBs. Independently, a second mildly relativistic supernova has been reported.
373 citations
TL;DR: Experimental evidence is reported identifying acoustic phonons as the principal source of the excitation-induced-dephasing (EID) responsible for the intensity damping of quantum dot excitonic Rabi rotations.
Abstract: We report experimental evidence identifying acoustic phonons as the principal source of the excitation-induced-dephasing (EID) responsible for the intensity damping of quantum dot excitonic Rabi rotations. The rate of EID is extracted from temperature dependent Rabi rotation measurements of the ground-state excitonic transition, and is found to be in close quantitative agreement with an acoustic-phonon model.
268 citations
TL;DR: Quantitative ultrastructural analysis and proteomics detail CLIC structure, composition, and function.
Abstract: Although the importance of clathrin- and caveolin-independent endocytic pathways has recently emerged, key aspects of these routes remain unknown. Using quantitative ultrastructural approaches, we show that clathrin-independent carriers (CLICs) account for approximately three times the volume internalized by the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway, forming the major pathway involved in uptake of fluid and bulk membrane in fibroblasts. Electron tomographic analysis of the 3D morphology of the earliest carriers shows that they are multidomain organelles that form a complex sorting station as they mature. Proteomic analysis provides direct links between CLICs, cellular adhesion turnover, and migration. Consistent with this, CLIC-mediated endocytosis of key cargo proteins, CD44 and Thy-1, is polarized at the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts, while transient ablation of CLICs impairs their ability to migrate. These studies provide the first quantitative ultrastructural analysis and molecular characterization of the major endocytic pathway in fibroblasts, a pathway that provides rapid membrane turnover at the leading edge of migrating cells.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the changes in the elastic properties of the FeAs systems, as seen in the resonant ultrasound spectroscopy data, can be naturally understood in terms of fluctuations of emerging nematic degrees of freedom.
Abstract: We demonstrate that the changes in the elastic properties of the FeAs systems, as seen in our resonant ultrasound spectroscopy data, can be naturally understood in terms of fluctuations of emerging nematic degrees of freedom. Both the softening of the lattice in the normal, tetragonal phase as well as its hardening in the superconducting phase are consistently described by our model. Our results confirm the view that structural order is induced by magnetic fluctuations.
TL;DR: It is found that thermal expansion of graphene is negative for all temperatures between 300 and 30 K, and with a lowering of temperature, the positively dispersing electromechanical modes evolve into negatively dispersing ones.
Abstract: We use suspended graphene electromechanical resonators to study the variation of resonant frequency as a function of temperature. Measuring the change in frequency resulting from a change in tension, from 300 to 30 K, allows us to extract information about the thermal expansion of monolayer graphene as a function of temperature, which is critical for strain engineering applications. We find that thermal expansion of graphene is negative for all temperatures between 300 and 30 K. We also study the dispersion, the variation of resonant frequency with DC gate voltage, of the electromechanical modes and find considerable tunability of resonant frequency, desirable for applications like mass sensing and RF signal processing at room temperature. With a lowering of temperature, we find that the positively dispersing electromechanical modes evolve into negatively dispersing ones. We quantitatively explain this crossover and discuss optimal electromechanical properties that are desirable for temperature-compensated sensors.
16 Aug 2010
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided the first quantitative ultrastructural analysis and molecular characterization of the major endocytic pathway in fibroblasts, a pathway that provides rapid membrane turnover at the leading edge of migrating cells.
Abstract: Although the importance of clathrin- and caveolin-independent endocytic pathways has recently emerged, key aspects of these routes remain unknown. Using quantitative ultrastructural approaches, we show that clathrin-independent carriers (CLICs) account for approximately three times the volume internalized by the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway, forming the major pathway involved in uptake of fluid and bulk membrane in fibroblasts. Electron tomographic analysis of the 3D morphology of the earliest carriers shows that they are multidomain organelles that form a complex sorting station as they mature. Proteomic analysis provides direct links between CLICs, cellular adhesion turnover, and migration. Consistent with this, CLIC-mediated endocytosis of key cargo proteins, CD44 and Thy-1, is polarized at the leading edge of migrating fibroblasts, while transient ablation of CLICs impairs their ability to migrate. These studies provide the first quantitative ultrastructural analysis and molecular characterization of the major endocytic pathway in fibroblasts, a pathway that provides rapid membrane turnover at the leading edge of migrating cells.
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TL;DR: These methods are being developed to study the well known conjectures that every finite projective plane with no proper subplane is isomorphic to a prime field plane and that the order of a finite projectives plane is a power of a prime number.
Abstract: Semiadditive rings are defined and their relationship with the projective planes is studied. Free semiadditive rings provide an analogue of the ring of integers and polynomials for the ternary rings. A structure theory for free semiadditive rings is developed. It is shown that each element of a large class of semiadditive rings is obtained from a quotient of a polynomial ring over integers by an additive subgroup, by twisting addition and multiplication. This class includes all planar ternary rings. These methods are being developed to study the well known conjectures that every finite projective plane with no proper subplane is isomorphic to a prime field plane and that the order of a finite projective plane is a power of a prime number. Applications to these problems will be discussed in part II.
Vardan Khachatryan, Albert M. Sirunyan, Armen Tumasyan, Wolfgang Adam1 +2067 more•Institutions (134)
TL;DR: In this article, the trajectories of charged particles produced in the collisions were reconstructed using the all-silicon Tracker and their momenta were measured in the 3.8 T axial magnetic field.
Abstract: The first LHC pp collisions at centre-of-mass energies of 0.9 and 2.36 TeV were recorded by the CMS detector in December 2009. The trajectories of charged particles produced in the collisions were reconstructed using the all-silicon Tracker and their momenta were measured in the 3.8 T axial magnetic field. Results from the Tracker commissioning are presented including studies of timing, efficiency, signal-to-noise, resolution, and ionization energy. Reconstructed tracks are used to benchmark the performance in terms of track and vertex resolutions, reconstruction of decays, estimation of ionization energy loss, as well as identification of photon conversions, nuclear interactions, and heavy-flavour decays.
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of the spectra of 10 neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) is presented, all of which display broad asymmetric Fe K emission lines.
Abstract: A number of neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) have recently been discovered to show broad, asymmetric Fe K emission lines in their X-ray spectra. These lines are generally thought to be the most prominent part of a reflection spectrum, originating in the inner part of the accretion disk where strong relativistic effects can broaden emission lines. We present a comprehensive, systematic analysis of Suzaku and XMM-Newton spectra of 10 neutron star LMXBs, all of which display broad Fe K emission lines. Of the 10 sources, 4 are Z sources, 4 are atolls, and 2 are accreting millisecond X-ray pulsars (also atolls). The Fe K lines are fit well by a relativistic line model for a Schwarzschild metric, and imply a narrow range of inner disk radii (6-15 GM/c 2) in most cases. This implies that the accretion disk extends close to the neutron star surface over a range of luminosities. Continuum modeling shows that for the majority of observations, a blackbody component (plausibly associated with the boundary layer) dominates the X-ray emission from 8 to 20 keV. Thus it appears likely that this spectral component produces the majority of the ionizing flux that illuminates the accretion disk. Therefore, we also fit the spectra with a blurred reflection model, wherein a blackbody component illuminates the disk. This model fits well in most cases, supporting the idea that the boundary layer illuminates a geometrically thin disk.
Centre national de la recherche scientifique1, Chalmers University of Technology2, Spanish National Research Council3, Ohio State University4, Johns Hopkins University5, California Institute of Technology6, University of Toulouse7, University of Cologne8, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń9, Polish Academy of Sciences10, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research11, University of Calgary12, Max Planck Society13, Netherlands Institute for Space Research14, German Aerospace Center15, INAF16
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the Herschel HIFI instrument in dual beam switch mode to observe the ground state rotational transitions of the reactive ions OH +, H 2O + and H 3O + along the line of sight to the submillimeter continuum source G10.4 (W31C).
Abstract: We report the detection of absorption lines by the reactive ions OH + ,H 2O + and H3O + along the line of sight to the submillimeter continuum source G10.6−0.4 (W31C). We used the Herschel HIFI instrument in dual beam switch mode to observe the ground state rotational transitions of OH + at 971 GHz, H2O + at 1115 and 607 GHz, and H3O + at 984 GHz. The resultant spectra show deep absorption over a broad velocity range that originates in the interstellar matter along the line of sight to G10.6−0.4 as well as in the molecular gas directly associated with that source. The OH + spectrum reaches saturation over most velocities corresponding to the foreground gas, while the opacity of the H2O + lines remains lower than 1 in the same velocity range, and the H3O + line shows only weak absorption. For LSR velocities between 7 and 50 kms −1 we estimate total column densities of N(OH + ) ≥ 2.5 × 10 14 cm −2 , N(H2O + ) ∼6 × 10 13 cm −2 and N(H3O + ) ∼4.0 × 10 13 cm −2 . These detections confirm the role of O + and OH + in initiating the oxygen chemistry in diffuse molecular gas and strengthen our understanding of the gas phase production of water. The high ratio of the OH + by the H2O + column density implies that these species predominantly trace low-density gas with a small fraction of
University of Bordeaux1, Max Planck Society2, INAF3, Leiden University4, University of Massachusetts Amherst5, Centre national de la recherche scientifique6, Space Telescope Science Institute7, Chalmers University of Technology8, Australia Telescope National Facility9, Netherlands Institute for Space Research10, University of Cologne11, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research12
TL;DR: In this paper, high-resolution large-scale observations of the molecular and atomic gas in the Local Group galaxy M 33 were carried out using the HEterodyne Receiver Array (HERA) at the 30 m IRAM telescope in the CO(2-1) line, achieving a resolution of 12 '' x 2.
Abstract: We present high-resolution large-scale observations of the molecular and atomic gas in the Local Group galaxy M 33. The observations were carried out using the HEterodyne Receiver Array (HERA) at the 30 m IRAM telescope in the CO(2-1) line, achieving a resolution of 12 '' x 2.6 km s(-1), enabling individual giant molecular clouds (GMCs) to be resolved. The observed region is 650 square arcminutes mainly along the major axis and out to a radius of 8.5 kpc, and covers entirely the 2' x 40' radial strip observed with the HIFI and PACS Spectrometers as part of the HERM33ES Herschel key program. The achieved sensitivity in main-beam temperature is 20-50 mK at 2.6 km s(-1) velocity resolution. The CO(2-1) luminosity of the observed region is 1.7 +/- 0.1 x 10(7) K km s(-1) pc(2) and is estimated to be 2.8 +/- 0.3 x 10(7) K km s(-1) pc(2) for the entire galaxy, corresponding to H-2 masses of 1.9 x 10(8) M-circle dot and 3.3 x 10(8) M-circle dot respectively (including He), calculated with N(H-2)/ICO(1-0) twice the Galactic value due to the half-solar metallicity of M 33. The HI 21 cm VLA archive observations were reduced, and the mosaic was imaged and cleaned using the multi-scale task in the CASA software package, yielding a series of datacubes with resolutions ranging from 5 '' to 25 ''. The HI mass within a radius of 8.5 kpc is estimated to be 1.4 x 10(9) M-circle dot. The azimuthally averaged CO surface brightness decreases exponentially with a scale length of 1.9 +/- 0.1 kpc whereas the atomic gas surface density is constant at Sigma(HI) = 6 +/- 2 M-circle dot pc(-2) deprojected to face-on. For an N(H-2)/ICO(1-0) conversion factor twice that of the Milky Way, the central kiloparsec H-2 surface density is Sigma(H2) = 8.5 +/- 0.2 M-circle dot pc(-2). The star formation rate per unit molecular gas (SF efficiency, the rate of transformation of molecular gas into stars), as traced by the ratio of CO to H-alpha and FIR brightness, is constant with radius. The SFE, with a N(H-2)/ICO(1-0) factor twice galactic, appears 2-4 times greater than for large spiral galaxies. A morphological comparison of molecular and atomic gas with tracers of star formation is presented showing good agreement between these maps both in terms of peaks and holes. A few exceptions are noted. Several spectra, including those of a molecular cloud situated more than 8 kpc from the galaxy center, are presented.
TL;DR: Among other roles, clathrin-independent endocytosis has now been linked to plasma membrane repair, cellular spreading, cellular polarization, and modulation of intercellular signaling.
Johns Hopkins University1, Spanish National Research Council2, Chalmers University of Technology3, California Institute of Technology4, Centre national de la recherche scientifique5, Ohio State University6, University of Toulouse7, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń8, University of Cologne9, Aix-Marseille University10, Institut Universitaire de France11, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research12, University of Calgary13, University of Waterloo14, INAF15, German Aerospace Center16, Netherlands Institute for Space Research17
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported the detection of absorption by hydroxyl cations and water cations along the sight-line to the bright continuum source W49N using the HIFI instrument, in dual beam switch mode.
Abstract: We report the detection of absorption by interstellar hydroxyl cations and water cations, along the sight-line to the bright continuum source W49N. We have used Herschel's HIFI instrument, in dual beam switch mode, to observe the 972 GHz N = 1-0 transition of OH+ and the 1115 GHz 1(11)-0(00) transition of ortho-H2O+. The resultant spectra show absorption by ortho-H2O+, and strong absorption by OH+, in foreground material at velocities in the range 0 to 70 km s(-1) with respect to the local standard of rest. The inferred OH+/H2O+ abundance ratio ranges from similar to 3 to similar to 15, implying that the observed OH+ arises in clouds of small molecular fraction, in the 2-8% range. This conclusion is confirmed by the distribution of OH+ and H2O+ in Doppler velocity space, which is similar to that of atomic hydrogen, as observed by means of 21 cm absorption measurements, and dissimilar from that typical of other molecular tracers. The observed OH+/H abundance ratio of a few x10(-8) suggests a cosmic ray ionization rate for atomic hydrogen of 0.6-2.4 x 10(-16) s(-1), in good agreement with estimates inferred previously for diffuse clouds in the Galactic disk from observations of interstellar H-3(+) and other species.
Carleton University1, Imperial College London2, Fermilab3, RWTH Aachen University4, Queen Mary University of London5, Max Planck Society6, CERN7, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics8, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology9, Technische Universität München10, Sapienza University of Rome11, Los Alamos National Laboratory12, Stanford University13, University of Minnesota14, University of Glasgow15, Charles University in Prague16, University of Pisa17, Austrian Academy of Sciences18, University of Bergen19, University of Southampton20, Nara Women's University21, University of Florida22, University of Turin23, University of Edinburgh24, University of Warwick25, University of Massachusetts Amherst26, University of Bern27, University of Mainz28, Wayne State University29, Brookhaven National Laboratory30, Folkwang University of the Arts31, University of Victoria32, Washington University in St. Louis33, Indian Institute of Technology Madras34, University of Melbourne35, Princeton University36, Roma Tre University37, York University38, University of California, Irvine39, University of Valencia40, University of Padua41, University of Barcelona42, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research43, University of Vienna44, University of Paris-Sud45, University of Kentucky46, University of Oxford47, Iowa State University48, University of Bristol49, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory50, University of Texas at Austin51, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne52, University of California, Santa Cruz53, University of Cincinnati54, Purdue University55, ETH Zurich56, Queen's University57, Indiana University58, University of Cambridge59, University of Ljubljana60
TL;DR: In this time frame, measurements and the theoretical interpretation of their results have advanced tremendously as mentioned in this paper and a much broader understanding of flavor particles has been achieved, apart from their masses and quantum numbers, there now exist detailed measurements of the characteristics of their interactions allowing stringent tests of Standard Model predictions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the charge asymmetry of like-sign dimuon events in 6.1 fb(-1) of p (p) over bar collisions recorded with the D0 detector at a center-of-mass energy root s = 1: 96 TeV at the Fermilab Tevatron collider.
Abstract: We measure the charge asymmetry A =(N++ -N--)/(N++ + N--) of like-sign dimuon events in 6.1 fb(-1) of p (p) over bar collisions recorded with the D0 detector at a center-of-mass energy root s = 1: 96 TeV at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. From A we extract the like-sign dimuon charge asymmetry in semileptonic b-hadron decays: A(sl)(b) = -0.009 57 +/- 0.00251(stat) +/- 0.001 46(sys). It differs by 3.2 standard deviations from the standard model prediction A(sl)(b)(SM) = (-2.3(-0.6)(+0.5)) x 10(-4), and provides first evidence of anomalous CP violation in the mixing of neutral B mesons.
TL;DR: These results exclude a standard model Higgs boson in the mass range 162-166 GeV at the 95% C.L.V. level, and resulting limits on Higgs Boson production are excluded.
Abstract: We combine searches by the CDF and D0 Collaborations for a Higgs boson decaying to W+W-. The data correspond to an integrated total luminosity of 4.8 (CDF) and 5.4 (D0) fb(-1) of p (p) over bar collisions at root s = 1.96 TeV at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. No excess is observed above background expectation, and resulting limits on Higgs boson production exclude a standard model Higgs boson in the mass range 162-166 GeV at the 95% C.L.
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns reveals the formation of a single phase cubic spinel structure in ferrite samples of a chemical formula Ni 0.5− x Mn x Zn0.5 Fe 2 O 4.
TL;DR: In this paper, multi-year measurements of near surface aerosol black carbon (BC) mass concentration, made from a high altitude station at Manora Peak (29.4° N, 79.5° E, 1958 mmsl) in the Central Himalayas, using a 7-channel Aethalometer for 38 months from November 2004 to December 2007, are examined.
TL;DR: In this article, the fraction of events with double parton scattering (f_DP) in a single ppbar collision at sqrt{s}=1.96 TeV was determined.
Abstract: We have used a sample of photon+3 jets events collected by the D0 experiment with an integrated luminosity of about 1 fb^-1 to determine the fraction of events with double parton scattering (f_DP) in a single ppbar collision at sqrt{s}=1.96 TeV. The DP fraction and effective cross section (sigma_eff), a process-independent scale parameter related to the parton density inside the nucleon, are measured in three intervals of the second (ordered in pT) jet transverse momentum pT_jet2 within the range 15 < pT_jet2 < 30 GeV. In this range, f_DP varies between 0.23 < f_DP < 0.47, while sigma_eff has the average value sigma_eff_ave = 16.4 +- 0.3(stat) +- 2.3(syst) mb.
TL;DR: This paper presents approximation algorithms for minimum vertex and edge guard problems for polygons with or without holes with a total of n vertices with the same approximation ratio of O(logn) times the optimal solution.
TL;DR: The results suggest that synaptic defects in the amygdala of knockout mice are still amenable to pharmacological interventions against mGluR5, albeit in a manner not envisioned in the original hippocampal framework.
Abstract: Fragile X syndrome (FXS), a common inherited form of mental impairment and autism, is caused by transcriptional silencing of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Earlier studies have identified a role for aberrant synaptic plasticity mediated by the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in FXS. However, many of these observations are derived primarily from studies in the hippocampus. The strong emotional symptoms of FXS, on the other hand, are likely to involve the amygdala. Unfortunately, little is known about how exactly FXS affects synaptic function in the amygdala. Here, using whole-cell recordings in brain slices from adult Fmr1 knockout mice, we find mGluR-dependent long-term potentiation to be impaired at thalamic inputs to principal neurons in the lateral amygdala. Consistent with this long-term potentiation deficit, surface expression of the AMPA receptor subunit, GluR1, is reduced in the lateral amygdala of knockout mice. In addition to these postsynaptic deficits, lower presynaptic release was manifested by a decrease in the frequency of spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), increased paired-pulse ratio, and slower use-dependent block of NMDA receptor currents. Strikingly, pharmacological inactivation of mGluR5 with 2-methyl-6-phenylethynyl-pyridine (MPEP) fails to rescue either the deficit in long-term potentiation or surface GluR1. However, the same acute MPEP treatment reverses the decrease in mEPSC frequency, a finding of potential therapeutic relevance. Therefore, our results suggest that synaptic defects in the amygdala of knockout mice are still amenable to pharmacological interventions against mGluR5, albeit in a manner not envisioned in the original hippocampal framework.