Tehran University of Medical Sciences

About: Tehran University of Medical Sciences is a education organization based out in Tehran, Iran. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Medicine. The organization has 35661 authors who have published 57234 publications receiving 878523 citations. The organization is also known as: TUMS.

Photosensitizers in antibacterial photodynamic therapy: an overview.

Abstract: Antibacterial Photodynamic therapy (APDT) is a process utilizing light and light sensitive agents (named photosensitizer (PS)) and is usually applied in an oxygen-rich environment. The energy of the photons is absorbed by the photosensitizer and subsequently transferred to surrounding molecules. Consequently, reactive oxygen species and free radicals are formed. These oxidative molecules can damage bacterial macromolecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids and may result in bacterial killing. Unlike antibiotics, APDT as a novel technique does not lead to the selection of mutant resistant strains, hence it has appealed to researchers in this field. The type of PS used in APDT is a major determinant regarding outcome. In this review, various types of PS that are used in antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy will be discussed. PSs are classified based on their chemical structure and origin. Synthetic dyes such as methylene blue and toluidine blue are the most commonly used photosensitizers in Antibacterial Photodynamic therapy (APDT). Other photosensitizers including natural PSs (e.g. curcumin and hypericin) and tetra-pyrrole structures like phthalocyanines and porphyrins have also been studied. Furthermore, nanostructures and their probable contribution to APDT will be discussed.

Stimulation of Wound Healing by Electroactive, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Polyurethane/Siloxane Dressing Membranes: In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluations

Abstract: A series of novel polyurethane/siloxane-based wound dressing membranes was prepared through sol–gel reaction of methoxysilane end-functionalized urethane prepolymers composed of castor oil and rici...

Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors in Child and Adolescent Health, 1990 to 2017: Findings From the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2017 Study

Abstract: Importance: Understanding causes and correlates of health loss among children and adolescents can identify areas of success, stagnation, and emerging threats and thereby facilitate effective improvement strategies. Objective: To estimate mortality and morbidity in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2017 by age and sex in 195 countries and territories. Design, Setting, and Participants: This study examined levels, trends, and spatiotemporal patterns of cause-specific mortality and nonfatal health outcomes using standardized approaches to data processing and statistical analysis. It also describes epidemiologic transitions by evaluating historical associations between disease indicators and the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and fertility. Data collected from 1990 to 2017 on children and adolescents from birth through 19 years of age in 195 countries and territories were assessed. Data analysis occurred from January 2018 to August 2018. Exposures: Being under the age of 20 years between 1990 and 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Death and disability. All-cause and cause-specific deaths, disability-adjusted life years, years of life lost, and years of life lived with disability. Results: Child and adolescent deaths decreased 51.7% from 13.77 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 13.60-13.93 million) in 1990 to 6.64 million (95% UI, 6.44-6.87 million) in 2017, but in 2017, aggregate disability increased 4.7% to a total of 145 million (95% UI, 107-190 million) years lived with disability globally. Progress was uneven, and inequity increased, with low-SDI and low-middle-SDI locations experiencing 82.2% (95% UI, 81.6%-82.9%) of deaths, up from 70.9% (95% UI, 70.4%-71.4%) in 1990. The leading disaggregated causes of disability-adjusted life years in 2017 in the low-SDI quintile were neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, diarrhea, malaria, and congenital birth defects, whereas neonatal disorders, congenital birth defects, headache, dermatitis, and anxiety were highest-ranked in the high-SDI quintile. Conclusions and Relevance: Mortality reductions over this 27-year period mean that children are more likely than ever to reach their 20th birthdays. The concomitant expansion of nonfatal health loss and epidemiological transition in children and adolescents, especially in low-SDI and middle-SDI countries, has the potential to increase already overburdened health systems, will affect the human capital potential of societies, and may influence the trajectory of socioeconomic development. Continued monitoring of child and adolescent health loss is crucial to sustain the progress of the past 27 years.