Showing papers by "Temple University published in 1980"
TL;DR: The tactics used by people at work to influence their superiors, co-workers, and subordinates were investigated in two studies as discussed by the authors, where a total of 370 influence tactics grouped into 14 categories were identified.
Abstract: The tactics used by people at work to influence their superiors, co-workers, and subordinates were investigated in two studies. In the first study, 165 lower-level managers wrote essays describing an incident in which they influenced either their bosses, co-workers, or subordinates. Through content analysis, a total of 370 influence tactics grouped into 14 categories were identified. The tactics ranged from the use of rational discussion through the use of exchange tactics to the use of clandestine tactics. In a second study, the 370 influence tactics were rewritten into a 58-item questionnaire. New respondents described the extent to which they used each item to influence their bosses (n = 225), co-workers (n = 285), or subordinates (n = 244). Based on afactor analysis of the questionnaire, eight dimensions of influence were found: assertiveness, ingratiation, rationality, sanctions, exchange, upward appeals, blocking, and coalitions. It was found that the frequency with which each influence dimension was used related to the relative power of the respondents and their targets of influence, the reasons for exercising influence, the resistance of the target person, the organizational status of the respondents, organizational size, and whether the organization was unionized. Sex of the respondents and sex of the respondents' bosses, however, were not related to the choice of influence tactics in the present study.
1,346 citations
338 citations
TL;DR: Present knowledge on the role of lipid peroxides in the destruction of proteins and biomembranes, in chemically induced toxicity and in generation of singlet oxygen is presented.
Abstract: The detection and measurement of lipid oxidation in biological systems and some biologic effects of this oxidation are reviewed. The role of lipid oxidation in the process of photocarcinogenesis and the protective effect of antioxidants against this process also are discussed. The mechanism of such protection is unknown and studies directed at elucidating the mechanism of antioxidant effect in photocarcinogenesis and in some other pathological conditions believed to involve, lipid oxidation are needed. In addition to this, epoxidation of lipids observed in monolayer studies requires further investigation, particularly in the presence of some other unsaturated molecules. The possible significance of such a study—particularly in the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogens, where formation of epoxides is generally accepted as active intermediates-is also discussed. In addition, present knowledge on the role of lipid peroxides in the destruction of proteins and biomembranes, in chemically induced toxicity and in generation of singlet oxygen is presented.
296 citations
TL;DR: The problem of maintaining independence between response rates and reinforcement probabilities when determining the effect of varying the response-reinforcement contingency upon free-operant behavior was solved by programming local reinforcement probabilities for response and no response on a second-by-second basis.
Abstract: The problem of maintaining independence between response rates and reinforcement probabilities when determining the effect of varying the response-reinforcement contingency upon free-operant behavior was solved by programming local reinforcement probabilities for response and no response on a second-by-second basis. Fifty-seven rats were trained to lever-press on schedules of water reinforcement involving different values of contingency. All rats were first trained on a high positive contingency and then shifted to less positive, zero, or negative contingencies. Under these conditions, rate of lever-pressing declined appropriately when the contingency between response and reinforcement decreased or was made negative. The decline in rate produced by a zero contingency cannot be attributed to extinction, since the probability of reinforcement given the occurrence of a response was the same as for the positive contingency from which the shift to zero was made. That is, there was no change in the opportunity for response-reinforcement contiguity. It was concluded that the technique of programming local reinforcement probabilities offers promise for more critical examinations of the effects of contingency upon free-operant behavior.
257 citations
200 citations
TL;DR: The primary method of therapy used by almost all physicians for the management of acute deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism has been anticoagulation.
Abstract: Excerpt For over three decades, the primary method of therapy used by almost all physicians for the management of acute deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism has been anticoagulation. This fo...
184 citations
174 citations
TL;DR: Solar exposure was the most important risk factor for both basal and squamous cell carcinoma; however, the ability to tan was shown to be of special importance even at low levels of exposure, and subjects over 60 years of age were shows to be at higher risk for nonmelanoma carcinoma than those at younger ages.
Abstract: • The relative importance of risk factors such as solar exposure, complexion, age, and the ability to tan were examined for their relationships to the development of basal and squamous cell carcinoma. Three samples were studied: patients with basal cell carcinoma (N = 366), patients with squamous cell carcinoma (N = 58), and control subjects (N = 294). The technique of logistic regression was used to estimate the relative risk of each type of carcinoma. Solar exposure was the most important risk factor for both basal and squamous cell carcinoma; however, the ability to tan was shown to be of special importance even at low levels of exposure. Given the same level of cumulative lifetime solar exposure, subjects over 60 years of age were shown to be at higher risk for nonmelanoma carcinoma than those at younger ages. Complexion was only shown to be significant for basal cell carcinoma. ( Arch Dermatol 116:454-456, 1980)
166 citations
TL;DR: In experiments examining "cerebral protective effects" of therapies during brain hypoxia-ischemia, stringent control of body temperature is necessary and a possible clinical benefit resulting from modest reduction in body temperature in patients with marginal cerebral oxygenation is suggested.
Abstract: Male Wistar rats with unilateral carotid ligation were exposed to arterial hypoxia (PaO2 20-23 torr for 20 min) while body temperature was controlled at 37 degrees C, 36 degrees C, or 34 degrees C. Brain cortical concentrations of ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr) and lactate were measured microfluorometrically. Normothermic hypoxic rats had severe metabolic changes with low brain ATP and extremely high brain lactate. When rectal temperature was controlled at 36 degrees C during hypoxia, brain ATP was not different from that observed in normothermic, normoxic rats, and brain lactate was significantly lower than during normothermic hypoxia. At 34 degrees C, brain lactate was even less, but still three times higher than that observed in normothermic normoxic rats. PCr was significantly higher following hypoxia at 34 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. In part, this latter finding may reflect preservation of intracellular pH at 34 degrees C. A decrease of body temperature of 1-3 degrees C can minimize or prevent brain energy failure during hypoxia as well as decrease the magnitude of brain tissue acidosis. Thus, in experiments examining "cerebral protective effects" of therapies during brain hypoxia-ischemia, stringent control of body temperature is necessary. Furthermore, a possible clinical benefit resulting from modest reduction in body temperature in patients with marginal cerebral oxygenation is suggested.
157 citations
149 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that oxygen influences capillary blood flow over an extensive range of oxygen tensions and the anatomical structures responsible for the alterations in both capillary density and capillary flow velocity are the arterioles.
TL;DR: This investigation revealed that cocaine hydrochloride was teratogenic when administered in nontoxic doses to gravid CF-1 mice on Days 7-12 of gestation, which paralleled the sequence of ontogenesis.
TL;DR: It is concluded that, in the dog, somatostatin is a true hormone that regulates the movement of nutrients from the gut to the internal environment.
Abstract: Free (approximately 1600 daltons) somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was identified in arterial plasma of dogs that had received a test meal. Neutralization of circulating somatostatin while the dogs were consuming a fatty meal increased the plasma concentrations of triglycerides, gastrin, pancreatic polypeptide, and insulin after the meal. It is concluded that, in the dog, somatostatin is a true hormone that regulates the movement of nutrients from the gut to the internal environment.
TL;DR: Developmental equations, which predict 32 parameters of the electroencephalogram recorded from the healthy human as a function of age, were tested in diverse groups of children, finding a high incidence of significant deviations in children with learning disabilities and those at risk for various neurological disorders.
Abstract: Developmental equations, which predict 32 parameters of the electroencephalogram recorded from the healthy human as a function of age, were tested in diverse groups of children. Few significant deviations were found in normal children, even in a culture different from the one on which the equations were based. A high incidence of significant deviations was found in children with learning disabilities and those at risk for various neurological disorders.
TL;DR: A simple, highly effective, and rapid method for the removal of iodide following iodination of protein solutions is described, with an advantage of the confinement of radioactive waste to small easily disposable tubes.
TL;DR: In this paper, an unobtrusive measure of overt behavior and personal verbal responses is employed to examine the external validity of the Extended or Intentions Model, and an application is tested involving the model.
Abstract: An unobtrusive measure of overt behavior and personal verbal responses is employed to examine the external validity of the Extended or Intentions Model. An application is tested involving the model...
TL;DR: The Simple Analytic Proof of the Prime Number Theorem is a simple analytic proof of the prime number theorem, which is based on the simple analytic theorem of.
Abstract: (1980). Simple Analytic Proof of the Prime Number Theorem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 87, No. 9, pp. 693-696.
TL;DR: Two profiles from the paleosol underlying the Huronian supergroup at Elliot Lake, Ontario were studied to determine conditions present at the time of their formation as discussed by the authors, and the results indicated that free oxygen was present in the mid-Precambrian atmosphere.
TL;DR: In this article, the contraction of the description of Brownian motion from phase space to position space is discussed by means of non-Markovian Langevin equations in position space.
Abstract: The contraction of the description of Brownian motion from phase space to position space is discussed by means of non-Markovian Langevin equations in position space. A Fokker-Planck equation valid for any time is derived for the harmonic oscillator, and the overdamped, critical, and infradamped cases are discussed. For anharmonic potentials systematic corrections to the Smoluchowski equation are derived. Such corrections can be interpreted in this context as an expansion in powers of the correlation time of the “colored” stochastic noise appearing in the Langevin equation. The breakdown of the Fokker-Planck approximation is also discussed.
TL;DR: A new approach to the quantification of myocardial strain is introduced that utilizes the theoretical frame work of kinematics and can account for the large time-varying displacements present in the intact beating heart.
Abstract: We introduce a new approach to the quantification of myocardial strain. It utilizes the theoretical frame work of kinematics and can thus account for the large time-varying displacements present in the intact beating heart. For arbitrary small segments of myocardium, we show how these displacements can be described completely by a rotation tensor and a stretch tensor. We demonstrate the physiologic meaning of this analysis in an anesthetized dog. An epicardial region was seen to exhibit a local twist quantified by the rotation tensor and a segmental shortening quantified by the stretch tensor.
TL;DR: A model called SPNM from the words “sediment-phosphorus-nitrogen model” was developed for simulating agricultural contributions to water pollution and is designed to predict sediment, P, and N yields for individual storms on small basins and to route these yields through streams and valleys of large basins.
Abstract: A model called SPNM from the words “sediment-phosphorus-nitrogen model” was developed for simulating agricultural contributions to water pollution. SPNM is designed to predict sediment, P, and N yields for individual storms on small basins and to route these yields through streams and valleys of large basins. Users need no computer programming experience because the model is a problem-oriented computer language. SPNM is useful in planning water resources projects and in research. Tests of the model on a watershed provided realistic results.
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01 Jan 1980TL;DR: The authors demonstrate how a client-therapist collaborative psychotherapeutic dialogue can help people to disentangle themselves from convoluted conversations and stereotyped usages that keep their lives from developing and to generate new meanings.
Abstract: This work on psychotherapeutic dialogue aims to demonstrate how a client-therapist collaborative psychotherapeutic dialogue can help people to disentangle themselves from convoluted conversations and stereotyped usages that keep their lives from developing and to generate new meanings.
TL;DR: Passive changes in the stenotic area caused by coronary pressure changes are postulated as part of the mechanism for the observed changes in stenotic resistance.
Abstract: Recent in vitro observations of human coronary arteries have suggested that intraluminal pressure can be a determinant of the resistance to flow through the stenosis. This study examined whether similar pressure-dependent changes in stenotic resistance could be observed and analyzed in an open chest, anesthetized, animal model of coronary arterial stenosis. Without stenosis, intracoronary isoproterenol (1 μg) or nitroglycerin (10 μg) increased flow and decreased coronary resistance, whereas methoxamine (500 μg) or vasopressin (0.2 U) decreased flow and increased coronary resistance. After partial arterial constriction, administration of isoproterenol (1 μg) resulted in a decrease in coronary pressure from 61.2 ± 2.5 to 39.4 ± 2.7 mm Hg (p ≤ 0.05), a 23 percent derease in distal coronary resistance (p ≤ 0.05) and a 22 percent decrease in flow associated with an increase in stenotic resistance of 2.34 ± 0.97 (p ≤ 0.05). Similarly, nitroglycerin caused a decrease in coronary pressure from 55.7 ± 3.1 to 42.1 ± 3.6 mm Hg (p ≤ 0.05), a 29 percent increase in distal coronary resistance and only a 1 percent increase in flow associated with a 38 percent increase in stenotic resistance. Methoxamine caused an increase in coronary pressure from 62.8 ± 2.0 to 73.6 ± 3.4 mm Hg (p ≤ 0.05), an 18 percent increase in distal coronary resistance, an 8 percent decrease in flow and a 10 percent decrease in stenotic resistance. Vasopressin caused an increase in coronary pressure from 61.0 ± 1.5 to 99.2 ± 7.1 mm Hg (p ≤ 0.05), a 239 percent increase in distal coronary resistance but only a 45 percent decrease in flow associated with a decrease in stenotic resistance of 1.33 ± 0.91 (p ≤ 0.05). Passive changes in the stenotic area caused by coronary pressure changes are postulated as part of the mechanism for the observed changes in stenotic resistance. This hypothesis is strengthened by the changes in stenotic resistance and radiographic analysis obtained from an in vitro carotid arterial preparation. The pressure-dependency of stenotic resistance could be an additional factor in the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease.
TL;DR: DEAE-cellulose chromatography of steroid–receptor complexes from CEM-C7, a cloned human leukaemic T-cell line sensitive to the cytolytic action of glucocorticoids, and its steroid-resistant subclone 4R4 demonstrated that steroid receptors of clone 4R 4 cannot form stable activated complexes defined a new defect in receptor action, activation lability (r+act1).
Abstract: ‘Activation-labile’ glucocorticoid–receptor complexes of a steroid-resistant variant of CEM-C7 human lymphoid cells
TL;DR: The results tend to indicate that a closer match between a patient's internal fear model and the content of exposure enhances long term treatment efficacy.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored whether subjects, high and low in anxiety, would transmit a rumor that was believable or not believable when the rumor was told to them by a peer as opposed to an authority figure.
Abstract: This experiment explored whether subjects, high and low in anxiety, would transmit a rumor that was believable or not believable when the rumor was told to them by a peer as opposed to an authority figure. We found that the rumor was more frequently repeated when the story was believable than unbelievable. 7he highly anxious subjects repeated the rumor more often than did the less anxious subjects only when the source was a peer.
TL;DR: The principal conclusion drawn is that in normal adult humans the COR does not aid in stabilization of the image on the retina during passive or active body rotations.
Abstract: (1) The cervico-ocular reflex (COR) in humans was measured while the subjects (n = 10) stood on a rotatable platform in a dark room with the head fixed by a stationary biteplate. Eye movements were...
TL;DR: It is suggested that preimplantation mouse embryos developing in vitro can utilize fatty acids from the medium both for incorporation into embryo lipids and for energy production via oxidation.
Abstract: The utilization of fatty acids from the culture medium has been examined in preimplantation mouse embryos developing in vitro. Incorporation of exogenous fatty acid into embryo lipids was examined by culturing 8-cell mouse embryos for 2 h in a medium containing 0·1 HIM [9, 10-3H]palmitic acid (900 mCi/mmol). Lipids were extracted from the embryos, and the total lipid extract was fractionated into various neutral lipid and polar lipid classes by thin-layer chromatography. Most of the radioactivity, over 93 %, was recovered in neutral glycerides (mono- di-, and triacylglycerols). about 2% of the total radioactivity was recovered in other neutral lipid species including fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and sterol esters. The remainder of the radioactivity was recovered in polar lipids. Seventy-four per cent of the polar lipid radioactivity was present in the choline phosphatides. Other labelled phospholipid and glycolipid species included ethanolamine phosphatides, inositol and/or serine phosphatides, sphingomyelin, choline lysophosphatides, sulfatides, cerebrosides, and monoglycosylglycerides. Chemical degradation studies of labelled embryo lipids indicated that the tritium label was entering into embryo lipids as the fatty acid and not via metabolic recycling. The oxidation of exogenous fatty acids by mouse embryos was assessed by incubating variously staged embryos for 4h in medium containing 0·1 mM [U-14C]palmitic acid (50 mCi/mmol) and quantitating the production of 14CO2. The rate of fatty acid oxidation was found to be relatively constant from the unfertilized egg up to the 8-cell stage and then increase significantly between the 8-cell and late blastocyst stages. The results suggest that preimplantation mouse embryos developing in vitro can utilize fatty acids from the medium both for incorporation into embryo lipids and for energy production via oxidation.
TL;DR: Findings indicate that a dwell time of 300 ms was sufficient to detect 85% of the nodules when they were viewed directly, and these results provide useful estimates of perceptual and cognitive parameters of visual search.
Abstract: Detection of small tumors in chest x-ray films was studied under tachistoscopic viewing conditions designed to stimulate single fixations varying in dwell time, found in free search. Two questions were asked: How much dwell time is required to detect a nodule (experiment 1)? How effective are peripheral inputs in the detection of a nodule (experiment 2)? Our findings indicate that a dwell time of 300 ms was sufficient to detect 85% of the nodules when they were viewed directly. Detection accuracy was reduced by one-half when the tumor was located 5 degrees from the axis of gaze. Taken together with data from eye movement experiments, these results provide useful estimates of perceptual and cognitive parameters of visual search.