Showing papers by "Temple University published in 1988"
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: An ecological model for health promotion is proposed which focuses on both individual and social environmental factors as targets for health promotions and addresses the importance of interventions directed at changing interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy factors which support and maintain unhealthy behaviors.
Abstract: During the past 20 years there has been a dramatic increase in societal interest in preventing disability and death in the United States by changing individual behaviors linked to the risk of contracting chronic diseases. This renewed interest in health promotion and disease prevention has not been without its critics. Some critics have accused proponents of life-style interventions of promoting a victim-blaming ideology by neglecting the importance of social influences on health and disease. This article proposes an ecological model for health promotion which focuses attention on both individual and social environmental factors as targets for health promotion interventions. It addresses the importance of interventions directed at changing interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy, factors which support and maintain unhealthy behaviors. The model assumes that appropriate changes in the social environment will produce changes in individuals, and that the support of individuals in the population is essential for implementing environmental changes.
6,234 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the expectations of entrepreneurs in newly established businesses regarding their own chances of success and theirpredictions regarding the chances for success of others with similar startup ideas, in one of the first such studies.
Abstract: Explores the expectations of entrepreneurs in newlyestablished businesses regarding their own chances of success and theirpredictionsregarding the chances for success of others with similarstartup ideas, in one of the first such studies. Past research suggests that,at best, fewer than 50% of firms survive for more than five years with a givenowner/manager. Based on this past research, three hypotheses are posited:entrepreneurs will perceive their odds of success at less than or equal to 50%,entrepreneurs' prediction of others' success will not differ significantly fromtheir prediction of their own success, and entrepreneurs' expectations ofsuccess will be related to a number of personal factors including theirbusiness experience, prior ownership, and educational level. Data were gathered from surveys sent in 1985 to members of the NationalFederation of Independent Business (NFIB) who reported that they had openedtheir own businesses in the United States. Of those responding, 2994entrepreneurs were selected from the original sample. Findings did not support any of the three original hypotheses of cautiousoptimism (as prior research predicted). In fact, the results show thatentrepreneurs' perceptions of their own odds for success display a noteworthydegree of optimism. In addition, entrepreneurs believe their own odds ofsuccess to be greater than other new business owners with similar ideas.Furthermore, an analysis of the predicted factors for success showed aremarkable lack of relationship between an entrepreneur's belief of their ownpotential and the objective predictors. In fact, those who were poorly preparedseemed just as optimistic as those who were well prepared. One implication isthat business founders should seek advice from more objective outsiders.(SFL)
1,282 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed data from 2994 entrepreneurs who had recently become business owners to determine their perceived changes of success and found that they perceived their prospects as very favorable, with 81% seeing odds of 7 out of 10 or better.
1,162 citations
TL;DR: A clear difference between axons and dendrites with respect to microtubule organization is indicated, a difference that may underlie the differential distribution of organelles within the neuron.
Abstract: We have analyzed the polarity orientation of microtubules in the axons and dendrites of cultured rat hippocampal neurons. As previously reported of axons from other neurons, microtubules in these axons are uniform with respect to polarity; (+)-ends are directed away from the cell body toward the growth cone. In sharp contrast, microtubules in the mid-region of the dendrite, approximately 75 microns from the cell body, are not of uniform polarity orientation. Roughly equal proportions of these microtubules are oriented with (+)-ends directed toward the growth cone and (+)-ends directed toward the cell body. At distances within 15 micron of the growth cone, however, microtubule polarity orientation in dendrites is similar to that in axons; (+)-ends are uniformly directed toward the growth cone. These findings indicate a clear difference between axons and dendrites with respect to microtubule organization, a difference that may underlie the differential distribution of organelles within the neuron.
717 citations
TL;DR: The observations identify the perinatal period, when the Sertoli cell population is established, as critical for development of quantitatively normal spermatogenesis in the adult, and indicates that production of normal numbers of germ cells in adults depends, at least in part, on the size of the Sergio cell population.
Abstract: To probe the relationship between the size of the Sertoli cell population, established during perinatal development, and production of germ cells in the adult testis, a Sertoli cell-depleted rat model was developed. This was accomplished by delivering an antimitotic drug, cytosine arabinoside (araC), directly to the testis of newborn pups. Initial studies of these araC-treated neonates indicated that 1) the drug is cleared rapidly from the testis; 2) it substantially reduces the level of Sertoli cell proliferation; 3) Sertoli cell division ceases at a normal time in spite of the previous drug treatment; and 4) araC itself has no residual effect on germ cell proliferation, which begins several days after the injection. Pups given araC were allowed to reach maturity, and their testes were perfuse-fixed for light microscopic morphometry. When the numbers of Sertoli cells in adult rats given araC as were compared with those in normal littermates, a 54% decrease in the size of the Sertoli cell population was detected in treated rats, now referred to as Sertoli cell-depleted. Moreover, when round spermatids were quantified and compared in normal and Sertoli cell-depleted adults, testes of the latter were found to contain 55% fewer round spermatids. Since, in the araC-treated group, the decrease in Sertoli cell population size was paralleled by a reduction in spermatid production of equal magnitude, the number of round spermatids per Sertoli cell was essentially identical in normal and Sertoli cell-depleted animals. Measurements of serum androgen-binding protein (ABP) and FSH in both groups indicated that the circulating level of ABP in Sertoli cell-depleted rats was approximately half, and the concentration of FSH approximately twice, that in normal animals. Thus, even though FSH is elevated in Sertoli cell-depleted rats, the production of ABP per Sertoli cell is unchanged. In addition, collective volume of Leydig cells and ventral prostate weights were normal in the Sertoli cell-depleted group, suggesting that Leydig cell function in these rats is normal. In summary, a Sertoli cell-depleted rat model has been produced by interfering specifically with Sertoli cell proliferation early in postnatal life, before onset of germ cell division. Moreover, our findings with this model indicate that production of normal numbers of germ cells in adults depends, at least in part, on the size of the Sertoli cell population. Thus, our observations identify the perinatal period, when the Sertoli cell population is established, as critical for development of quantitatively normal spermatogenesis in the adult.
659 citations
TL;DR: Vectors were constructed that allow foreign peptides to be expressed in Escherichia coli as fusion proteins that can be directed to the periplasm by including the leader sequence from the phoA gene on the vector.
640 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated the relationship between teacher success in implementing innovative programs, teacher perceptions of self-efficacy, and the teacher-perceived value of the programs, using behavioral observations, interviews, and questionnaires, teachers' performance, self-perceptions and attitudes were measured at several time points during the initial year of implementation of an innovative adaptive mainstreaming program.
566 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: This article found strong support for the proposition that the level and structure of prizes in PGA tournaments influence players' performance and that players' scores can be related to players' effort and implications for both players' overall tournament scores and their scores on the last round of a tournament drawn.
Abstract: Much attention has been devoted to studying models of tournaments or situations in which an individual's payment depends only on his output or rank, relative to other competitors. Such models are of more than academic Interest as they may well describe the compensation structures applicable to many corporate executives and professors, to sales people whose bonuses depend on their relative outputs. and to the more obvious example of professional sports tournaments. Academic interest derives from the fact that under certain sets of assumptions tournaments have desirable normative properties because of the incentive structures they provide. Our paper uses nonexperimental data to test if tournaments actually elicit desired effort responses. We focus on golf tournaments because information on the incentive structure (prize distribution) and measures of individual output (players' scores) are both available. Under suitable assumptions, players' scores can be related to players' effort and implications for both players' overall tournament scores and their scores on the last round of a tournament drawn. In addition, data are available to control for factors other than the incentive structure that should affect output; these factors include player quality, quality of the rest of the field, difficulty of the course, and weather conditions. The data used in our analyses cane from the "1985 Golf Digest Almanac", the "Official 1985 PGA Tour Media Guide", and the "1984 PGA Tour Player Record". We find strong support for the proposition that the level and structure of prizes in PGA tournaments influence players' performance.
508 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the relationship between participants using different styles of upward influence in formal organizations and their performance evaluations, salaries, and reported stress, and found that gender moderated the relation between subordinates' upward influence styles and superiors' evaluation of their performances.
Abstract: We gratefully acknowledge the many helpful comments and criticisms of Gerald Salancik and three anonymous reviewers and the professional editing of this manuscript by Linda Pike. Three studies explored the relationship between participants using different styles of upward influence in formal organizations and their performance evaluations, salaries, and reported stress. In studies of workers, supervisors, and chief executive officers, the following four upward-influence styles were identified through cluster analysis: Shotgun, Tactician, Ingratiator, and Bystander. Male subordinates using a Shotgun style of upward influence were evaluated less favorably by their superiors, earned less, and reported more job tension and personal stress than Tactician subordinates. There was evidence that gender moderated the relation between subordinates' upward-influence styles and superiors' evaluation of their performances.-
452 citations
TL;DR: Results show that c-myb plays a critical role in regulating normal human hematopoiesis and the combined use of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and he matopoietic cell culture techniques will provide a powerful tool for studying the role of proteins encoded by proto-oncogenes, or other specific genes, in normal human HematopOiesis.
Abstract: The nuclear protein encoded by the proto-oncogene c-myb has been hypothesized to play an important role in the process of hematopoiesis, but direct proof of this function has been lacking. To address this issue, normal human bone marrow mononuclear cells were exposed to c-myb sense and antisense synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides, and the effects on hematopoietic colony formation and maturation were examined. Exposure of these cells to c-myb antisense, oligodeoxynucleotides resulted in a decrease in both colony size and number, without apparent effect on the maturation of residual colony cells. Exposure to c-myb sense, or irrelevant antisense, oligonucleotides had no such effect. These results show that (i) c-myb plays a critical role in regulating normal human hematopoiesis and (ii) the combined use of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and hematopoietic cell culture techniques will provide a powerful tool for studying the role of proteins encoded by proto-oncogenes, or other specific genes, in normal human hematopoiesis.
404 citations
TL;DR: These experiments indicate that PCNA (cyclin) is important in cellular DNA synthesis and in cell cycle progression and that a corresponding sense oligodeoxynucleotide has no inhibitory effects.
Abstract: The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA or cyclin) is a nuclear protein recently identified as a cofactor of DNA polymerase delta. When exponentially growing Balb/c3T3 cells are exposed to antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to PCNA, both DNA synthesis and mitosis are completely suppressed. A corresponding sense oligodeoxynucleotide has no inhibitory effects. These experiments indicate that PCNA (cyclin) is important in cellular DNA synthesis and in cell cycle progression.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors give a number of explanations consistent with economic theory as to why there need not be a contradiction here, concluding that economists have yet to convincingly demonstrate the case for deterrence.
Abstract: Economists have generally supposed that certainty and severity of punishment deter crime and have been surprised whenever this is not confirmed by empirical word. This paper gives a number of explanations, consistent with economic theory, as to why there need not be a contradiction here. The empirical work is reviewed with the conclusion that economists have yet to convincingly demonstrate the case for deterrence. In conclusion, a number of potentially fruitful areas for future research within the deterrence paradigm are suggested. Copyright 1988 by WWZ and Helbing & Lichtenhahn Verlag AG
TL;DR: High monitors came to the physician with less severe medical problems than did low monitors, Nevertheless, high monitors reported equivalent levels of discomfort, dysfunction, and distress compared with low monitors.
Abstract: We explored individual differences in health-seeking behavior and health status in a primary care population. Specifically, we compared high monitors (those who typically scan for threat-relevant information) with low monitors (those who typically ignore threat-relevant information), while controlling for depression. Overall, high monitors came to the physician with less severe medical problems than did low monitors. Nevertheless, high monitors reported equivalent levels of discomfort, dysfunction, and distress compared with low monitors. Furthermore, during the week following their visit, high monitors expressed less symptom improvement in both physical and psychological problems than did low monitors. Finally, high monitors demanded more tests, information, and counseling during their visit than did their low monitoring counterparts, yet desired a less active role in their own care. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
TL;DR: The posterior tibiotalar ligament and tibiospring ligament, so frequently neglected in the anatomical and orthopaedic literature, demonstrated the highest yield force and ultimate load of all of the collateral ligaments of the ankle.
Abstract: In the present study, the tensile mechanical properties of all of the collateral ligaments of the human ankle joint were determined, in vitro, from tensile tests conducted on 120 ligaments obtained from 20 fresh lower limbs. The ultimate load of the lateral collateral ligaments increased in an anteroposterior sequence, with the anterior fibulotalar ligament less than the fibulocalcaneal ligament and less than the posterior fibulotalar ligament. For the medial collateral ligaments, the increasing order of ultimate load was found to be tibiocalcaneal ligament, tibionavicular ligament, tibiospring ligament, posterior tibiotalar ligament. The posterior tibiotalar ligament and tibiospring ligament, so frequently neglected in the anatomical and orthopaedic literature, demonstrated the highest yield force and ultimate load of all of the collateral ligaments of the ankle. Additionally, the tibiospring ligament showed high yield and ultimate elongation properties probably related to its distal attachment to the spring ligament. The fibulocalcaneal ligament was found to have high linear elastic modulus suggesting some type of unique material properties or internal fiber organization. Knowledge of the mechanical characteristics of the ligaments of the ankle joint contributes to an understanding of their normal function, pathomechanics of injury, and their optimal surgical reparative procedure and reconstructive material. A knowledge of the normal mechanical properties of the ankle ligaments provides a data base to evaluate which of the multiplicity of present tendon graft materials has mechanical properties similar to those of the ligaments to be replaced. Those tendon grafts will be the most suitable for replacement of specific ligaments. Finally, data on the mechanical properties of these ligaments offer the possibility for evaluating any future biological or prosthetic grafts.
TL;DR: A Candidate Answer can be read as revealing the speaker's attitude toward, and expectations of, relevant others, and is useful when a speaker wants to guide, direct, or assist a respondent in providing particular information.
Abstract: Interactants use a variety of strategies to seek information from one another. One strategy involves incorporating a Candidate Answer in a query. In using this strategy, a speaker provides a model of the type of answer that would satisfy his/her purpose‐for‐asking. Supplying a model is useful when a speaker wants to guide, direct, or assist a respondent in providing particular information. In offering a Candidate Answer, a speaker can display having knowledge and familiarity of a circumstance. A Candidate Answer can be read as revealing the speaker's attitude toward, and expectations of, relevant others.
TL;DR: In vitro experiments indicated that the egg meal disintegrated much more rapidly than the chicken liver under mechanical agitation in gastric juice, lending further support to the hypothesis that the initial lag in emptying of solid food is due to the processing of food into particles small enough to pass the pylorus.
Abstract: The existence of a lag phase during the gastric emptying of solid foods is controversial. It has been hypothesised that among other early events, the stomach requires a period of time to process solid food to particles small enough to be handled as a liquid. At present no standardised curve fitting techniques exist for the characterisation and quantification of the lag phase or the emptying rate of solids and liquids. We have evaluated the ability of a modified power exponential function to define the emptying parameters of two different solid meals. Dual labelled meals were administered to 24 normal volunteers. The subjects received meals consisting of either Tc-99m in vivo labelled chicken liver or Tc-99m-egg, which have different densities, and In-111-DTPA in water. The emptying curves were biphasic in nature. For solids, this represented an initial delay in emptying or lag phase followed by an equilibrium emptying phase characterised by a constant rate of emptying. The curves were analysed using a modified power exponential function of the form y(t) = 1-(1-e-kt)beta, where y(t) is the fractional meal retention at time t, k is the gastric emptying rate in min-1, and beta is the extrapolated y-intercept from the terminal portion of the curve. The length of the lag phase and half-emptying time increased with solid food density (31 +/- 8 min and 77.6 +/- 11.2 min for egg and 62 +/- 16 min and 94.1 +/- 14.2 min for chicken liver, respectively). After the lag phase, both solids had similar emptying rates, and these rates were identical to those of the liquids. In vitro experiments indicated that the egg meal disintegrated much more rapidly than the chicken liver under mechanical agitation in gastric juice, lending further support to the hypothesis that the initial lag in emptying of solid food is due to the processing of food into particles small enough to pass the pylorus. We conclude that the modified power exponential model permits characterisation of the biphasic nature of gastric emptying allowing for quantification of the lag phase and the rate of emptying for both solids and liquids.
TL;DR: The fact that no increases of UVB have been detected at ground levels from 1974 to 1985 suggests that meteorological, climatic, and environmental factors in the troposphere may play a greater role in attenuating UVB radiation than was previously suspected.
Abstract: Recent reports of stratospheric ozone depletion have prompted concerns about the levels of solar ultraviolet radiation that reach the earth9s surface. Since 1974 a network of ground-level monitoring stations in the United States has tracked measurements of biologically effective ultraviolet radiation (UVB, 290 to 330 nanometers). The fact that no increases of UVB have been detected at ground levels from 1974 to 1985 suggests that meteorological, climatic, and environmental factors in the troposphere may play a greater role in attenuating UVB radiation than was previously suspected.
TL;DR: The in-vitro, three dimensional kinematic characteristics of the human ankle and subtalar joint were investigated and it was concluded that the range of motion of the foot-shank complex in any direction is larger than that of either the ankle joint or the subtalars joint.
Abstract: The in-vitro, three dimensional kinematic characteristics of the human ankle and subtalar joint were investigated in this study. The main goals of this investigation were: 1) To determine the range of motion of the foot-shank complex and the associated range of motion of the ankle and subtalar joints; 2) To determine the kinematic coupling characteristics of the foot-shank complex, and 3) To identify the relationship between movements at the ankle and subtalar joints and the resulting motion produced between the foot and the shank. The tests were conducted on fifteen fresh amputated lower limbs and consisted of incrementally displacing the foot with respect to the shank while the motion of the articulating bones was measured through a three dimensional position data acquisition system. The kinematic analysis was based on the helical axis parameters describing the incremental displacements between any two of the three articulating bones and on a joint coordinate system used to describe the relative position between the bones. From the results of this investigation it was concluded that: 1) The range of motion of the foot-shank complex in any direction (dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, inversion/eversion and internal rotation/external rotation) is larger than that of either the ankle joint or the subtalar joint.; 2) Large kinematic coupling values are present at the foot-shank complex in inversion/eversion and in internal rotation/external rotation. However, only a slight amount of coupling was observed to occur in dorsiflexion/plantarflexion.; 3) Neither the ankle joint nor the subtalar joint are acting as ideal hinge joints with a fixed axis of rotation.; 4) Motion of the foot-shank complex in any direction is the result of rotations at both the ankle and the subtalar joints. However, the contribution of the ankle joint to dorsiflexion/plantarflexion of the foot-shank complex is larger than that of the subtalar joint and the contribution of the subtalar joint to inversion/eversion is larger than that of the ankle joint.; 5) The ankle and the subtalar joints have an approximately equal contribution to internal rotation/external rotation movements of the foot-shank complex.
TL;DR: In this paper, the reliability and validity of career commitment measures were examined using employee samples from a newspaper company and an insurance company, and the results showed that career commitment could be reliably measured and was operationally distinct from job involvement and organizational commitment.
TL;DR: The right to a therapeutic environment, services whose overriding goal is personal welfare, treatment by a competent behavior analyst, programs that teach functional skills, and the most effective treatment procedures available are proposed.
Abstract: We propose that individuals who are recipients or potential recipients of treatment designed to change their behavior have the right to a therapeutic environment, services whose overriding goal is personal welfare, treatment by a competent behavior analyst, programs that teach functional skills, behavioral assessment and ongoing evaluation, and the most effective treatment procedures available.
TL;DR: The rationale, conceptual models, program examples, and recent empirical evidence regarding the extent and effects of environ mental interventions to promote healthy eating, as well as the state of the art, are reviewed.
Abstract: Environmental interventions are an important part of efforts to improve health in populations. With respect to strategies to encourage positive nutrition behavior, environmental approaches help create opportunities for action by removing barriers to following a healthy diet. This article reviews the rationale, conceptual models, program examples, and recent empirical evidence regarding the extent and effects of environmental interventions to promote healthy eating. The state of the art is described for five types of interventions: (1) changes in the food supply; (2) point of choice nutrition information; (3) collaboration with private sector food vendors; (4) worksite nutrition policies and incentives; and (5) changes in the structure of health and medical care related to nutrition. Environmental approaches to dietary behavior change can reach large segments of the population through increased availability of nutritious foods, provision of quality nutrition services in workplace and health care settings, and accessible information about healthful food choices. Nutrition intervention can also serve as a model for other types of health promotion initiatives using multidimensional environmental and educational technologies.
TL;DR: The enzymes of the DNA synthesizing machinery constitute a group of gene products that are generally expressed co-ordinately at the G1/S boundary of the cell cycle, and how growth factors regulate the steady-state mRNA levels of two of these genes, the PCNA/cyclin and the thymidine kinase genes is investigated.
TL;DR: The authors investigated links between ecological changes and changes in violence in Baltimore neighborhoods in the 1970's and found that relative deprivation and social disorganization each predict increasing violence in gentrifying and emerging underclass neighborhoods.
Abstract: We investigate links between ecological changes and changes in violence in Baltimore neighborhoods in the 1970's The two most salient ecological changes during the decade were (1) the emergence of a large number of gentrifying neighborhoods and (2) the further absorption of several older, minority neighborhoods into an “underclass” status Relative deprivation and social disorganization each predict increasing violence in gentrifying and emerging underclass neighborhoods. But, relative deprivation theory highlights the role of changes in economic status, whereas social disorganization highlights the role of changes in stability or family status. We further suggest that connections between ecological change and changes in disorder are contingent not only on historical context, but also on overall neighborhood structure at the beginning of the period. We hypothesize: (a) neighborhoods becoming more solidly “underclass” will experience increasing violence as status and stability decline and (b) emerging gentrifying neighborhoods will experience increasing violence as status and stability increase. Controlling for spatial autocorrelation, results support these hypotheses In emerging underclass neighborhoods status changes are most clearly linked to violence changes, whereas in gentrifying neighborhoods violence shifts are most closely tied to changing stability.
TL;DR: Two modifications are reported that significantly improve the mouse formalin model of tonic pain, extending the observation period to 20-45 min postformalin injection, and lightly anesthetizing the mice with ether before injection of formalin into the paw.
TL;DR: The results suggest that narcotic analgesics may cause constipation in part by slowing colonic transit in the proximal colon and by inhibiting defecation.
TL;DR: The relevance of the beautiful and other essays as discussed by the authors was discussed in the context of the History of European Ideas: Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 751-752.
TL;DR: Bedside analysis of pulmonary mechanics provide graphical information, and quantitative data which should be useful in day‐to‐day pulmonary management, which is considered to be appropriate for the neonatal respiratory system.
Abstract: Pulmonary mechanics, using a two factor least mean square analysis technique, were determined in 22 preterm neonates with respiratory failure. The respiratory system is modelled as a linear mechanical system. Concurrent signals of airflow and transpulmonary pressure were utilized to calculate values of dynamic lung compliance and pulmonary resistances; these determinations were made over the entire tidal volume range. In addition, values of resistive work of breathing, pulmonary time constants, scalar records of sequential breaths, pressure-volume and flow-volume relationships were available for data review and interpretation. The mean +/- SEM value of tidal volume was 7.4 +/- 0.6 ml/kg; dynamic lung compliance was 0.44 +/- 0.04 ml/cmH2O/kg; and the pulmonary resistance of the whole breath was 106 +/- 9.1 cmH2O/liter/s. The resistive work of breathing (hysteresis) was 41.8 +/- 5.9 gm.cm/kg. In correlating the measured values of pressure and flow to those predicted by the model, the mean value of the correlation coefficient for the least mean square analysis for all 22 studies was 0.995 +/- 0.001; the standard error of estimate of the predicted pressure was less than 4.4% of the range of pressures measured. Thereby, the model was considered to be appropriate for the neonatal respiratory system. In addition to the traditional procedures of evaluating the respiratory status of a sick neonate, bedside analysis of pulmonary mechanics provide graphical information, and quantitative data which should be useful in day-to-day pulmonary management.
TL;DR: It is concluded that ethanol was a preferred fuel preventing fat, and to lesser degrees, CHO and protein, from being oxidized and caused acute insulin resistance which was compensated for by hypersecretion of insulin.
Abstract: To study the mechanism of the diabetogenic action of ethanol, ethanol (0.75 g/kg over 30 min) and then glucose (0.5 g/kg over 5 min) were infused intravenously into six normal males. During the 4-h study, 21.8 +/- 2.1 g of ethanol was metabolized and oxidized to CO2 and H2O. Ethanol decreased total body fat oxidation by 79% and protein oxidation by 39%, and almost completely abolished the 249% rise in carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation seen in controls after glucose infusion. Ethanol decreased the basal rate of glucose appearance (GRa) by 30% and the basal rate of glucose disappearance (GRd) by 38%, potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin release by 54%, and had no effect on glucose tolerance. In hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies, ethanol caused a 36% decrease in glucose disposal. We conclude that ethanol was a preferred fuel preventing fat, and to lesser degrees, CHO and protein, from being oxidized. It also caused acute insulin resistance which was compensated for by hypersecretion of insulin.