Showing papers by "Temple University published in 1990"

The ideology of the aesthetic

Abstract: Introduction. 1. Free Particulars. 2. The Law of the Heart: Shaftesbury, Hume, Burke. 3. The Kantian Imaginary. 4. Schiller and Hegemony. 5. The World as Artefact: Fichte, Schelling, Hegel. 6. The Death of Desire: Arthur Schopenhauer. 7. Absolutte Ironies: Sren Kierkegaard. 8. The Marxist Sublime. 9. True Illusions: Friedrich Nietzshe. 10. The Name of the Father: Sigmund Freud. 11. The Politics of Being: Martin Heidegger. 12. The Marxist Rabbi: Walter Benjamin. 13. Art After Auschwitz: Theodor Adorno. 14. From the Polis to Postmodernism. Index.

Encapsulated 2',5'-phosphorothioate oligoadenylates

Abstract: Optically active compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein n is 1 or 2 and m is 0, 1, 2 or 3 have antiviral activity. Compounds of the formula wherein at least one of the internucleotide phosphorothioate linkages is REFERENCE TO GOVERNMENT GRANT The invention described herein was made, in part, in the course of work supported by National Institutes of Health grant PO1 CA-29545 and National Science Foundation grant DMB84-15002.

A Mediational Model of the Impact of Marital Conflict on Adolescent Adjustment in Intact and Divorced Families: The Role of Disrupted Parenting.

Abstract: The present study was concerned with the development and testing of a structural equation model wherein the relation of interparental conflict to the adjustment problems of young adolescents is mediated through its impact on 3 aspects of parenting behavior: lax control, psychological control, and parental rejection/withdrawal. The model was tested separately on a sample of 46 young adolescents from intact families and a group of 51 adolescents from recently divorced families. The hypothesis that most of the relation between martial conflict and adolescent adjustment problems could be explained through perturbations in the parent-child relationship received considerable support; the only direct effect of conflict was on externalizing problems in the intact sample. The results also suggested that the mediational patterns were somewhat different for the 2 samples, and that the model accounts for a greater proportion of the variance in the adjustment problems of adolescents from intact homes than of those from recently divorced families.

Negative growth regulation in a glioblastoma tumor cell line that conditionally expresses human wild-type p53.

Abstract: To investigate the effect that human wild-type p53 (wt-p53) expression has on cell proliferation we constructed a recombinant plasmid, pM47, in which wt-p53 cDNA is under transcriptional control of the hormone-inducible mouse mammary tumor virus promoter linked to the dominant biochemical selection marker gene Eco gpt. The pM47 plasmid was introduced into T98G cells derived from a human glioblastoma multiforme tumor, and a stable clonal cell line, GM47.23, was derived that conditionally expressed wt-p53 following exposure to dexamethasone. We show that induction of wt-p53 expression in exponentially growing cells inhibits cell cycle progression and that the inhibitory effect is reversible upon removal of the inducer or infection with simian virus 40. Moreover, when growth-arrested cells are stimulated to proliferate, induction of wt-p53 expression inhibits G0/G1 progression into S phase and the cells accumulate with a DNA content equivalent to cells arrested in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Taken together, these studies suggest that wt-p53 may play a negative role in growth regulation.

What Influences Learning? A Content Analysis of Review Literature

Abstract: This paper reported a comprehensive “meta-review” and synthesis of research on variables related to learning, including both cognitive and affective schooling outcomes. A conceptual framework was developed encompassing 228 items related to school learning, organized a priori into 30 scales within six categories. Search and selection procedures yielded 179 selected handbook and annual review chapters, commissioned papers, and other authoritative reviews. Content analysis yielded over 3,700 ratings of the strength of influence of the variables on learning. The variables confirmed the primacy of student, classroom, home, and community influences on learning relative to more distal policy variables such as state and district characteristics. Additionally, the variables also highlighted the importance of metacognition, classroom management, quantity of instruction, classroom interactions and climate, and the peer group.

Situational determinants of coping and coping effectiveness.

Abstract: This study contributes to the growing body of research on situational determinants of coping. Based on a general population sample of 1556 married men and women, it goes beyond previous efforts in two ways. First, it presents the first large-scale analysis of situational determinants of coping effectiveness in response to a wide variety of stressful life events and chronic difficulties. This analysis documents that previous aggregate analyses overlooked a number of specifications which, when observed, provide insights into the mechanisms of coping effectiveness. Second, it assesses the importance of two empirically generated multivariate coping profiles, passivity and versatility. The study's findings suggest that these profiles are associated significantly with adjustment to stress, that these associations differ across situations, and that they help to interpret the effects of separate coping strategies.

Disintegrins: A Family of Integrin Inhibitory Proteins from Viper Venoms

Abstract: Disintegrins represent a new class of low molecular weight, RGD-containing, cysteine-rich peptides isolated from the venom of various snakes. They interact with the β1 and β3 families of in...

Individual microtubules in the axon consist of domains that differ in both composition and stability.

Abstract: We have explored the composition and stability properties of individual microtubules (MTs) in the axons of cultured sympathetic neurons. Using morphometric means to quantify the MT mass remaining in axons after various times in 2 micrograms/ml nocodazole, we observed that approximately 48% of the MT mass in the axon is labile, depolymerizing with a t1/2 of approximately 5 min, whereas the remaining 52% of the MT mass is stable, depolymerizing with a t1/2 of approximately 240 min. Immunofluorescence analyses show that the labile MTs in the axon are rich in tyrosinated alpha-tubulin, whereas the stable MTs contain little or no tyrosinated alpha-tubulin and are instead rich in posttranslationally detyrosinated and acetylated alpha-tubulin. These results were confirmed quantitatively by immunoelectron microscopic analyses of the distribution of tyrosinated alpha-tubulin among axonal MTs. Individual MT profiles were typically either uniformly labeled for tyrosinated alpha-tubulin all along their length, or were completely unlabeled. Roughly 48% of the MT mass was tyrosinated, approximately 52% was detyrosinated, and approximately 85% of the tyrosinated MTs were depleted within 15 min of nocodazole treatment. Thus, the proportion of MT profiles that were either tyrosinated or detyrosinated corresponded precisely with the proportion of MTs that were either labile or stable respectively. We also observed MT profiles that were densely labeled for tyrosinated alpha-tubulin at one end but completely unlabeled at the other end. In all of these latter cases, the tyrosinated, and therefore labile domain, was situated at the plus end of the MT, whereas the detyrosinated, and therefore stable domain was situated at the minus end of the MT, and in each case there was an abrupt transition between the two domains. Based on the frequency with which these latter MT profiles were observed, we estimate that minimally 40% of the MTs in the axon are composite, consisting of a stable detyrosinated domain in direct continuity with a labile tyrosinated domain. The extreme drug sensitivity of the labile domains suggests that they are very dynamic, turning over rapidly within the axon. The direct continuity between the labile and stable domains indicates that labile MTs assemble directly from stable MTs. We propose that stable MTs act as MT nucleating structures that spatially regulate MT dynamics in the axon.

The rat paw formalin test: comparison of noxious agents.

Abstract: A comparison was made of the spontaneous nociceptive behaviors elicited by s.c. injection into the rat hind paw of the following 8 irritants: acetic acid, carrageenan, formalin, kaolin, platelet-activating factor, mustard oil (given topically), serotonin, and yeast. Two distinct quantifiable behaviors indicative of pain were identified: flinching/shaking of the paw and hindquarters and licking/biting of the injected paw. These behaviors were prolonged and intense after formalin and acetic acid. Formalin-induced flinching was biphasic across time, a finding potentially useful for the study of both acute and tonic pain. Of the remaining test agents, only yeast caused significant spontaneous behavioral activity, which was of low intensity but long duration. Different time-courses for nociceptive behavior and development of edema were demonstrated for formalin, acetic acid and yeast. It is therefore unlikely that these endpoints are causally related. Overall, the present data strongly support the use of formalin as a noxious stimulus in tonic pain research.

Patients' Perceived Involvement in Care Scale: relationship to attitudes about illness and medical care

Abstract: This report describes the development of the Perceived Involvement in Care Scale (PICS), a self-report questionnaire for patients, and its relation to primary care patients' attitudes regarding their illnesses and the management of them. The questionnaire was administered to three independent samples of adult primary care patients. Patients' satisfaction and their attitudes regarding their illnesses are evaluated after their medical visits. This instrument is designed to examine three relatively distinct factors: 1) doctor facilitation of patient involvement, 2) level of information exchange, and 3) patient participation in decision making. Of these factors, doctor facilitation and patient decision making were related significantly to patients' satisfaction with care. Doctor facilitation and information exchange related consistently to patients' perceptions of post-visit changes in their understanding, reassurance, perceived control over illness, and expectations for improvement in functioning. The role of physicians in enhancing patient involvement in care and the potential therapeutic benefits of physician facilitative behavior are addressed.

Antisense-mediated Inhibition of BCL2 Protooncogene Expression and Leukemic Cell Growth and Survival: Comparisons of Phosphodiester and Phosphorothioate Oligodeoxynucleotides

Abstract: Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides specific for sequences in mRNAs from the B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (BCL2) gene were used to inhibit the growth in culture of a human leukemia cell line, 697. Normal phosphodiester (PO) and nuclease-resistant phosphorothioate (PS) oligodeoxynucleotides were compared with regard to specificity, potency, and kinetics. Both PO and PS antisense BCL2 oligodeoxynucleotides were specific inhibitors of cellular proliferation, since sense versions of these synthetic DNAs were inactive at similar concentrations. Specificity was further confirmed by quantitative immunofluorescence studies, showing that PO and PS antisense BCL2 oligodeoxynucleotides (when used at appropriate concentrations) reduced levels of BCL2 protein without influencing expression of HLA-DR and other control antigens. The onset of inhibition by PO oligodeoxynucleotides was faster, with reductions in cell numbers occurring within 1 day of addition to cultures, in contrast to phosphorothioates, which were ineffective until 3–4 days. Phosphorothioates were more potent that phosphodiesters, however, with half-maximal inhibition of leukemic cell growth occurring at concentrations 5–10 times lower. As expected from previous studies demonstrating the importance of BCL2 for regulating lymphoid cell survival, BCL2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides also led to 697 leukemic cell death through sequence-specific mechanisms, with reductions in cellular viability generally lagging the inhibitory effects on cellular growth by about 2 days. Taken together, these data indicate that PO and PS oligodeoxynucleotides targeted against the human BCL2 protooncogene can be sequencespecific inhibitors of leukemic cell growth and survival.

Advancing Knowledge about the Onset of Delinquency and Crime

Abstract: Our main concern is to advance knowledge about the onset of delinquency and crime. When a person commits an offense for the first time, it is only future experience that can establish with certainty whether that offense was the onset of a persistent and serious criminal career or whether it was simultaneously the person’s first and last offense. However, the age at which a first offense occurs is one of the best predictors (or even the best predictor; see Blumstein, Farrington, & Moitra, 1985) of the future course of the criminal career.

Social Construction of Skill: Gender, Power, and Comparable Worth

Abstract: Conventional definitions of skill have been challenged by comparable worth. The pressures that contribute to simple definitions of skill are uncovered through an identification of the major sources of gender bias in job evaluation systems. Actual pay equity initiatives are examined to highlight the conflictual process by which new definitions of skill are socially constructed or blocked through political action. Research on comparable worth offers a unique opportunity to develop a more sophisticated understanding of the power relations that maintain the gendered character of the labor market.

Protease nexin-II (amyloid beta-protein precursor): a platelet alpha-granule protein.

Abstract: Protease nexin-II (PN-II) [amyloid beta-protein precursor (APP)] and the amyloid beta-protein are major constituents of neuritic plaques and cerebrovascular deposits in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. Both the brain and the circulation have been implicated as sources of these molecules, although they have not been detected in blood. Human platelets have now been found to contain relatively large amounts of PN-II/APP. Platelet PN-II/APP was localized in platelet alpha-granules and was secreted upon platelet activation. Because PN-II/APP is a potent protease inhibitor and possesses growth factor activity, these results implicate PN-II/APP in wound repair. In certain disease states, alterations in platelet release and processing and clearance of PN-II/APP and its derived fragments could lead to pathological accumulation of these proteins.

Light is required for conidiation in Aspergillus nidulans.

Abstract: Light is necessary for asexual sporulation in Aspergillus nidulans but will elicit conidiation only if irradiation occurs during a critical period of development. We show that conidiation is induced by red light and suppressed by an immediate shift to far red light. Conidiation-specific gene functions switch from light-independent to light-dependent activities coincident with the expression of brlA, a regulator of conidiophore development. We also show that light dependence is abolished by a mutation in the velvet gene, which allows conidiation to occur in the absence of light. We propose that the initiation of late gene expression is regulated by velvet and controlled by a red light photoreceptor, whose properties are reminiscent of phytochrome-mediated responses observed in higher plants.

Testing for isometry during reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Anatomical and biomechanical considerations.

Abstract: Instrumented tibiofemoral (bone-to-bone) excursion wires were implanted in the mid-substance of the anteromedial, central, and posterior fiber-regions of the anterior cruciate ligament through limited anterior and posterior arthrotomies in eight fresh knees from cadavera. The change in the distance of linear separation between each pair of osseous fiber-insertion sites was measured and was plotted against the angle of flexion of the knee as the knee was cycled through a 120-degree range of motion. Testing conditions likely to be present during intraoperative testing for isometry were used (anterior cruciate fibers transected, quadriceps relaxed, femur stabilized with the patient in the supine position and the leg freely dependent, and motion of the knee induced in neutral rotation by force applied at the level of the foot). In no instance did the insertion-site centers of any fiber-region exhibit isometric behavior (change in the distance of linear separation of 1.0 millimeter or less). The least deviations from isometry (range, 1.4 to 3.1 millimeters) were observed for the anteromedial sites, under conditions when the gravitational dependency of the lower leg was constrained. When the leg hung in a dependent manner during passive motion, the deviation from isometry of the anteromedial sites of insertion increased significantly (range, 2.8 to 5.6 millimeters). The central sites of insertion were generally less isometric than the anteromedial sites, and the posterior sites were the least isometric, regardless of testing conditions.

A regular pattern of two types of 100-residue motif in the sequence of titin.

Abstract: TITIN is the largest polypeptide yet described (relative molecular mass ˜3xl06; refs 1,2) and an abundant protein of striated muscle3. Its molecules are string-like4 and in vivo span from the M to Z-lines5,6. I-band regions of titin are thought to make elastic connections between the thick filament and the Z-line5–7, thereby forming a third type of sarcomere filament8,9. These would centre the A-band in the sarcomere and provide structural continuity in relaxed myofibrils10. The A-band region of titin seems to be bound to the thick filament, where it has been proposed to act as a 'molecular ruler' regulating filament length and assembly6. Here, we show that partial titin complementary DNAs encode a regular pattern of two types of 100-residue motif, each of which probably folds into a separate domain type. Such motifs are present in several evolutionarily divergent muscle proteins, all of which are likely to interact with myosin. One or both of the domain types is therefore likely to bind to myosin.

Predicting Social-Sexual Behavior At Work: A Contact Hypothesis

Abstract: This study explored two competing hypotheses about social-sexual behavior at work, which we defined as any non-work-related behavior having a sexual component, including harassment, flirting, and m...

Clathrin and associated assembly and disassembly proteins.

Abstract: PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARY. . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 CLATHRIN . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .... .. . . . . . . . . ....... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . 4 1 7 Clathrin Heavy Chains 417 Clathrin Light Chains 417 Clathrin Trimer/Triskelion...... ......... ...... ........ . . . . . . . . ....... . . . . . . . . . 419 APs: ASSEMBLY PROTEINS/ADAPTOR PROTEINS/ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.... 423 AP-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 AP-I and AP1801AP-3 . 426 AP Activities 427 AP-Membrane Interactions 429 UNCOATING ATPase/Hsc70. . . . ...... . . . . . 431 Uncoating ATPase is Hsc70 431 Functions of the Hsc70lUncoating ATPase 433

Directional hypokinesia and hemispatial inattention in neglect

Abstract: Subjects with neglect of left hemispace may err to the right when bisecting lines. This error has been attributed either to a directional hypokinesia (failure to execute movements fully in or towards the contralateral hemispace) or to a failure to attend to or represent sensory information. Four subjects with neglect were tested on a line bisection task in which these two hypotheses were differentiated by preventing direct viewing of the line and instead using a video camera and monitor, each of which could be moved independently into right or left hemispace. The performance of 2 subjects was consistent with the predictions of the directional hypokinesia hypothesis; the performance of the other 2 subjects was consistent with the attention-representation deficit hypothesis. These data suggest that both a directional hypokinesia and an attention-representation deficit may each be a primary determinant of neglect.

Role of extracellular disulfide-bonded cysteines in the ligand binding function of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor.

Abstract: Evidence is presented for a role of disulfide bridging in forming the ligand binding site of the {beta}{sub 2}-adrenergic receptor ({beta}AR). The presence of disulfide bonds at the ligand binding site is indicated by competitive inhibition by dithiothreitol (DTT) in radioligand binding assays, by specific protection by {beta}-adrenergic ligands of these effects, and by the requirement of disulfide reduction for limit proteolysis of affinity ligand labeled receptor. The kinetics of binding inhibition by DTT suggest at least two pairs of disulfide-bonded cysteines essential for normal binding. Through site-directed mutagenesis, the authors indeed were able to identify four cysteines which are critical for normal binding affinities and for the proper expression of functional {beta}AR at the cell surface. Unexpectedly, the four cysteines required for normal ligand binding are not those located within the hydrophobic transmembrane domains of the receptor (where ligand binding is presumed to occur) but lie in the extracellular hydrophilic loops connecting these transmembrane segments. These findings indicate that in addition to the well-documented involvement of the membrane-spanning domains of the receptor in ligand binding, there is an important and previously unsuspected role of the hydrophilic extracellular domains in forming the ligand binding site.