Temple University

About: Temple University is a education organization based out in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 32154 authors who have published 64375 publications receiving 2219828 citations.

What does the brain tell us about trust and distrust? evidence from a functional neuroimaging study

Abstract: Determining whom to trust and whom to distrust is a major decision in impersonal IT-enabled exchanges. Despite the potential role of both trust and distrust in impersonal exchanges, the information systems literature has primarily focused on trust, alas paying relatively little attention to distrust. Given the importance of studying both trust and distrust, this study aims to shed light on the nature, dimensionality, distinction, and relationship, and relative effects of trust and distrust on economic outcomes in the context of impersonal IT-enabled exchanges between buyers and sellers in online marketplaces. This study uses functional neuroimaging (fMRI) tools to complement psychometric measures of trust and distrust by observing the location, timing, and level of brain activity that underlies trust and distrust and their underlying dimensions. The neural correlates of trust and distrust are identified when subjects interact with four experimentally manipulated seller profiles that differ on their level of trust and distrust. The results show that trust and distrust activate different brain areas and have different effects, helping explain why trust and distrust are distinct constructs associated with different neurological processes. Implications for the nature, distinction and relationship, dimensionality, and effects of trust and distrust are discussed.

Nitrogen Balance in and Export from an Agricultural Watershed

Abstract: Surface water nitrate (NO 3 - ) pollution from agricultural production is well established, although few studies have linked field N budgets, NO 3 - loss in tile drained watersheds, and surface water NO 3 - loads This study was conducted to determine field sources, transport, and river export of NO 3 - from an agricultural watershed The Embarras River watershed at Camargo (48 173 ha) in east-central Illinois was investigated The watershed is a tile-drained area of fertile Mollisols (typical soil is Drummer silty clay loam, a fine-silty, mixed mesic Typic Haplaquoll) with primary cropping of maize (Zea mays L) and soybean (Glycine max L) Agricultural field N sources and sinks, tile drainage NO 3 - concentrations and fluxes, and river NO 3 - export were estimated for the entire watershed Large pools of inorganic N were present following each harvest of maize and soybean (average of 3670 Mg N yr -1 over a 6-yr period) The source of most of the inorganic N was divided between N fertilizer and soil mineralized N High concentrations of NO 3 were found in four monitored drainage tiles (5-49 mg N L '), and tile concentrations of NO 3 - were synchronous with Embarras River NO 3 - concentrations High flow events contributed most of the yearly NO 3 - loss (247 kg N ha -1 yr -1 ) from tile drained fields in the 1995 water year (1 Oct, 1994 through 30 Sept 1995) where high rainfall events occurred in a low overall precipitation year (in one tile 21% of the annual load was exported in 1 d) During the 1996 water year, NO 3 - export in tiles was much higher (442 kg N ha -1 yr -1 ) due to greater precipitation, and individual days were less important On average, about 49% (average of 1688 Mg N yr ' over a 6-yr period) of the field inorganic N pool was estimated to be leached through drain tiles and seepage and was exported by the Embarras River, although depending on weather and field N balances this ranged from 25 to 85% of the field N balance over the 6-yr period It seems likely that agricultural disturbance (high mineralization inputs of N) and N fertilization combined with tile drainage contributed significantly to NO, export in the Embarras River

Position statement on youth resistance training: the 2014 International Consensus

Abstract: The current manuscript has been adapted from the official position statement of the UK Strength and Conditioning Association on youth resistance training. It has subsequently been reviewed and endorsed by leading professional organisations within the fields of sports medicine, exercise science and paediatrics. The authorship team for this article was selected from the fields of paediatric exercise science, paediatric medicine, physical education, strength and conditioning and sports medicine.

Incorporating systematic uncertainties into an upper limit

Abstract: We discuss the problem of incorporating the uncertainty in the experimental sensitivity into the calculation of an upper confidence limit on a branching ratio or similar quantity. If the number of events is small or zero but without background, the correction to the usual result is given by a simple, easily applied formula. The case of an accurately known background also has a simple solution.

Household Routines and Obesity in US Preschool-Aged Children

Abstract: To determine the association between the prevalence of obesity in preschool-aged children and exposure to 3 household rou- tines: regularly eating the evening meal as a family, obtaining adequate sleep, and limiting screen-viewing time. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a nationally rep- resentative sample of 8550 four-year-old US children who were as- sessed in 2005 in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort. Height and weight were measured. We assessed the association of childhood obesity (BMI 95th percentile) with 3 household routines: regularly eating the evening meal as a family (5 nights per week); obtaining adequate nighttime sleep on weekdays (10.5 hours per night); and having limited screen-viewing (television, video, digital video disk) time on weekdays (2 hours/day). Analyses were adjusted for the child's race/ethnicity, maternal obesity, maternal education, household income, and living in a single-parent household. RESULTS: Eighteen percent of children were obese, 14.5% were ex- posed to all 3 routines, and 12.4% were exposed to none of the routines. The prevalence of obesity was 14.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 11.3%-17.2%) among children exposed to all 3 routines and 24.5% (95% CI: 20.1%-28.9%) among those exposed to none of the routines. After adjusting for covariates, the odds of obesity associated with ex- posure to all 3, any 2, or only 1 routine (compared with none) were 0.63 (95% CI: 0.46 - 0.87), 0.64 (95% CI: 0.47- 0.85), and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.63- 1.12), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: US preschool-aged children exposed to the 3 house- hold routines of regularly eating the evening meal as a family, obtain- ing adequate nighttime sleep, and having limited screen-viewing time had an 40% lower prevalence of obesity than those exposed to none of these routines. These household routines may be promising targets for obesity-prevention efforts in early childhood. Pediatrics 2010;125: 420-428