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Institution

Temple University

EducationPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
About: Temple University is a education organization based out in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 32154 authors who have published 64375 publications receiving 2219828 citations.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Existing metrics in phylogenetic diversity metrics are organized by expanding on a unifying framework for phylogenetic information to improve the choice, application, and interpretation of phylo‐diversity metrics.
Abstract: The use of phylogenies in ecology is increasingly common and has broadened our understanding of biological diversity. Ecological sub-disciplines, particularly conservation, community ecology and macroecology, all recognize the value of evolutionary relationships but the resulting development of phylogenetic approaches has led to a proliferation of phylogenetic diversity metrics. The use of many metrics across the sub-disciplines hampers potential meta-analyses, syntheses, and generalizations of existing results. Further, there is no guide for selecting the appropriate metric for a given question, and different metrics are frequently used to address similar questions. To improve the choice, application, and interpretation of phylo-diversity metrics, we organize existing metrics by expanding on a unifying framework for phylogenetic information. Generally, questions about phylogenetic relationships within or between assemblages tend to ask three types of question: how much; how different; or how regular? We show that these questions reflect three dimensions of a phylogenetic tree: richness, divergence, and regularity. We classify 70 existing phylo-diversity metrics based on their mathematical form within these three dimensions and identify ‘anchor’ representatives: for α-diversity metrics these are PD (Faith's phylogenetic diversity), MPD (mean pairwise distance), and VPD (variation of pairwise distances). By analysing mathematical formulae and using simulations, we use this framework to identify metrics that mix dimensions, and we provide a guide to choosing and using the most appropriate metrics. We show that metric choice requires connecting the research question with the correct dimension of the framework and that there are logical approaches to selecting and interpreting metrics. The guide outlined herein will help researchers navigate the current jungle of indices.

548 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined access to print in two low-income and two middle-income neighborhood communities in a large industrial city in Mexico and found that the availability of print in these communities, focusing on resources considered to be influential in a child's beginning development as a writer and reader, may have important implications for children's early literacy development.
Abstract: Building on a growing body of ecological research, this study examines access to print in two low-income and two middle-income neighborhood communities in a large industrial city. It documents the availability of print in these communities, focusing on resources considered to be influential in a child's beginning development as a writer and reader. It describes the likelihood that children will find books and other resources, see signs, labels, and logos, public places (spaces) conducive to reading, books in local preschools, school libraries, and public library branches. Results of the year-long analysis indicated striking differences between neighborhoods of differing income in access to print at all levels of analyses, with middle-income children having a large variety of resources to choose from, while low-income children having to rely on public institutions which provide unequal resources across communities. Such differences in access to print resources may have important implications for children's early literacy development. Fundamentado en un creciente numero de investigaciones ecologicas, este estudio examina el acceso a la escritura en dos comunidades vecinales de bajos ingresos y dos de ingresos medios de una gran ciudad industrial. El estudio documenta la accesibilidad a la escritura en estas comunidades, centrandose en los recursos que se consideran influencias importantes en el desarrollo inicial de los ninos como escritores y lectores. Se describe la posibilidad de que los ninos encuentren libros y otros recursos, ver signos, etiquetas y logos, espacios publicos que conducen a la lectura, libros en los jardines de infantes locales, bibliotecas escolares y bibliotecas publicas. Los resultados del analisis llevado a cabo durante un ano indicaron impactantes diferencias entre los vecindarios de diferente nivel de ingresos en cuanto al acceso a la escritura en todos los niveles de analisis. Los ninos de nivel medio disponen de una amplia variedad de recursos para elegir, en tanto que los ninos de bajos ingresos dependen de las instituciones publicas que proporcionan recursos desiguales en las distintas comunidades. Estas diferencias en el acceso a los recursos escritos podria tener importantes implicancias para la alfabetizacion inicial de los ninos. Aufbauend auf einen anwachsenden Grundstock an okologischer Forschung untersucht diese Studie den Zugang zum Gedruckten in zwei Nachbarschaftsgemeinden mit niedrigen Einkommen und zwei mittleren Einkommens in einer grosen Industriestadt. Sie dokumentiert die Verfugbarkeit von Gedrucktem in diesen Gemeinden mit Hinblick auf jene Mittel, die als beeinflussend auf die beginnende Entwicklung eines Kindes hin zum Schreiber und Leser gelten konnen. Sie beschreibt die Wahrscheinlichkeit, das Kinder Bucher und andere Hilfsmittel finden werden, Schilder, Etiketten und Logos wahrnehmen, sowie offentlich vermittelnde Stellen (Ausstellflachen), die dem Lesen dienen, Buchern in ortlichen Vorschulen, Schul buchereien und offentlichen Buchereien. Die Ergebnisse der einjahrigen Untersuchung liesen auf erstaunliche Unterschiede zwischen den Nachbarschaften mit unterschiedlichen Einkommensstrukturen im Zugang zum Gedruckten auf allen Ebenen der Analyse schliesen, wobei Kinder aus mittleren Einkommen uber eine grose Auswahl an Mitteln verfugen konnen, wahrend Kinder aus niedrigen Einkommen sich auf offentliche Einrichtungen verlassen mussen, die nicht vergleichbare Mittel quer durch die Gemeinden anbieten. Solche Differenzen im Zugang zu Druckerzeugnissen konnen bei Kindern wesentliche Einflusse auf die fruhe Schreib- und Leseentwicklung haben. Partant d'un corps croissant de recherches, cette etude examine l'accessiblite de l'ecrit pour deux groupes sociaux a bas et a moyens revenus d'une grande ville industrielle. Elle apporte des donnees sur les ecrits accessibles a ces deux groupes, en mettant l'accent sur des ressources dont on peut penser qu'elles ont une influence sur le debut du developpement de l'enfant en tant que lecteur et scripteur. Elle decrit quelles possibilites ont les enfants de trouver des livres ou d'autres resssources, signes, panneaux, logos, lieux publics (espaces) incitant a la lecture, livres dans les maternelles, bibliotheques d'ecole, et sections de bibliotheques publiques. Les resultats d'une analyse portant sur une annee montrent des differences frappantes d'accessibilite de l'ecrit a tous les niveaux de l'analyse entre les environnements aux revenus differents, les enfants de milieu aux revenus moyens ayant la possibilite de faire des choix parmi des ressources nombreuses et variees, tandis que les enfants des milieux a bas revenus doivent s'en remettre a des services publics qui procurent des ressources inegales d'un groupe a l'autre. Ces differences d'acces aux ressources ecrites peuvent avoir des consequences importantes sur l'entree dans l'ecrit des jeunes enfants.

547 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Multidisciplinary prevention strategies among physicians, pharmacists, other healthcare professionals, and patients focusing on communication and education should be targeted.
Abstract: BACKGROUND:Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a significant cause of hospital admissions. These events can lead to significant morbidity and mortality and financial costs. ADRs that may be preventable might be considered a form of medication error.OBJECTIVE:To assess the potential preventability of ADRs directly related to a patient's hospital admission.METHODS:A retrospective chart review of 437 ADRs occurring during an 11-month period was conducted at a university hospital. A subset of these events leading to hospital admissions was identified for further review. Those that resulted in admission were further examined to determine probability of causality, severity, and preventability.RESULTS:Over 11 months, 158 ADRs were directly related to hospital admission. The relationship of these admissions to drug exposure was determined to be probable or highly probable in 154 (97.4%) of these cases. From this group, 96 (62.3%) of these events were considered potentially preventable, with 23 (24%) considered seve...

547 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review existing models for understanding agoraphobia and suggest a more complex behavioral model, which includes a combination of necessary and sufficient factors for its formation.

545 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive survey of ML methods and recent advances in DL methods that can be used to develop enhanced security methods for IoT systems and presents the opportunities, advantages and shortcomings of each method.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) integrates billions of smart devices that can communicate with one another with minimal human intervention. IoT is one of the fastest developing fields in the history of computing, with an estimated 50 billion devices by the end of 2020. However, the crosscutting nature of IoT systems and the multidisciplinary components involved in the deployment of such systems have introduced new security challenges. Implementing security measures, such as encryption, authentication, access control, network and application security for IoT devices and their inherent vulnerabilities is ineffective. Therefore, existing security methods should be enhanced to effectively secure the IoT ecosystem. Machine learning and deep learning (ML/DL) have advanced considerably over the last few years, and machine intelligence has transitioned from laboratory novelty to practical machinery in several important applications. Consequently, ML/DL methods are important in transforming the security of IoT systems from merely facilitating secure communication between devices to security-based intelligence systems. The goal of this work is to provide a comprehensive survey of ML methods and recent advances in DL methods that can be used to develop enhanced security methods for IoT systems. IoT security threats that are related to inherent or newly introduced threats are presented, and various potential IoT system attack surfaces and the possible threats related to each surface are discussed. We then thoroughly review ML/DL methods for IoT security and present the opportunities, advantages and shortcomings of each method. We discuss the opportunities and challenges involved in applying ML/DL to IoT security. These opportunities and challenges can serve as potential future research directions.

543 citations


Authors

Showing all 32360 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Robert J. Lefkowitz214860147995
Rakesh K. Jain2001467177727
Virginia M.-Y. Lee194993148820
Yury Gogotsi171956144520
Timothy A. Springer167669122421
Ralph A. DeFronzo160759132993
James J. Collins15166989476
Robert J. Glynn14674888387
Edward G. Lakatta14685888637
Steven Williams144137586712
Peter Buchholz143118192101
David Goldstein1411301101955
Scott D. Solomon1371145103041
Donald B. Rubin132515262632
Jeffery D. Molkentin13148261594
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
202366
2022335
20213,475
20203,281
20193,166
20183,019