Showing papers by "Texas Christian University published in 1993"
TL;DR: This paper developed a conceptual model depicting relationships between salesforce control systems, characteristics, performance, and sales organization effectiveness as a framework for testing the performance and effectiveness of a sales organization's control systems.
Abstract: The authors develop a conceptual model depicting relationships between salesforce control systems, characteristics, performance, and sales organization effectiveness as a framework for testing the ...
595 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest an association between realism of users' expectations and their perceptions but not their actual performance, and the development of an instrument to measure user expectations, as well as toward understanding the causes of unrealistic user expectations.
Abstract: The consequences of information system failure become more acute as organizations continue to invest in information technology and application development Being able to better predict IS failure before implementation of a system could facilitate changes in the information system that can lead to implementation success The realism of user expectations has been suggested as one possible means of assessing the eventual success or failure of an IS Cognitive dissonance theory was used to hypothesize the behavior and attitudes of end users having certain expectations of a system This experiment investigates the association between unrealistic expectations with both users' perceptions (ie, user satisfaction) and their performance with the IS (ie, decision performance) A longitudinal experiment was performed in which the expectations of the subjects were manipulated to be unrealistically high, realistically moderate, or unrealistically low The results suggest an association between realism of users' expectations and their perceptions but not their actual performance Future research should be directed toward the development of an instrument to measure user expectations, as well as toward understanding the causes of unrealistic user expectations
348 citations
TL;DR: Behavioral evidence that Eurosta solidaginis, a stem‐galling tephritid fly, has formed host races on its two goldenrod hosts, Solidago altissima and S. gigantea, suggests that the populations may be in an intermediate stage of sympatric speciation.
Abstract: We report behavioral evidence that Eurosta solidaginis, a stem-galling tephritid fly, has formed host races on its two goldenrod hosts, Solidago altissima and S. gigantea. Previous work has shown that flies from each host plant differ electrophoretically at the level of host races. The two host-associated populations were truly sympatric and were frequently found on host plants of the two species growing interdigitated with each other. Each host-associated population demonstrated a strong preference for ovipuncturing its own host. The S. gigantea-associated population emerged 10 to 14 d earlier than the S. altissima-associated population, contributing to the reproductive isolation between populations. Partial reproductive isolation is also maintained by a preference for mating on the host from which the fly emerged. The populations meet the criteria established for host races, suggesting that they may be in an intermediate stage of sympatric speciation.
198 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a conceptual framework for defining and classifying co-operative interorganizational relationships is developed, and the features and differences between alternative co-organization relationships are highlighted by the framework.
Abstract: Independent organizations collaborate to increase the competitive advantage of each organization. This paper develops a conceptual framework for defining and classifying co-operative interorganizational relationships. The features and differences between alternative co-operative interorganizational relationships are highlighted by the framework. One form of co-operative interorganizational relationship, a strategic alliance, is a means for organizations to gain competitive advantage in a product/market when environmental turbulence and diversity are high and the organization's skill and resource gaps are high. The subsequent discussion examines strategic alliances. The external and internal influences on alliance formation and the dimensions of the relationship that may impact alliance effectiveness are considered. Several propositions concerning effectiveness are formulated. The external and internal influences of alliance formation include internal structure and relationships, technology, and organizati...
121 citations
TL;DR: Data obtained from a laboratory experiment on user expectations illustrate the necessity of choosing a utilization measure that is relevant to the task involved and indicate that behavioral and perceptual variables of IS evaluation ought to be considered separately when determining the level of IS success.
116 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the Hook massif contains a single, moderate- to high-temperature, solid-state foliation that is continuous with the regionally developed S1 fabric in the adjacent lower-grade Kundelungu metasedimentary rocks.
100 citations
TL;DR: The observed interaction effects indicated that when either compound was introduced at ecologically realistic levels, its effects were essentially masked if the other toxicant was present at high concentrations, and that the two pesticides did not act synergistically.
Abstract: The individual and combined effects of atrazine and bifenthrin on lake communities were investigated in a two-phased mesocosm study involving eighteen 5,500-L tanks containing natural plankton assemblages and bluegill. The factorial-designed experiment included three levels of bifenthrin (0, 39, and 287 ng L−1 in phase 1 and 0, 125 and 3,150 ng L−1 in phase two) cross-classified with three levels of atrazine (0, 15, and 153 μg L−1 in phase 1 and 0, 385, and 2, 167 μg L−1 in phase 2), with duplicate replication. In phase 1, atrazine significantly reduced chlorophyll concentrations and turbidity (day 7) but had no significant impact on primary productivity or algal cell densities. Bifenthrin significantly reduced Bosmina (days 7 and 14), cyclopoid copepodids (days 7 and 14), and copepod nauplii (day 14); however, bifenthrin increased rotifers at day 7. Bifenthrin also increased colonial green algae (day 7) and decreased turbidity (days 7 and 14). Only one fish mortality occurred during phase 1 of the study. In phase 2, atrazine resulted in significant reductions in primary productivity, chlorophyll, green algal colonies, Bosmina, and rotifers on day 7. Bifenthrin had a negative impact on Bosmina, copepod nauplii, rotifers, primary productivity, chlorophyll, and green algal colonies. A 33% bluegill mortality was observed in tanks with an average maximum concentration of 3,150 ng L−1 bifenthrin. The observed interaction effects indicated that when either compound was introduced at ecologically realistic levels, its effects were essentially masked if the other toxicant was present at high concentrations, and that the two pesticides did not act synergistically.
96 citations
TL;DR: For all traits population differences observed in previous field studies and current field samples resulted from both a plastic response to proximate environmental conditions and intrinsic difference and intrinsic (possibly genetic) difference.
Abstract: Hatchling Sceloporus undulatus elongatus from Washington Co., Utah and S. u. garmani from Woods Co., Oklahoma were raised to maturity and reproduction under identical laboratory conditions with ad libitum food availability. Growth, allometry, age and size of maturity, clutch size and egg mass were compared among lab-raised cohorts from the two populations, among lab-raised and field-caught animals (including their field-caught mothers) and, for growth, with values obtained by previously published field studies on the same or nearby populations. For all traits population differences observed in previous field studies and current field samples resulted from both a plastic response to proximate environmental conditions and intrinsic (possibly genetic) difference. The most plastic traits were growth and age of maturity. Cohorts from both populations expressed the ability to mature in less than 6 months in the laboratory but only the S.u. garmani express early maturity in the field. Allometric differences generated during growth in the lab were not observed in field samples but may reflect an adaptive physiological difference. The least plastic trait was egg mass. The only trait for which the rank order of the difference in the field was reversed in the lab was growth rate. S.u. elongatus grew significantly faster than S.u. garmani in the lab but much slower in the field. The tendency of S.u. garmani females to breed at minimum size of maturity may be greater than that of S.u. elongatus.
91 citations
TL;DR: In the Ultima Esperanza District of southern Chile, extensive masses of peperite were produced when rhyolite magma underwent quenching, disruption, and commingling with wet, unconsolidated sediments during intrusion at shallow levels beneath the sea floor as mentioned in this paper.
91 citations
TL;DR: Results indicated a significant decrease in perceived handicap after 3 wk of hearing aid use, and benefit as defined using functional gain data was unrelated to benefit asdefined using self-report data.
Abstract: This study was designed to monitor benefit received from the use of amplification by 58 elderly new hearing users. The longitudinal study assessed changes in self-perceived handicap and audiometric measures by analyzing data at prefitting and at 3wk, 3-mo, 6m0, and l-yr postfitting intervals
72 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found that needle risk behaviors were associated with low self-esteem and low decision-making confidence as well as with higher scores on depression, anxiety, drug use problems, and desire for help.
Abstract: Theoretical and empirical research suggests psychosocial functioning is important in drug abuse intervention strategies, especially those focusing on efforts to change AIDS risk behaviors. Self-esteem, depression, anxiety, proneness to risk taking, decision-making confidence, self-assessment of drug use problems, and desire for help with drug problems, along with personal background and health history indicators, were assessed for 194 injection drug users in an AIDS prevention outreach program in New Orleans. Composite index scores for needle risk behaviors were associated with low self-esteem and low decision-making confidence as well as with higher scores on depression, anxiety, drug use problems, and desire for help. However, these psychosocial measures were not significantly related to the composite index for sex risks. Health history measures, represented by previous exposures to hepatitis and sexually transmitted diseases, were significantly related to both needle and sex risk indices. Implications for AIDS intervention efforts are discussed.
TL;DR: The authors examined the extent to which aspects of the home environment play a mediating role in the relation between maternal and child IQ and found that there was a significant "indirect" or mediated affect associated with home scores at both time points.
Abstract: The study examined the extent to which aspects of the home environment play a mediating role in the relation between maternal and child IQ. The procedure of establishing mediation developed by Baron and Kenny was followed using 608 low birthweight, premature infants from eight different sites. Regression analyses indicated that both maternal IQ and Infant/ Toddler HOME scores obtained at 12 months made significant contributions to 3 year child IQ scores. Maternal IQ and Early Childhood HOME scores obtained at 36 months also both made significant contributions to 3 year child IQ scores. There was a significant "indirect" or mediated affect associated with HOME scores at both time points. Structural equation models were used to confirm information developed in the regression analyses. The fit of the model was good for the total sample and for a sample of children and mothers whose IQs were both greater than 70. A stronger indirect effect was noted at three years as compared to one year.
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of the 2-test literature shows that suitable controls have been used only rarely and that compelling evidence of inhibition is correspondingly rare, and the only such evidence now available is provided by retardation tests in experiments with some variation of A+/AB- training as the putatively inhibitory treatment.
Abstract: It is commonly believed that both a summation test and a retardation test should be used to determine whether a stimulus becomes inhibitory in consequence of some specified treatment, because the 2 tests together rule out alternative interpretations. Depending, however, on the choice of control treatments, a single test may provide credible evidence of inhibition or both together may not. A comprehensive review of the 2-test literature shows that suitable controls have been used only rarely and that compelling evidence of inhibition is correspondingly rare. The only such evidence now available is provided by retardation tests in experiments with some variation of A+/AB- training as the putatively inhibitory treatment.
TL;DR: This paper conducted an empirical analysis by examining six characteristics of mass media research articles published in eight major communication journals, and concluded that the social science paradigm, while being the majority paradigm in the mainstream journals, could not be considered a dominant paradigm in research field.
Abstract: Scholars who write about the paradigms influencing mass media research differ in their speculations This study was conducted to provide an empirical analysis by examining six characteristics of mass media research articles published in eight major communication journals The social science paradigm was found to account for over 60% of the studies, while the interpretive paradigm accounted for about 34% and the critical paradigm less than 6% It was concluded that the social science paradigm, while being the majority paradigm in the mainstream journals, could not be considered a dominant paradigm in the research field Also, even though most of the research emulated the social science paradigm in purpose, it failed to meet scientific standards of theoretical orientation leading to quantitative data gathered by probabilistic sampling methods
TL;DR: The authors provided a very brief summary of the basic characteristics of each method in order to develop a rationale for this study and reported on the uses of these methodologies in eight major communication journals from 1965 to 1989.
Abstract: It is widely asserted that qualitative methods have re-emerged in mass media research during the last 15 to 20 years (Hall, 1989; Lindlof, 1991; Moffett & Dominick, 1987; Pauly, 1991). A stream of recent books (Anderson, 1987; Jensen & Jankowski, 1991; Lindlof, 1987; Nielsen, 1990; Sigman, 1987), a monograph (Pauly, 1991), and a journal article (Lindlof, 1991) devote themselves to qualitative applications and techniques. This interest is felt in U.S. mass communication programs as the number of courses in qualitative methodologies appears to be growing (Lindlof, 1991; Pauly,1991).The apparent rise in qualitative methods heightens the continuing debate over quantitative and qualitative research and has important ramifications for students and mass media education.First, the variety of methods and data-gathering skills needed today appear to be increasing in number and complexity. One requirement for most graduate students at major institutions in the United States is the completion of a series of courses in research methodology. About 20 years ago, quantitative research methodologies reached their peak in the United States and provided the primary focus of methodology courses. However, this has apparently expanded to include non-quantitative methods in recent years (Lindlof, 1991; Lull, 1990). Young scholars, thus, will be exposed to additional methodological tools and may even consider using multi-method strategies more frequently.Second, the addition of qualitative methods in mass media programs may mean students will study different phenomena from different perspectives than in the past. Yet, educators and young scholars have little indication of which topics and procedures are actually used in quantitative and qualitative research. This study provides this information by reporting on the uses of these methodologies in eight major communication journals from 1965 to 1989.THE DEBATETo count or not to count is not the fundamental question in the debate about quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The terms appear to function more approximately as an expression of the chasm that exists between research philosophies, rather than containing some intrinsic meaning. The phrase "qualitative" has been cited as a purposeful alternative to a natural science model of the social sciences (Christians & Carey, 1989).(1) Nevertheless, "quantitative" and "qualitative" appear to be the most common ways to distinguish "interpretive" approaches in the social and human sciences from the so-called "quantitative" approaches (Anderson, 1987; Christians & Carey, 1989; Nord, 1989; Lindlof, 1991).Most importantly, the terms highlight the intellectual dilemmas that stem from a differential set of foundational assumptions that often induce a heated debate within the research community. These dilemmas involve: (a) the purpose of research, (b) the procedures that should be used to gather data, (c) the use of theory, and even (d) the nature of reality itself (or the ability to "know"). It is in these areas that much of the debate rests. Although a number of texts illuminate these differences (Anderson, 1987; Lincoln & Guba, 1985), below we provide a very brief summary of the basic characteristics of each method in order to develop a rationale for this study.Quantitative researchers seek to explain and predict behavior by measuring variables, which can then be submitted to statistical analysis (Wimmer & Dominick, 1991). The quest is for universal generalizations that will describe the characteristics, practices, causes, and consequences of human behavior (Anderson, 1987). This perspective sees the world as orderly, stable, and connected, and attempts to uncover commonalities from a stance of neutrality that is context-free. It is a very formal, conservative process that uses theory as part of a deductive process to produce hypotheses and make predictions.Qualitative research, by contrast, examines the construction of meaning in everyday social phenomena (Anderson, 1987). …
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed a dual-sourcing inventory model with exponential lead times and constant unit demand in which the order quantity is split in some proportion between two sources of supply.
Abstract: We analyze a dual-sourcing inventory model with exponential lead times and constant unit demand in which the order quantity is split in some proportion between two sources of supply. Unlike earlier studies, we do not require that the two sources be identical in terms of the lead-time parameters or the supply prices. We compare the expected total annual costs for the two-source and the traditional single-source models over a wide range of parameter values. We confirm the findings of earlier studies that, under stochastic lead times, dual sourcing yields savings in holding and shortage costs that could outweigh the incremental ordering costs. With this more general model, we demonstrate that savings from dual sourcing are possible even where the mean or the variability of the second source is higher. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TL;DR: In this paper, social anxiety mediates the tendency for subjects to direct their gazes at an agreeing or disagreeing confederate when expressing their views on a controversial topic, while socially anxious Ss spent less time gazing at the other participants than did socially secure Ss.
TL;DR: This investigation was conducted to determine the effect of high- and low-intensity warm-ups on physiological responses, lactate accumulation, and high-intensity freestyle and tethered swimming performance.
Abstract: This investigation was conducted to determine the effect of high‐ and low‐intensity warm‐ups on physiological responses, lactate accumulation, and high‐intensity freestyle and tethered swimming performance. Ten male collegiate swimmers were tested for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) followed by two series of three warm‐up protocols performed in a randomized order at least 2 days apart. The warm‐up protocols were: (1) no warm‐up (NWU), (2) a 366‐m swim at 70% VO2 max (LWU) and (3) four 46‐m swims at 1‐min intervals at a speed corresponding to 110% VO2 max (HWU). Five minutes after each warm‐up in the first series, the swimmers swam a 183‐m standardized freestyle swim at a velocity corresponding to 110% VO2 max, and 5 min after each warm‐up in the second series the swimmers completed a tethered swim to exhaustion with a weight attached to the tether to elicit fatigue at about 2 min. Three minutes after each warm‐up and 3 min after each standardized and tethered swim, a finger‐prick blood sample for lactate ...
TL;DR: This article examined the effects of cooperative and individual review of lecture material on subsequent free-recall performance and found that students who expected to review individually but did so cooperatively outperformed students who reviewed alone.
Abstract: We examined the effects of cooperative and individual review of lecture material on subsequent free-recall performance. College students listened to a prerecorded lecture in one of four experimental conditions: (a) individual notetakers who reviewed their notes individually after the lecture; (b) dyads who took notes during the lecture with the expectation of cooperatively reviewing the material after the lecture; (c) dyads in which one partner listened to the lecture without taking notes and subsequently summarized the information to a partner who took notes during the lecture; and (d) dyads whose members took notes individually without expecting to review cooperatively but who did in fact review cooperatively after the lecture. Students who expected to review individually but did so cooperatively out-performed students who reviewed alone. Dyad partners who did not take notes but cooperatively reviewed performed as well as partners who took notes and individuals who took notes and reviewed indiv...
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of knowledge maps versus list-style lecture aids and cooperative versus individual review strategies were investigated, and it was found that less confident students were helped by having maps while more confident students did better with lists.
Abstract: The effects of knowledge maps versus list-style lecture aids and cooperative versus individual review strategies were investigated. Eighty-five undergraduates viewed either knowledge maps or lists while hearing a lecture on descriptive statistics, then reviewed the information alone or with a partner, using either maps or lists as review aids. Dependent measures were free recall and scores on a multiple-choice test including factual versus application-level items. Other measures included self-reports of prior knowledge and confidence, and repeated-measures ratings of comprehension and predicted test performance. Recall performance was influenced significantly by the interaction of format with confidence; that is, less confident students were helped by having maps while more confident students did better with lists. An analysis of notetaking behaviours revealed that map-users annotated their handouts significantly less than list users. Also, the metacognitions of map-users with regard to their comprehension and predicted performance were less accurate than list-users, as shown by correlations between self-ratings and test scores. Map-users with low confidence had the least accurate metacognitions.
TL;DR: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of dependent measures and Fisher's scores from correlation coefficients ofdependent measures indicate that relative timing of behaviors (rhythmicity) is more important to success than the absolute time of rituals.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of timing during an auto-communicative ritual to successful performance. Eight members of a university varsity basketball team served as subjects for this study. Each subject performed 15 free throws in each of four different conditions. Condition 1 required subjects to use their standard free throw ritual prior to shooting. Condition 2 required subjects to maintain the relative timing of ritual behaviors but reduce the absolute time of the ritual by one-half. Condition 3 required that relative timing be maintained but that the absolute time of the ritual be doubled. Condition 4 required the same behaviors and the same absolute time as the standard ritual but that the relative time of the ritual be altered. Data were collected with a 16-mm high-speed camera. Types of behaviors, timing aspects of the ritual, successful attempts, and shot mechanics were dependent measures. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of dependent measures and Fisher's z sco...
TL;DR: In this paper, the crystal structures of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6a and 10 were determined by X-ray diffraction, showing that the tetrathiafulvalene quinones reduce like quinone, but do not exhibit the oxidation properties.
TL;DR: Lesions of the medial pallium in toads significantly retarded extinction of a water-reinforced instrumental response in a runway training situation, relative to sham-operated and intact controls, suggesting that the medial Pallium of toads plays a role in response inhibition.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the use of communication aids as methods to facilitate an individual's acquisition of scientific material within cooperative learning situations and found that low verbal ability students taught with a knowledge map performed better than high verbal ability learners with a text, while knowledge maps were used more often and more effectively than text.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a concise review of the state of the art and propose a four-level justification framework for investment in advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT), which includes a strategic analysis to ascertain the strategic fit and the competitive advantage of AMT, an economic analysis to determine the financial viability and an understanding of the dynamics of organizational decision making to overcome the barriers to the adoption of AMTs.
Abstract: Despite the far reaching implications of the advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT) for the maintenance and enhancement of a firm's competitive position, the financial justification of investments in AMT has not been easy. Recent research in manufacturing strategy, financial theory, management accounting and organization decision making suggests that the AMT-justification process should involve (i) a strategic analysis to ascertain the strategic fit and the competitive advantage of AMT, (ii) an economic analysis to ascertain the financial viability of AMT and (iii) an understanding of the dynamics of organizational decision making to overcome the barriers to the adoption of AMT. Focusing on the economic analysis we present a concise review of the state of the art and propose a four-level justification framework for investment in AMT. At Level 1 of this framework, we analyze the easily quantifiable benefits and costs using the traditional discounted cash flow (DCF) models. We examine the limitations of the traditional DCF analysis and discuss some refinements suggested in the literature. At Level 2, we develop and illustrate with a numerical example, a stochastic mathematical programming model to quantify the strategic benefits such as flexibility and quality. At Level 3, we quantify the benefits of the time series linkages between the project currently being justified and a related future project using a learning curve model. Finally, at Level 4 we focus on a qualitative assessment of the benefits which were not included in the evaluation at the first three levels.
TL;DR: In this paper, the dppf-bridged tricobalt cluster PhCCo 3 (CO) 7 (dppf)·(toluene) was crystallized in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / c with a = 13.560, b = 17.339, c = 21.482, and Z = 4.0630 for 5055 (I > 3σ( I )) reflections.
TL;DR: In this paper, the existence of a virtual level (resonance) and an annihilation enhancement factor that is produced by the strong e+ e− correlation, is demonstrated for heavy atoms (e.g. Xe and Rn).
Abstract: Relativistic many-body perturbation theory and a qualitative estimation of non-perturbative effects are used to calculate low energy scattering and annihilation of a positron with noble gas atoms. The existence of a virtual level (resonance) and an annihilation enhancement factor that is produced by the strong e+ e− correlation, is demonstrated for heavy atoms (e.g. Xe and Rn). For molecules, (e+ Xen, e+ Rnn, n ≥ 2) the virtual level can transform into a real bound level for the positron. These results can explain the very high annihilation rate and non-linear dependence on atomic density observed in measurements of positron decay rates in dense xenon gas. The absence of such effects in a e+ -Ne system completes the picture.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reassess perspectives in sociology in light of postmodernism, which has been associated with the abandonment of faith in faith in the social self and scientific inquiry.
Abstract: Perspectives in sociology are currently being reassessed in light of postmodernism, which has been associated with the abandonment of faith in the social self and scientific inquiry. As an emergent...
TL;DR: Data suggest that amphetamine-induced locomotor stereotypy is more closely related to focused stereotypy than to hyperlocomotion, and not to haloperidol or clozapine or thioridazine.
Abstract: In addition to its well-known behavioral effects in rats, amphetamine also produces patterned locomotion (referred to below as locomotor stereotypy) in an open field. Locomotor stereotypy may be mediated by different mechanisms than those mediating the better-known behavioral effects of amphetamine. To determine whether the ability to produce locomotor stereotypy is an exclusive property of amphetamine or is a property of many amphetamine-like stimulants, several doses of methylphenidate and amfonelic acid were tested. The ability of both atypical and typical neuroleptics to block amphetamine-induced locomotor stereotypy was also tested. Both amfonelic acid and methylphenidate produced some degree of locomotor stereotypy. In addition, amphetamine-induced locomotor stereotypy was reduced by haloperidol but not by clozapine or thioridazine. These data suggest that locomotor stereotypy is more closely related to focused stereotypy than to hyperlocomotion.