Showing papers by "Texas Christian University published in 2002"
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined whether auditor fees are associated with earnings management and the market reaction to the disclosure of auditor fees and found that non-audit fees are positively associated with small positive earnings surprises and the magnitude of absolute discretionary accruals.
Abstract: This paper examines whether auditor fees are associated with earnings management and the market reaction to the disclosure of auditor fees. Using data collected from proxy statements, we present evidence that non-audit fees are positively associated with small positive earnings surprises, the magnitude of absolute discretionary accruals, and the magnitude of income-increasing and income-decreasing discretionary accruals. In contrast, audit fees are negatively associated with these earnings management indicators. These results are robust to a variety of alternative variable definitions and model specifications. Specifically, contrary to the claims of Ashbaugh et al. (2002), the results are robust to the use of performance-matched discretionary accruals. Moreover, contrary to the claims of Francis and Ke (2002), the results for small positive earnings surprises are robust regardless of whether the comparison group is all other earnings surprises or small negative earnings surprises. Our final set of results provide evidence of a significant negative association between non-audit fees and share values on the date the fees were disclosed, although the effect is small in economic terms.
1,397 citations
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TL;DR: Using both a market-based and an accrual-based measure of conservatism, this article found that firms facing more severe conflicts over dividend policy tend to use more conservative accounting.
Abstract: Using both a market‐based and an accrual‐based measure of conservatism, we find that firms facing more severe conflicts over dividend policy tend to use more conservative accounting. Furthermore, we document that accounting conservatism is associated with a lower cost of debt after controlling for other determinants of firms' debt costs. Our collective evidence is consistent with the notion that accounting conservatism plays an important role in mitigating bondholder‐shareholder conflicts over dividend policy, and in reducing firms' debt costs.
887 citations
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TL;DR: Results indicate the ORC can contribute to the study of organizational change and technology transfer by identifying functional barriers involved and has acceptable psychometric properties.
817 citations
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TL;DR: It is discovered that highly effective virtual team leaders act in a mentoring role and exhibit a high degree of understanding (empathy) toward other team members and are found to be extremely effective at providing regular, detailed, and prompt communication with their peers and in articulating role relationships (responsibilities) among the virtual team members.
Abstract: The trend toward physically dispersed work groups has necessitated a fresh inquiry into the role and nature of team leadership in virtual settings. To accomplish this, we assembled thirteen culturally diverse global teams from locations in Europe, Mexico, and the United States, assigning each team a project leader and task to complete. The findings suggest that effective team leaders demonstrate the capability to deal with paradox and contradiction by performing multiple leadership roles simultaneously (behavioral complexity). Specifically, we discovered that highly effective virtual team leaders act in a mentoring role and exhibit a high degree of understanding (empathy) toward other team members. At the same time, effective leaders are also able to assert their authority without being perceived as overbearing or inflexible. Finally, effective leaders are found to be extremely effective at providing regular, detailed, and prompt communication with their peers and in articulating role relationships (responsibilities) among the virtual team members. This study provides useful insights for managers interested in developing global virtual teams, as well as for academics interested in pursuing virtual team research.
729 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the choice among bank debt, non-bank private debt, and public debt for new debt financings and found that the primary determinant of the debt source is the credit qualit y of the issuer.
Abstract: Using a sample of 1,560 new debt financings, we examine the choice among bank debt, non-bank private debt, and public debt. The primary determinant of the debt source is the credit qualit y of the issuer. Firms with the highest credit quality borrow from public sources, firms with medium credit quality borrow from banks, and firms with the lowest credit quality borrow from non-bank private lenders. Non-bank private debt thus plays a unique role in accommodating the financing needs of firms with low credit quality. In addition, the choice of debt source is (weakly) influenced by managerial discretion.
545 citations
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TL;DR: Assessment instruments for measuring organizational functioning (based on ratings aggregated for staff and patients in a program) are introduced, along with preliminary evidence for their validity.
536 citations
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TL;DR: Knowledge maps are node-link representations in which ideas are located in nodes and connected to other related ideas through a series of labeled links as mentioned in this paper, and they have been shown to enhance the benefits associated with scripted cooperation.
Abstract: Knowledge maps are node-link representations in which ideas are located in nodes and connected to other related ideas through a series of labeled links. The research on knowledge mapping in the last 12 years has produced a number of consistent findings. Students recall more central ideas when they learn from a knowledge map than when they learn from text and those with low verbal ability or low prior knowledge often benefit the most. The use of knowledge maps also appears to amplify the benefits associated with scripted cooperation. Learning from maps is enhanced by active processing strategies such as summarization or annotation and by designing maps according to gestalt principles of organization. Fruitful areas for future research on knowledge mapping include examining whether knowledge maps reduce cognitive load, how map learning is influenced by the structure of the information to be learned, and the possibilities for transfer. Implications for practice are briefly delineated.
433 citations
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TL;DR: The large decreases in cocaine use 1 year after treatment discharge were sustained during the 5-year follow-up and outcomes improved in direct relation to level of treatment exposure.
Abstract: Background: Long-term (5-year) outcomes of community treatment for cocaine dependence were examined in relation to problem severity at treatment entry and treatment exposure throughout the follow-up period. Methods: Interviews were conducted at 1 and 5 years after treatment for 708 subjects (from 45 programs in 8 cities) who met DSM-III-R criteria for cocaine dependence when admitted to treatment in 1991-1993. Primary outcome measures included cocaine use and arrests. Self-reported cocaine use showed high overall agreement with urine (79% agreement) and hair (80% agreement) toxicology analyses. Results: Weekly cocaine use was reported by 25% of the sample at 5 years, slightly higher than the 21% at 1 year. Similarly, 26% had cocaine detected in urine specimens at follow-up and 18% reported having been arrested. Poorer long-term outcomes were related to higher problem severity at treatment admission and low treatment exposure. Conclusions: The large decreases in cocaine use 1 year after treatment discharge were sustained during the 5-year follow-up. Severity of drug and psychosocial problems at intake was predictive of long-term outcomes and outcomes improved in direct relation to level of treatment exposure. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:538-544
246 citations
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TL;DR: The Texas Christian University (TCU) Client Evaluation of Self and Treatment (CEST)(1) is a 144-item self-rating instrument that includes 16 scales measuring patient functioning and treatment perceptions, and psychosocial functioning was generally reported and construct validity was demonstrated.
230 citations
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TL;DR: A central focus of economic development in China over the past 20 years has led to a steady economic transformation that has created many opportunities for entrepreneurial firms as discussed by the authors, which has also led to the creation of many new companies.
Abstract: Economic reforms in China over the past 20 years have led to a steady economic transformation that has created many opportunities for entrepreneurial firms. A central focus in this economic develop...
222 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the electronic structure of molecules and solid-state materials such as semiconductors, and found that molecules have the same energy gap as insulators.
Abstract: C rystalline inorganic so lids can be divided electronically into three well-known classes: metals, semiconductors, and insulators. In these extended solids, atomic orbitals overlap to give nearly continuous electronic energy levels known as bands.1 Metals are electronically characterized by having a partially lled band; semiconductors have a lled band (the valence band) separated from the (mostly) empty conduction band by a bandgap Eg, corresponding to the familiar HOMOLUMO energy gap for small molecules. Insulators are conceptually the same as semiconductors in their electronic structure, except that the bandgap is larger in insulators (Fig. 1). In terms of Egs, metals have Eg less than ;0.1 eV; semiconductors have Egs from ;0.5 to ;3.5 eV; and insulators have Eg . ;4 eV. (1 eV 5 1.602 3 10219 J 5 8065.5 cm21). There are some key differences, however, between the electronic structure of molecules and solid-state materials such as semiconductors.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relation between financial performance and just-in-time (JIT) adoption and found that JIT adopters improve financial performance relative to non-adopters, and that profit margin rather than asset turnover is the primary source of such improvement.
Abstract: Empirical research provides scant evidence that just‐in‐time (JIT) adopters outperform their non‐adopting industry peers. Using a sample of 201 JIT adopters and matched non‐adopters, we examine the relation between financial performance and JIT. Our sample‐wide results indicate that JIT adopters improve financial performance relative to non‐adopters, and that profit margin, rather than asset turnover, is the primary source of such improvement. However, results of additional analyses suggest that JIT adopters below a firm‐size threshold do not improve financial performance, a finding that reconciles our study to Balakrishnan et al. (1996), which examined a JIT adopter sample that included a greater proportion of small firms.
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TL;DR: In this paper, high-pressure synthesis of well-sintered millimeter-sized bulks of superhard BC2N and BC4N materials in the form of a nanocrystalline composite with diamond-like amorphous carbon grain boundaries was reported.
Abstract: We report here the high-pressure synthesis of well-sintered millimeter-sized bulks of superhard BC2N and BC4N materials in the form of a nanocrystalline composite with diamond-like amorphous carbon grain boundaries. The nanostructured superhard B–C–N material bulks were synthesized under high P–T conditions from amorphous phases of the ball-milled molar mixtures. The synthetic B–C–N samples were characterized by synchrotron x-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscope, electron energy-loss spectra, and indentation hardness measurements. These new high-pressure phases of B–C–N compound have extreme hardnesses, second only to diamond. Comparative studies of the high P–T synthetic products of BC2N, BC4N, and segregated phases of diamond + cBN composite confirm the existence of the single B–C–N ternary phases.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the extent to which founding factors in Russia helped high-technology firms to prosper and found that firms that pursued more technological products and entered the market later performed best.
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TL;DR: Various palladium catalysts promote the addition of hypophosphorous derivatives ROP(O)H(2) to alkenes and alkynes in good yields and under mild conditions.
Abstract: Various palladium catalysts promote the addition of hypophosphorous derivatives ROP(O)H(2) to alkenes and alkynes in good yields and under mild conditions. Particularly, Cl(2)Pd(PPh(3))(2)/2 MeLi, and Pd(2)dba(3)/xantphos allow for phosphorus-carbon bond formation instead of transfer hydrogenation. Commercial aqueous solutions of hypophosphorous acid can be employed successfully at ambient temperature. With styrene and terminal alkynes, the regioselectivity (linear versus branched products) can be controlled to some extent with the catalytic system employed. The methodology considerably extends upon previous routes for the preparation of H-phosphinic acids and other organophosphorus compounds.
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TL;DR: The results suggest that the structure of the cognitive templates that top managers use to understand their environment and the actions of their competitor influence the degree of strategic success of their firm.
Abstract: A developing stream of research in the strategy field explores the competitive structure of industries from the perspective of industry participants. This work has demonstrated that managers develop strategic group knowledge structures in order to make sense of their competitive environment. This study extends this line of research by examining the complexity evident in the strategic group knowledge structures developed by firms' top management teams and assessing the relationship between complexity in these knowledge structures and subsequent firm performance. Specifically, we examine the complexity of top managers' knowledge structures regarding their competition using a sample of 76 top management teams from banks in three U.S. cities. Using hierarchical regression, we find a significant relationship between the complexity of cognitive strategic groups and subsequent firm performance. These results suggest that the structure of the cognitive templates that top managers use to understand their environment and the actions of their competitor influence the degree of strategic success of their firm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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TL;DR: Findings showed that desire for help and treatment readiness were associated with indicators of therapeutic engagement even after statistically controlling for additional factors that could have confounded these relationships.
Abstract: Studies of community-based substance abuse treatment indicate that motivation for treatment is critical for retaining clients in the program and for their becoming therapeutically engaged in the re...
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TL;DR: Using both a market-based and an accrual-based measure of conservatism, the authors found that firms facing more severe conflicts over dividend policy tend to use more conservative accounting.
Abstract: Using both a market-based and an accrual-based measure of conservatism, we find that firms facing more severe conflicts over dividend policy tend to use more conservative accounting. Furthermore, we document that accounting conservatism is associated with a lower cost of debt after controlling for other determinants of firms' debt costs. Our collective evidence is consistent with the notion that accounting conservatism plays an important role in mitigating bondholder-shareholder conflicts over dividend policy, and in reducing firms' debt costs.
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TL;DR: In this article, the stability of learning phenotypes across species is shown to be similar to that of other biological characters, both genotypic and phenotypic (e.g., Hox genes) and vertebrate brain structure, and the integration of learning and evolution requires the development of criteria for recognizing and studying the divergence, homology, and homoplasy of learning mechanisms.
Abstract: A century after E. L. Thorndike's (1898) dissertation on the comparative psychology of learning, the field seems ready for a reassessment of its metatheoretical foundations. The stability of learning phenotypes across species is shown to be similar to that of other biological characters, both genotypic (e.g., Hox genes) and phenotypic (e.g., vertebrate brain structure). Moreover, an analysis of some current lines of comparative research indicates that researchers use similar strategies when approaching problems from either an ecological view (emphasizing adaptive significance) or a general-process view (emphasizing commonality across species). An integration of learning and evolution requires the development of criteria for recognizing and studying the divergence, homology, and homoplasy of learning mechanisms, much as it is done in other branches of biological research.
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TL;DR: Patients' social support networks following treatment were more important factors than the pre- or during-treatment variables examined in the intensive, time-limited, short-term inpatient modality treatment for substance abuse.
Abstract: The intensive, time-limited, short-term inpatient modality treatment for substance abuse appears to have positive outcomes despite its brevity. This study examined patient characteristics and posttreatment experiences to understand who is likely to benefit from this treatment and under what circumstances. Our sample included 748 patients in 12 short-term inpatient programs. Twenty-two percent of patients used cocaine at least weekly in the 1-year follow-up period, and an additional 9% drank frequently (compared with pretreatment rates of 69% and 15% respectively). Overall, patients' social support networks following treatment were more important factors than the pre- or during-treatment variables examined.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors test the predictions of Datar, Feltham, and Hughes 1991 and Hughes 1986 between auditor choice, earnings disclosure, and retained ownership in U.S. firms making initial public offerings of securities.
Abstract: Using a system of three simultaneous equations, we test the predictions of Datar, Feltham, and Hughes 1991 and Hughes 1986 between auditor choice, earnings disclosures, and retained ownership in U.S. firms making initial public offerings of securities. Using a sample of initial public offerings between 1990 and 1997, we find that the demand for high-quality auditors increases with firm risk. Additionally, we find that auditor choice, earnings disclosure, and risk are determinants of retained ownership, which is consistent with the predictions of Datar et al. and Hughes that auditor choice and direct disclosure are substitute signals for ownership retention. Further, our results suggest that the signals chosen (i.e., retained ownership, auditor choice, and disclosure) are related through their cost structures and are chosen jointly to minimize the overall cost to the entrepreneur.
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TL;DR: This article examined the robustness of size and book-to-market effects in 35 emerging equity markets during 1985-2000 and found that large firms outperform small firms in most cases.
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TL;DR: In this article, the effects of salesperson capabilities, industrial/consumer products, and industry growth moderators on salesperson performance and sales organization effectiveness relationships are investigated. And the results of moderator regression analyses indicate that salesperson capability, product type, and industrial growth are relevant moderators.
Abstract: Salesperson behavior performance is conceptualized as a predictor of outcome performance and sales organization effectiveness. The research considers the effects of salesperson capabilities, industrial/consumer products, and industry growth moderators on salesperson performance and sales organization effectiveness relationships. Empirical analyses are conducted using data from a sample of 174 field sales managers in Austrian sales organizations. The results of moderator regression analyses indicate that salesperson capabilities, product type, and industry growth are relevant moderators. The roles of the moderators vary across the relationships analyzed. Several management and research implications are examined.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the performance and restructuring of 39 firms over the complete buyout cycle and found that agency theory explanations of performance are generally valid throughout the buy-out cycle; i.e., increased managerial ownership leads to better firm performance.
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TL;DR: Results indicate that the mRNA expression of all three MHC isoforms is up-regulated after a single session of heavy-resistance exercise and that Myo-D and myogenin seem to play a role in MHCisoform gene expression.
Abstract: Purpose: This study determined the effects of a single session of heavy-resistance exercise on myosin heavy-chain (MHC) mRNA expression, along with the expression of the transcription factors Myo-D, myogenin, and Id-1. Methods: Four male subjects participated in a control group (CON) and seven in a resistance-exercise group (REX). REX performed one resistance-exercise session employing three sets of 8-10 repetitions at 75-80% one-repetition maximum on the squat, leg press, and leg extension. Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained pre, post, and at 6 h postexercise. Results: In regard to CON. no significant differences were located for any criterion variable (P > 0.05). For REX, elevations of 38.19%, 45.61%, and 74.24% (P < 0.05), respectively, occurred at 6 h-post for Type I, IIa, and IIx MHC mRNA. Myo-D and myogenin mRNA were elevated 27.28% and 23.58% postexercise (P < 0.05), respectively, but no change was observed in Id-1 mRNA. Elevations at 6 h-post of 46.85% and 46.41% (P < 0.05), respectively, occurred for Myo-D and myogenin mRNA with no change in Id-1. Myo-D and myogenin protein increased 57.91% and 52.30%, respectively, postexercise and 317.56% and 254.08 at 6 h-post (P < 0.05), whereas no change was noted for Id-1. Myofibrillar protein was elevated 84.52% at 6 h-post (P < 0.05). Type I and IIa MHC mRNA at 6 h-post were correlated with myogenin mRNA and protein postexercise and 6 h-post, whereas Type IIx at 6 h-post was correlated with Myo-D mRNA and protein postexercise and 6 h-post (P < 0.05). Conclusions: These results indicate that the mRNA expression of all three MHC isoforms is up-regulated after a single session of heavy-resistance exercise and that Myo-D and myogenin seem to play a role in MHC isoform gene expression.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the qualities of teaching expertise that distinguished highly effective instruction at different grade levels and identify the five most distinctive qualities per grade level, compared characteristics across grades, and analyzed commonalities and differences between literacy directors' and researchers' rankings.
Abstract: Research has demonstrated that teaching expertise makes a significant difference in the rate and depth of students' literacy growth, and that highly effective educators share similar characteristics (Block, 2001a; Bond & Dykstra, 1967/1997; International Reading Association, 2000; Pressley, Allington, Wharton-McDonald, Block, & Morrow, 2001; Ruddell, 1997). The National Reading Research Panel (NRRP, 1999) and IRA (2000) recommended that “educators seek out teachers who best exemplify solid teaching, support their work, and consider their successes” (NRRP, p. 20). The purpose of this study was to identify the qualities of teaching expertise that distinguished highly effective instruction at different grade levels. The study occurred in four phases. In Phase I, 647 directors of literacy instruction, in K-12 institutions from seven English-speaking countries, analyzed highly effective instruction in action from preschool to Grade 5 through case study point-by-point Delphi procedures. In Phase II, the resultant 1,294 characteristics of teaching expertise were dimensionalized into 475 categories and interrater reliabilities were computed. In Phase III, 11 prominent researchers from the U.S., Canada, and Australia cross-validated the data. In Phase IV, the authors summarized the five most distinctive qualities per grade level, compared characteristics across grades, and analyzed commonalities and differences between literacy directors' and researchers' rankings. Preschool to Grade 5 literacy teachers were distinguished from one another by 44 indices of teaching expertise. Applications of these data for research, policy, and practice were described.
La investigacion ha demostrado que la aptitud didactica influye significativamente en la velocidad y profundidad del desarrollo de la alfabetizacionen los estudiantes; asimismo, los docentes muy eficaces comparten caracteristicas similares (Block, 2001a; Bond & Dykstra, 1967/1997; International Reading Association, 2000; Pressley, Allington, Wharton-McDonald, Block & Morrow, 2001; Ruddell, 1997). El Panel Nacional de Investigacion en Lectura (NRRP, 1999) y la IRA (2000) recomendaron que “los educadores busquen docentes que representenuna didactica solida, den sustento a su trabajo y consideren sus logros” (NRRP, p. 20). El proposito de este estudio fue identificar las cualidades de las aptituden didacticasque distinguieron la ensenanza efectiva en diferentes niveles escolares. El estudio se llevo a cabo en cuatro fases. En la Fase I, seiscientos cuarenta y siete directores de instruccionen alfabetizacion, en instituciones K-12 de siete paises de habla inglesa, analizaron las didacticas efectivas en accion, desde el nivel inicial hasta 5° grado, a travesde procedimientos Delphi de estudios de caso. En la Fase II, el resultante, 1294 caracteristicas de aptitud didactica, se dimensionalizaron en 475 categorias y se computo laconfiabilidad entre ellas. En la Fase III, once destacados investigadores de los Estados Unidos, Canada y Australia validaron los datos. En la Fase IV, los autores resumieron las cinco cualidadesmas prominentes por nivel escolar, compararon las caracteristicas entre grados y analizaron las similitudes y diferencias entre los rangos asignados por los directores y los investigadores. Los docentes de nivel inicial a 5° grado se distinguieron entre si por cuarenta y cuatro indices de aptitud didactica. Se describieron las aplicaciones de estos datos a la investigacion, las politicas educativas y la practica.
Die Forschung hat gezeigt, das das Unterrichtsfachwissen einen bedeutenden Unterschied in der Steigerung und Vertiefung bei Leseund Schreibleistungender Schuler macht, und das hochgradig effektive Erzieher derartige Charakteristiken teilen (Block, 2001a; Bond & Dykstra, 1967/1997; International Reading Association, 2000; Pressley, Allington, Wharton-McDonald, Block, & Morrow, 2001; Ruddell, 1997). Der Fachausschus National Reading Research Panel (NRRP, 1999) und IRA (2000) empfahl, das “Erzieher jene Lehrer heraussuchen, diefundiertes Unterrichten musterhaft ausuben, die ihre Arbeit fordern und ihre Fortschritte uberdenken” (NRRP, S. 20). Der Zweck dieser Studie war es, die Qualitaten des Unterrichtsfachwissenszu identifizieren, welche sich durch besonders wirksame Anwendung in den unterschiedlichen Klassenstufen hervorhoben. Die Studie erfolgte in vier Phasen. In Phase I analysierten 647 Direktoren furSpracherziehung in K-12 Schulen aus sieben Englisch sprechenden Landern hochgradig wirksam angewandte Unterrichtsanweisungen aus der Vorschule bis zur 5. Klasse nach den Punkt fur Punkt befolgtenDelphi Methoden. In Phase II wurden die daraus resultierenden 1294 Charakteristiken des Unterrichtsfachwissens in 475 Kategorien unterteilt und die gegenseitigen Bezugswerte wurden nach ihrer Verlaslichkeithochgerechnet. In Phase III verifizierten elf prominente Sprachforscher aus den USA, Kanada und Australien die Daten. In Phase IV fasten die Autoren die funf am meisten herausragenden Qualitatenpro Unterrichtsstufe zusammen, verglichen deren Charakteristiken quer durch die Stufenbewertungen und analysierten Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen den Bewertungen der Direktoren und der Forscherim Sprach-/Rechtschreibbereich. Die Sprach/Rechtschreiblehrer in der Vorschule bis zur 5. Klasse unterschieden sich durch 44 Indices des Unterrichtsfachwissens voneinander. Anwendungsbereiche dieser Datenin der Forschung, bei der Auslegung und in der Praxis wurden beschrieben.
La recherche a montre que la competence professionnelle des enseignants a des effets significatifs en quantiteet en profondeur sur le developpement de la litteratie des eleves, et que les educateurs tres efficaces ont des caracteristiques communes (Block, 2001a;Bond & Dykstra, 1967/1997; International Reading Association, 2000; Pressley, Allington, Wharton-McDonald, Block & Morrow, 2001; Ruddell, 1997). Le National Reading Research Panel (NRRP, 1999) etl'IRA (2000) ont recommande que « les educateurs decouvrent des enseignants representant le mieux ce qu'est un enseignement solide, qu'ils soutiennent leur travail et reflechissenta leurs reussites » (NRRP, p.20). Le but de cette etude est d'identifier les caracteristiques de la competence pedagogique qui caracterisent un enseignementefficace aux differents niveaux de la scolarite. L'etude s'est deroulee en quatre temps. Au temps I, six cent quarante sept directeurs d'enseignement de la litteratie, dans des institutions allant de la Maternelle a la 12° annee de sept pays anglophones, ont analyse un enseignement tres efficace en action, de la Maternelle a la 5°annee, au moyen d'analyses de cas point par point suivant les procedures de Dolphi. Au temps II, les 1294 caracteristiques de competence pedagogique en resultantont ete classees en 475 categories et on a calcule la fidelite inter-juges. A la phase III, onze chercheurs eminents des Etats-Unis, du Canada, et d'Australie ont effectue une validation croisee des resultats. A la phase IV, les auteurs ont resume les cinq caracteristiques les plus distinctives parniveau scolaire, compare ces caracteristiques d'un niveau a l'autre, et analyse ce qui est commun et ce qui differe entre les classements faits par des responsables enlitteratie et des chercheurs. Les enseignants de litteratie de la Maternelle a la 5° annee se differencient les uns des autres par quarante quatre indices de competencepedagogique. On presente enfin les retombees de ces resultats pour la recherche, la politique, et la pratique.
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TL;DR: Evidence from other human service fields, and increasingly from the substance abuse field, indicates interpersonal strategies are dramatically more effective in achieving the individual and organizational behavior change needed to achieve technology transfer.
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TL;DR: Euhydration did not affect cell number or function when compared with a dehydrated state; however, the hot environment caused more severe disturbances in these measuresCompared with a neutral environment.
Abstract: MITCHELL, J. B., J. P. DUGAS, B. K. MCFARLIN, and M. J. NELSON. Effect of exercise, heat stress, and hydration on immune cell number and function. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 34, No. 12, pp. 1941–1950, 2002.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of thermal stress and
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TL;DR: Testing the hypothesis that effects of increasing piscivore biomass will cascade down through the food web yielding a decline in phytoplankton biomass found that this slope can be used as an indicator of “functional piscvory” and that communities with extremes of functional pISCivory represent classical 3- and 4-trophic level food webs.
Abstract: The concept of cascading trophic interactions predicts that an increase in piscivore biomass in lakes will result in decreased planktivorous fish biomass, increased herbivorous zooplankton biomass, and decreased phytoplankton biomass. Though often accepted as a paradigm in the ecological literature and adopted by lake managers as a basis for lake management strategies, the trophic cascading interactions hypothesis has not received the unequivocal support (in the form of rigorous experimental testing) that might be expected of a paradigm. Here we review field experiments and surveys, testing the hypothesis that effects of increasing piscivore biomass will cascade down through the food web yielding a decline in phytoplankton biomass. We found 39 studies in the scientific literature examining piscivore effects on phytoplankton biomass. Of the studies, 22 were confounded by supplemental manipulations (e.g., simultaneous reduction of nutrients or removal of planktivores) and could not be used to assess piscivore effects. Of the 17 nonconfounded studies, most did not find piscivore effects on phytoplankton biomass and therefore did not support the trophic cascading interactions hypothesis. However, the trophic cascading interactions hypothesis also predicts that lake systems containing piscivores will have lower phytoplankton biomass for any given phosphorus concentration. Based on regression analyses of chlorophyll–total phosphorus relationships in the 17 nonconfounded piscivore studies, this aspect of the trophic cascading interactions hypothesis was supported. The slope of the chlorophyll vs. total phosphorus regression was lower in lakes with planktivores and piscivores compared with lakes containing only planktivores but no piscivores. We hypothesize that this slope can be used as an indicator of “functional piscivory” and that communities with extremes of functional piscivory (zero and very high) represent classical 3- and 4-trophic level food webs.
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TL;DR: Separate pediatric pressure ulcer studies should be conducted to determine best-practice models for children with pressure ulcers, according to the National Institutes of Health guidelines.
Abstract: Objective To determine the incidence and prevalence of pressure ulcers in children. Design National survey mailed to 234 members of 4 pediatric-specific health care databases. Participants A total of 55 questionnaires were returned (25% return rate). Fifty-one of the questionnaires were suitable for obtaining prevalence data and 40 were suitable for obtaining incidence data. Results The pressure ulcer incidence rate was 0.29% and the prevalence rate for 1998 was 0.47%. Many of the contributing factors cited by participants mirrored those seen in adult patients with pressure ulcers. Conclusion Under the National Institutes of Health guidelines, children can be excluded from pressure ulcer studies that include subjects above age 21 because of the rarity of pressure ulcer development in the pediatric population. However, separate pediatric pressure ulcer studies should be conducted to determine best-practice models for children with pressure ulcers.