The Chinese University of Hong Kong

About: The Chinese University of Hong Kong is a education organization based out in Hong Kong, China. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Cancer. The organization has 43411 authors who have published 93672 publications receiving 3066651 citations.

On the weak solutions to a shallow water equation

Abstract: We obtain the existence of global-in-time weak solutions to the Cauchy problem for a one-dimensional shallow-water equation that is formally integrable and can be obtained by approximating directly the Hamiltonian for Euler's equation in the shallow-water regime. The solution is obtained as a limit of viscous approximation. The key elements in our analysis are some new a priori one-sided supernorm and space-time higher-norm estimates on the first-order derivatives. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

CRISPR-Cas12a has both cis- and trans-cleavage activities on single-stranded DNA.

Abstract: Dear Editor, The CRISPR-associated protein Cas12a (previously known as Cpf1), which is an endonuclease from the type V-A CRISPR system, has been applied in both in vivo genome editing and in vitro DNA assembly. Cas12a is guided by a single CRISPR RNA (crRNA) with a T-rich protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence to cleave double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) targets, generating sticky ends. Different from Cas9, Cas12a cleaves both the target and non-target strands of a targeted dsDNA by a single active site in the RuvC catalytic pocket (Supplementary information, Figure S12a). Besides, Cas12a also processes precursor crRNAs to generate mature crRNAs. However, the cleavage activity of Cas12a on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) targets is less understood. To investigate the ssDNA cleavage feature of Cas12a, we employed FnCas12a to cleave short ssDNAs that were labelled with 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (FAM) on the 3′ terminus and found that the ssDNA cleavage sites were near the 22nd base (i.e., from the 21st to the 23rd), counting from the first 3′-base that was paired with the crRNA guide sequence (Supplementary information, Figure S1a and b and Tables S2 and 3). The cleavage did not require the existence of a PAM sequence in the targeted ssDNA (Supplementary information, Figure S1a and b). In addition, the same cleavage sites were obtained with crRNAs having guide sequences as short as 10 nucleotides (nt) (Supplementary information, Figure S1c and d), which indicates that Cas12a could cleave ssDNA at sites outside of the recognition sequence. We then tested Cas12a cleavage efficiency on ssDNA and dsDNA substrates, and cleavage of ssDNA was slower than that of dsDNA (Supplementary information, Figure S1e and f), whose PAM sequence may account for the higher efficiency. We also performed the Cas12a cleavage experiment with a ssDNA target labelled at its 5′ terminus (target-DNMT1-3-R-FAM5′). Surprisingly, no cleaved bands were observed at the predicted size (20 nt), but short (<6 nt) FAM-labelled products were generated (Fig. 1a). After careful analyses of experimental conditions, we found that only the ternary complex of Cas12a/ crRNA/targeted ssDNA (or targeted dsDNA) was able to cleave the 5′-labelled target ssDNA (target-DNMT1-3), generating short FAM-labelled products (Fig. 1b and Supplementary information, Figure S2). The ternary complex also promiscuously cleaved collateral ssDNAs that had no complementarity to the crRNA guide sequence in the reaction system, generating short products (Fig. 1c and Supplementary information, Figure S3). As it is difficult to distinguish the precise length of the short transcleavage products via polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the FAM-labelled short products were purified and analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that 5′-FAM-labelled substrates were mainly trans-cleaved to 4 nt, while 2-nt products were observed for 3′-FAM-labelled substrates (Supplementary information, Figure S4). We called the promiscuous cleavage of collateral ssDNAs transcleavage to distinguish it from the programmable on-target cleavage of target ssDNA (namely, cis-cleavage), and the proposed ssDNA cleavage processes were illustrated in Fig. 1d. When the ssDNA substrate was labelled at the 5′ terminus, the cis-cleaved 5′-labelled ssDNA products became collateral ssDNAs in the reaction system and were subsequently trans-cleaved into short products, explaining the observed cleavage pattern for 5′-labelled ssDNA substrate. We observed the trans-cleavage products in addition to the cis-products for short 3′-labelled targeted ssDNAs (Fig. 1a). The majority of the ternary complex most likely remained bound to the targeted ssDNAs after cis-cleavage, protecting the labelled 3′-terminus from exposing the trans-activity sites of the Cas12a ternary complex. Next, we tested nine randomly selected Cas12a proteins from different species in addition to the above tested FnCas12a (Supplementary information, Figures S5, 6a and Tables S1, 4 and 5), and all Cas12a proteins exhibited endonuclease activity on plasmid dsDNA (Supplementary information, Figure S6b), cis(Supplementary information, Figure S6c) and trans-cleavage activities on ssDNA (Supplementary information, Figure S6d). This indicates that the cisand trans-cleavage activities on ssDNA might be ubiquitous among Cas12a proteins. When shortened targeted ssDNAs were tested, complexes with 18-nt target ssDNAs that lacked a cleavage site also showed transcleavage activity (Supplementary information, Figure S7a), indicating that cis-cleavage was not a prerequisite for trans-cleavage activity. Trans-cleavage was implemented by the endonuclease activity of the complex, as circular ssDNA (M13mp18) could also be trans-cleaved (Supplementary information, Figure S7b). Moreover, we found that all tested Cas12a complexes except the AsCas12a complex had trans-cleavage activity on collateral dsDNAs (Figure S8), and the activity of the LbCas12a, BoCas12a and Lb4Cas12a complexes was much higher. To identify key residues involved in ssDNA cleavage of both targeted and collateral ssDNAs, we mutated several candidate residues in FnCas12a to alanines, including those related to the RNase activity (H843, K852 and K869) and those responsible for dsDNA cleavage (D917, E1006, D1255 and R1218) (refs. 1,7–9 and Supplementary information, Figure S9). Both cisand transcleavage of ssDNA were unaffected in the RNase activity-related mutants (Supplementary information, Figure S10), but the activities were completely lost or remarkably decreased with mutations in either the RuvC domain (D917A, E1006A and D1255A mutations in FnCas12a) or the Nuc domain (R1218A mutation in FnCas12a) (Fig. 1e, f). Recent studies showed that the RuvC catalytic pocket of both C2c1 and Cas12a was responsible for the cleavage of both strands of targeted dsDNA, leading us to propose that targeted ssDNAs were cis-cleaved by this catalytic pocket (Supplementary information, Figures S11a, b, d, e and S12c). Moreover, according to the structure of the C2c1-crRNAexcess DNA complex (Supplementary information, Figure S11c), trans-cleavage of collateral ssDNAs could also be achieved by the same catalytic pocket (Fig. 1g, and Supplementary information,

Immediate and long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on delivery of surgical services.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The ongoing pandemic is having a collateral health effect on delivery of surgical care to millions of patients. Very little is known about pandemic management and effects on other services, including delivery of surgery. METHODS: This was a scoping review of all available literature pertaining to COVID-19 and surgery, using electronic databases, society websites, webinars and preprint repositories. RESULTS: Several perioperative guidelines have been issued within a short time. Many suggestions are contradictory and based on anecdotal data at best. As regions with the highest volume of operations per capita are being hit, an unprecedented number of operations are being cancelled or deferred. No major stakeholder seems to have considered how a pandemic deprives patients with a surgical condition of resources, with patients disproportionally affected owing to the nature of treatment (use of anaesthesia, operating rooms, protective equipment, physical invasion and need for perioperative care). No recommendations exist regarding how to reopen surgical delivery. The postpandemic evaluation and future planning should involve surgical services as an essential part to maintain appropriate surgical care for the population during an outbreak. Surgical delivery, owing to its cross-cutting nature and synergistic effects on health systems at large, needs to be built into the WHO agenda for national health planning. CONCLUSION: Patients are being deprived of surgical access, with uncertain loss of function and risk of adverse prognosis as a collateral effect of the pandemic. Surgical services need a contingency plan for maintaining surgical care in an ongoing or postpandemic phase.

M-invariance: towards privacy preserving re-publication of dynamic datasets

Abstract: The previous literature of privacy preserving data publication has focused on performing "one-time" releases. Specifically, none of the existing solutions supports re-publication of the microdata, after it has been updated with insertions and deletions. This is a serious drawback, because currently a publisher cannot provide researchers with the most recent dataset continuously. This paper remedies the drawback. First, we reveal the characteristics of the re-publication problem that invalidate the conventional approaches leveraging k-anonymity and l-diversity. Based on rigorous theoretical analysis, we develop a new generalization principle m-invariance that effectively limits the risk of privacy disclosure in re-publication. We accompany the principle with an algorithm, which computes privacy-guarded relations that permit retrieval of accurate aggregate information about the original microdata. Our theoretical results are confirmed by extensive experiments with real data.