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Showing papers by "Tilburg University published in 1977"


Journal ArticleDOI
A. van Boxtel1
TL;DR: In this article, the two components of pure resistance, derivable from the model, were tested with square-wave electrical pulses of 1 to 10 mA, and it was concluded that the current intensity of transcutaneous electrical stimulation can only be controlled satisfactorily when current-regulated stimuli are used.
Abstract: Several problems concerning an electrical model equivalent to the skin are discussed. The two components of pure resistance, derivable from the model, were tested with square-wave electrical pulses of 1 to 10 mA. The larger resistance component, shown to be localised in the stratum corneum, varied markedly with the current intensity, the intensity of a previous pulse and the interval between the pulses. This component decreased with time and the decrease was dependent on the amount of electrical change transferred through the skin. When constant-voltage pulses were used, the decrease could be equated to a process that reinforces itself. The smaller resistance component showed only relatively small variations with the different stimulus properties previously mentioned. It was concluded that the current intensity of transcutaneous electrical stimulation can only be controlled satisfactorily when current-regulated stimuli are used.

88 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that the notions of aggressive behavior as intentional emission of noxious stimulation (Buss, 1961, 1963, 1966, 1971) and that of injuriating goal response (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mower and Sears, 1939) are identical.
Abstract: It is shown that the notions of aggressive behavior as ‘intentional emission of noxious stimulation’ (Buss, 1961, 1963, 1966, 1971) and that of ‘injuriating goal response’ (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mower and Sears, 1939) are identical. The usefulness of these theories to predict S's reaction to the reception of a given noxious stimulation is questioned. It is suggested that S's reactions to noxious stimulation may or may not be aggressive, depending on whether the noxious stimulation S receives is interpreted as being a behavior justified by the nom in the situation, or as reflecting an aggressive intent of O. It is hypothesized that the norms established in the situation depend on (i) victim's perception of the noxious stimulation received as being instrumental for O's goal attainment, (ii) victim's perception of the value of O's goal, and (iii) the value of victim's own goal. The establishment of norms regulating the exchange of noxious stimulation between Ss is operationalized in two experiments. Aggression, defined as an infringement of these norms, is measured. In Experiment I, participate 56 female students, and in Experiment 2, 80 male students. Subject is alternately victim (he performs a sensorimotor task and receives an electric shock) and aggressor (he shocks the other S). In Experiment I it is found that Ss counteraggress faster and more frequently if they interpret the shock received from the partner as an infringement of the norm. In Experiment 2, Ss do not counteraggress more frequently, but they do counteraggress faster and evaluate O more negatively. It is concluded that the results clearly contradict current positions and favor the authors' cognitive reformulation of the determinants of aggressive behavior.

32 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: A contact-sensitive electronic instrument was described by Pilgrim (1948), but it was only after the publication of “An electronic drinkometer” (Hill and Stellar, 1951) that contact sensors became routine tools in studies requiring the recording of water intake.
Abstract: A contact-sensitive electronic instrument was described by Pilgrim (1948), but it was only after the publication of “An electronic drinkometer” (Hill and Stellar, 1951) that contact sensors became routine tools in studies requiring the recording of water intake. These devices are still commonly referred to as drinkometers; however, preference here will be given to the terms lick or contact sensors. The principle of the device is simple. One lead from the instrument makes contact with the drinking tube; the other one goes to the metal floor of the test chamber. Each time the animal completes the circuit, switching is accomplished in the output circuit of the sensor, and the switch can be used for counting or for some other means of registration.

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the high 8/8 symmetric matrix yielded more competition than the lower 6/6 symmetrical matrix and that the inferior and equal power players would not differ in competition.
Abstract: At first, it was demonstrated that social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954) predicting a need for moderate (instead of maximal) superiority, could reconcile a number of disparate results of earlier Maximizing Difference Game (MDG) experiments. Using the same theory, it was then further predicted that high power players in an asymmetrical MDG would compete less than their inferior opponents or than equal power players in a symmetrical MDG and that the inferior and equal power players would not differ in competition. The data of an experiment, involving an asymmetrical (8/6) MDG matrix and two symmetrical MDG matrices (8/8 and 6/6), generally confirmed these predictions, but it was observed serendipitously that the high 8/8 symmetrical matrix yielded more competition than the lower 6/6 symmetrical matrix. An extended replication of this variable with five linearly related MDG matrices (4/4, 5/5, 6/6, 8/8 and 12/12) showed a similar result, namely most competition in the highest matrices and least in the lowest ones. The finding was interpreted in terms of the competitive motivation of the players and the low cost of competition in the highest matrices.

11 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: Two lines or research into the reinforcing properties of oral sensory stimulation have resulted directly from serendipitous observations: the study of airlicking and of current-licking behavior.
Abstract: Accidental discoveries can lead to extensive research programs. Two lines or research into the reinforcing properties of oral sensory stimulation have resulted directly from such serendipitous observations: the study of airlicking (Hendry and Rasche, 1961) and of current-licking behavior (Slangen and Weijnen, 1972).

8 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
Bergsma J1
TL;DR: Those males who, together with their wives, had been more intensively prepared for vasectomy by the team including an intensive interview with a psychologist preceding the operation for group 1, talk more often and more enthusiastically with others about their experiences and are more inclined to recommend vasectomy.
Abstract: A follow-up study on males who had voluntarily undergone vasectomy was conducted in Tilburg The Netherlands between 1970 and 1974. A group of 44 males was studied within 1 year after vasectomy (performed in 1970 or 1971). This group was studied again in a 2nd follow-up 2-1/2 years after vasectomy and the results were compared. A 2nd group of 356 males (group 2) who had undergone vasectomy in 1972 or 1973 was studied between 6 and 18 months after sterilization and the results were compared with those of group 1. Group 1 was mailed an open-ended questionnaire addressed to the husband and the wife within 1 year after vasectomy. After 2-1/2 years both groups were mailed a precoded questionnaire. There were no significant differences in composition between the groups. For group 1 reported experience with the vasectomy did not change appreciably between the 1st and 2nd study. There was only 1 significant difference between groups 1 and 2. Those males who together with their wives had been more intensively prepared for vasectomy by the team including an intensive interview with a psychologist preceding the operation for group 1 talk more often and more enthusiastically with others about their experiences and are more inclined to recommend vasectomy. Taking groups 1 and 2 together ofa total of 267 respondents: 1) 67% reported that frequency of intercourse remained the same and 21% indicated that frequency had increased; 2) 40% reported that gratification in sexual relations stayed the same and 58% indicated gratification had increased; and 3) 70% reported that marital relations had remained the same and 27% indicated an improvement.