Showing papers by "Tilburg University published in 1985"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tried to sketch an outline of the learning phenomenon as seen from the learner's perspective by collecting the ideas of 42 university students with regard to learning, concepts related to learning and their study activities.
Abstract: In the study treated here we have tried to sketch an outline of the learning phenomenon as seen from the learner's perspective. By means of a number of open questions that were answered in writing - we collected the ideas of 42 university students with regard to learning, concepts related to learning and their study activities.
109 citations
TL;DR: The Individual Welfare Function (IWF) is a cardinal utility function introduced by Van Praag (1968) as mentioned in this paper, which can be measured by means of survey questions and has been used extensively in both theoretical and empirical research.
72 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a forewarned simple reaction time (RT) task was aimed at whether subjects, performing a simple reaction task, do voluntarily tense the agonist and antagonist muscles during the foreperiod; if so, would such muscle tension co-vary with CNV amplitude or RT?
49 citations
TL;DR: The additivity of S-R compatibility and average velocity suggests that the selected response code is abstract to specific kinematic movement parameters, and it may be inferred that motor preparation is at least a two-stage process: a programming stage which specifies the particular motor control parameters and a motor adjustment stage which modulates the intensity of preparation at a specific moment in time.
43 citations
TL;DR: Stimulus key response rates, latencies to the first response on the stimulus key and the percentage of stimuli responded to did not vary as a function of the number of stimuli presented, but were dependent upon the reinforcement frequency of the operant baseline.
33 citations
TL;DR: For example, this article found that patients who believed they had received insufficient and unclear information were more likely to be adopters of the Moerman diet than those who believed the information was adequate, and the relationship between information adequacy and diet adoption held specifically for those patients with high trait anxiety, low self-esteem, angry-aggressive coping styles or impulsive attitudes.
31 citations
31 citations
30 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss problems with the revealed preference approach and introduce alternative "direct" measurement methods, which explain differences in utility functions of different individuals, and discuss the implications of these findings for economic theories.
Abstract: Although ‘utility’ has been the central concept in economics, economists have paid relatively little attention to its measurement. Generally, utility is measured indirectly via the revealed preference approach. We discuss problems with this approach and next introduce alternative ‘direct’ measurement methods. The direct measurement methods are seen to spawn a so-called theory of preference formation, which explains differences in utility functions of different individuals. The similarities of this theory with related theories in sociology and psychology, and various sorts of empirical evidence, are reviewed. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for economic theories.
28 citations
TL;DR: Achilles tendon reflexes were evoked bilaterally during and shortly after an interstimulus-interval (ISI) of 4 s and expressed as percentages of an averaged control reflex as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Achilles tendon reflexes were evoked bilaterally during and shortly after an interstimulus-interval (ISI) of 4 s and expressed as percentages of an averaged control reflex. Surface EMG of the soleus muscles was recorded continuously during the ISI, and expressed as percentages of a control EMG level. Three types of tasks were introduced, according to a between subjects design. Condition I consisted of a guessing task, involving anticipation of the second stimulus (S2) and not requiring a motor response. Conditions II and III were a warned choice and simple RT task respectively, the motor response to S2 being a plantar flexion of either the left or right foot in Condition II, and a plantar flexion of the right foot in Condition III. The results can be stated as follows: 1. Anticipation of a stimulus is not sufficient for a reflex increase to occur during an ISI. Preparation for a movement seems to be a necessary condition.2. The reflex increase during preparation is rather independent of the amount of sele...
27 citations
TL;DR: This note describes a polynomial time algorithm testing the odd bicycle wheel inequalities in the bipartite subgraph polytope Barahona, Grotschel and Mahjoub.
Abstract: In their paper on facets of the bipartite subgraph polytope Barahona, Grotschel and Mahjoub pose the question: Is there a polynomial time algorithm testing the odd bicycle wheel inequalities? This note describes such an algorithm.
TL;DR: In this article, the response variances, var(yi), are estimated using replications for each experimental condition, and the resulting estimated variances can be used to derive the correct variances of the Ordinary A 2 Least Squares (OLS) estimators β.
Abstract: Response variances, var(yi), are estimated using replications for each experimental condition. The resulting estimated variances can be used to derive the correct variances of the Ordinary A 2 Least Squares (OLS) estimators β. The estimates si can also be used to compute the Estimated Weighted Least Squares (EWLS) estimators β* . The asymptotic covariance formula for EWLS might be utilized to test the EWLS estimators. The type I and type I1 errors of this test procedure are compared to the corresponding A errors for the OLS estimators β.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the octahedral simplicial algorithm was adapted for linear complementarity problems with upper and lower bounds, where the sign pattern of the linear function and the location of the points in comparison withz 0 completely govern the path of the algorithm.
Abstract: In this paper, we adapt the octahedral simplicial algorithm for solving systems of nonlinear equations to solve the linear complementarity problem with upper and lower bounds. The proposed algorithm generates a piecewise linear path from an arbitrarily chosen pointz 0 to a solution point. This path is followed by linear programming pivot steps in a system ofn linear equations, wheren is the size of the problem. The starting pointz 0 is left in the direction of one of the 2 n vertices of the feasible region. The ray along whichz 0 is left depends on the sign pattern of the function value atz 0. The sign pattern of the linear function and the location of the points in comparison withz 0 completely govern the path of the algorithm.
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TL;DR: In this article, a decomposition-based planning procedure is presented for a two-level corporate model, in which the central unit gathers information to derive an optimal make-or-buy decision while allocating the costs of internal technical services.
Abstract: The paper is concerned with a two-level corporate model. At the lower level, divisions produce for the external market. They require certain technical services. The divisions are coordinated by a central unit at the top level. The central unit must determine the integral plan of technical services i.e. firm-wide optimal make-or-buy decisions, without having complete information on the divisions. We present a decomposition-based planning procedure during which the central unit gathers information to derive an optimal make-or-buy decision while allocating the costs of internal technical services. The model formulation has substantial significance for the real world: A similar organizational structure, information dispersal among subunits and coupling of divisions and departments is commonly observed in existing firms. The resulting planning procedure can be interpreted in terms of planning and budgeting in real organizations.
TL;DR: The results were interpreted as support for a theoretical model that considers norm violation together with harm as a logic AND gate for the labeling of behavior as aggressive.
Abstract: The present experiment focused on the relative impact of norm violation and harm on laypersons' labeling of acts as aggressive. Male and female students (N = 72) from the Netherlands judged several interaction situations from one of three possible viewpoints (actor, victim, neutral). In these situations, two factors, Norm Appropriateness (norm respect vs. norm violation) and Degree of Harm (low vs. high) were manipulated. It was hypothesized and found that subjects labeled an act as more aggressive and as more inspired by malevolent intent when the consequences were more, as compared to less, harmful but only under conditions of normviolation. Actors labeled their behavior as significantly less inappropriate than the victims did. The results were interpreted as support for a theoretical model that considers norm violation together with harm as a logic AND gate for the labeling of behavior as aggressive.
TL;DR: In this paper, Deaton and Muellbauer's ''Almost Ideal Demand System'' is employed to model the joint determination of family income and male and female labor supply of individual households in the Netherlands.
Abstract: Deaton and Muellbauer's `Almost Ideal Demand System' is employed to model the joint determination of family income and male and female labor supply of individual households in the Netherlands. Family composition effects are incorporated as quasi-price effects, as originally proposed by Batten. The model is estimated for a cross-section of households in the Netherlands in 1982, to explain both actual hours of work and preferred hours of work. An analysis of the effects of rationing of male labor supply, by a mandatory reduction of the length of the working week, points to a sizeable compensating effect on female labor supply.
TL;DR: In this article, a short sequential scheme is presented, including contextual and causal factors of employment, phenomenal aspects of unemployment, moderator variables, effects and lastly interventions and solutions, starting from literature a short sequence scheme is being presented.
27 Mar 1985
TL;DR: This paper adopts the fo l lowing three basic p r i nc ip les for the representat ion of time meanings, a system that represents the state of a f f a i r s expressed in the basic proposi t ion and the time at which the utterance takes place.
Abstract: (I) k p 3 I , , I=, . . .S time ( R e l , ( I j , l , ) k . . ° & Pred. ( l . J & m. ! & AT ( I , , p) ) where the I, are i n t e r v a l s , the Relj are binary r e l a t i ons between i n t e r va l s l i k e : b e f o r e , the Predw are p r e d i c a t e s l i k e yes te rday ~, and p is a basic p r o p o s i t i o n , from which a l l t imere levant parts have been removed. The category of expression (I be applied to a basic proposi funct iona l way. ) is t / t ; i t can t ion in a The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of (I) is the set of proposi t ions that are true at some given i n te r va l I , . This is s im i la r to Kr ipke 's d e f i n i t i o n of the not ion of 'possib le wor ld ' : 'A possible world is given by the desc r ip t i ve condi t ions we associate with i t . . . . ' (1972, p. 44). Analogously, a time i n te r va l can be i d e n t i f i e d with the co l l ec t i on of proposi t ions that are true at i t . 2. A t heo ry of time meanings. In many discussions of time meaning, a O is t inc t ion is made between an in te rna l and an external temporal system. The external system represents the t empora l r e l a t i o n between the state of affairs as described by the basic proposi t ion and the time at which the utterance takes place. This system always re fers to the speaker or w r i t e r , and consequently i t is a de i c t i c system. The in te rna l system is about such things as whether the state of a f f a i r s expressed in the basic propos i t ion is described as going on, hav ing l u s t s t a r t e d , hav ing been comp le ted , etc. This type of informat ion is often ca l led aspectual. In th is paper, we adopt the fo l lowing three basic p r i nc ip les for the representat ion of time meanings: (I) Each time meaning representat ion contains exact ly three time i n t e r v a l s : the time of speech or nar ra t ion (S) the time of event (E), i . e . the i n t e r va l at which the basic propos i t ion is said to be true one time of r e f e r e n c e (R) The Sin te rva l consists of one point only: i t is a s ing le ton. The Rand E i n te rva l s are non-empty subsets of t ime. ( I I ) The de i c t i c part of time meaning is represented by a binary r e l a t i o n between S and R and o p t i o n a l l y by one p r e d i c a t e ove r R, ( I l l ) Aspect is represented by a binary r e l a t i o n between R and E, and o p t i o n a l l y by one predicate over E. Pr inc ip les (1), ( I I ) , and ( I l l ) together imply that the general form of a time meaning representat ion can be somewhat s i m p l i f i e d . I t w i l l now be: (2) k p 3 S,R,E ~ t ime ( R e l t ( R , S ) & Pred . (R) & Rel=(E,R) & Pred=(E) & AT(E,p ) ) Apart from the const ra in ts on possible time meaning representat ions there are some const ra in ts on the r e l a t i o n between the time meanings and the language spec i f i c morphosyntactic forms for expressing those meanings: (IV) The p r e d i c a t e s over R are those t ime adverbia ls that can be used as answers to when-questions, such as (3) yesterday, now, next week, on Tuesday (V) The p r e d i c a t e s over E are ( a . o . ) the durat ion time adverb ia ls , such as (4) for an hour, f i ve weeks, since Christmas, u n t i l ~une (vI ) The r e l a t i o n s between R and S and between E and R a r e determined by the i n te rac t i on of the verbal tense forms and the time adverbia ls in ways to be speci f ied and exempl i f ied in section three. We w i l l now present the d e i c t i c and the aspectual components of the temporal system in some d e t a i l . 2.1. The de i c t i c system. As possible r e l a t i ons between S and R we w i l l take ( i ) before (R,S), defined as in I . ( i i ) a f te r (R,S), defined analogously ( i i i ) contain (R,S), defined as fo l lows : t s time (t ~ S -> t ~ R)
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that the transportability notion resembles earlier cross-cultural work and does not add new insights into the vexed problem of cross-culture comparison, and it is also stated that McCauley and Colberg's statistical checks do not preclude the possibility of bias.
Abstract: Recently McCauley and Colberg described a theory of transportability, an approach to devising test items for cross-cultural comparative research that are free from unwanted cultural effects. They also provided data to demonstrate the feasibility of their approach. In this comment it is argued that the transportability notion resembles earlier cross-cultural work and does not add new insights into the vexed problem of cross-cultural comparison. It is also stated that McCauley and Colberg's statistical checks do not preclude the possibility of bias.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review some old and new approaches to the analysis of linear models with errors in variables, focusing on the identification problems that usually arise in errors-in-variables models and on various types of additional information that econometricians have invoked to estimate parameters consistently.
Abstract: The paper reviews some old and new approaches to the analysis of linear models with errors in variables. The emphasis is on the identification problems that usually arise in errors–in–variables models and on the various types of additional information that econometricians have invoked to be able to estimate parameters consistently. The approaches discussed include instrumental variables, grouping, simultaneous equations, multiple equations and bounds on measurement error variances.
TL;DR: This paper investigated various explanations focusing on information bias, information processing bias, self-determination, false consensus bias, quest for positive regard, and self-presentation strategies, that have been suggested for the Jones-Nisbett (1971) proposition that people describe their own behaviour as relatively more influenced by situational factors as compared to the actions of others.
Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate systematically various explanations focusing on information bias, information-processing bias, self-determination, false-consensus bias, quest for positive regard, and self-presentation strategies, that have been suggested for the Jones—Nisbett (1971) proposition that people describe their own behaviour as relatively more influenced by situational factors as compared to the actions of others. To test the scope and generality of this self—other asymmetry, a new methodology was introduced. Using Stimulus-Response Inventories of Hostility and Friendliness, the effects of different degrees of familiarity with target persons, of positivity—negativity of behaviours, and of the public—private nature of the rating context, were studied. Generalizability coefficients were used as indices for a dispositional and a situationist view on personality. The results support only explanations in terms of information-processing bias and self-determination strivings. Implications of this finding for the conceptualization of self-judgments and other-judgments are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that in commenting on phenomena which, even from Genette's point of view, cannot reasonably be regarded as text-internal Genette, commits two hypostatisations.
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TL;DR: A new decomposition approach for block-angular linear programming problems is presented which has an appealing economic interpretation in terms of mixed price-budget oriented planning in a two-level organization.
Abstract: In this contribution a new decomposition approach for block-angular linear programming problems is presented. Historically, decomposition methods are either price or resource directive. The present paper integrates the two in the sense that part of the common constraints are coordinated by prices, while, at the same time, the other part of the common constraints are coordinated by direct allocations. We find increasing lower and decreasing upper bounds for the optimal value and globally feasible solutions with improving value can easily be obtained. The resulting algorithm has an appealing economic interpretation in terms of mixed price-budget oriented planning in a two-level organization.
TL;DR: In this paper, correct usage for concepts and terminology in various types of models, namely simulation, regression, and user's mental models, are discussed for the purposes of validation, risk analysis, sen sitivity analysis, optimization and control.
Abstract: Correct usage is discussed for concepts and terminology in various types of models, namely simulation, regression, and user's mental models. Therefore, a strict distinction is made between variables and parameters; also, different measurement scales are distinguished. Relationships with validation, risk analysis, sen sitivity analysis, optimization and control are investigated.
TL;DR: In this article, conditions for identifiability of the parameters of a linear system that is disturbed by moving average noise, where the inputs are generated by a multivariate ARMA-process, are given.
Abstract: . In this paper we give conditions for identifiability of the parameters of a linear system that is disturbed by moving average noise, where the inputs are generated by a multivariate ARMA-process. The identifiability is based on finite samples from in-and output.
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TL;DR: In this article, a continuous deformation algorithm is introduced on S × [1, ∞, where S denotes the product space of unit simplices, with arbitrary grid refinement between two subsequent levels.
Abstract: A continuous deformation algorithm is introduced on S × [1, ∞, where S denotes the product space of unit simplices, with arbitrary grid refinement between two subsequent levels. The set S × [1, ∞ is triangulated in such a way that for each m, m = 1, 2,..., S × {m} is triangulated by the so-called V-triangulation. The algorithm starts by applying a variable dimension algorithm on S until an approximating simplex has been found on level 1. Then the algorithm follows a path of approximating simplices in S × [1, ∞, starting on level 1, until a certain level or a certain accuracy of a solution of the underlying problem has been reached. If the algorithm returns to level 1, then we again apply the variable dimension algorithm until a new approximating simplex is found on level 1, etc. We allow solutions to lie on the boundary of S × [1, ∞ in which case the algorithm, in general, will follow a path on the boundary of S × [1, ∞.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the factors which determine the volume of consumption per capita in a small open economy in the long run and proved that Phelps' "golden rule of accumulation" does not hold for an open economy.
Abstract: This paper examines the factors which determine the volume of consumption per capita in a small open economy in the long run. The analysis is based on a neoclassical model. It is proved that-in general — Phelps' ‘golden rule of accumulation’ does not hold for an open economy. This conclusion follows from the decline in the terms of trade, which is generated in an open economy by an increase in the share of investment. The influence of labour supply and world expenditure on the consumption per capita also depend heavily on the induced change in the terms of trade. The analytical results of the model are illustrated by means of a few numerical examples.