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Showing papers by "Tilburg University published in 1988"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that stimulus anticipation is reflected by negative activity, as is motor preparation, but the potential distribution of the negative activity is different from the stimulus-preceding negativity (SPN), pointing to a different electrophysiological source.

221 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A basic assumption of latent structure models is that of local independence as mentioned in this paper, where given the score on the latent variable, the scores on the manifest variables are independent of each other.
Abstract: A basic assumption of latent structure models is that of local independence: given the score on the latent variable, the scores on the manifest variables are independent of each other. This basic a...

212 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that the late wave of the contingent negative variation is a composite of a RP and a stimulus preceding negativity (SPN), and arguments for the existence of a non-motoric SPN are given.

206 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between the components of self-regulated learning and variables such as educational experience, study results and age of students, and developed a Study Advisory Packet to help students to develop their skill in selfregulated learning.
Abstract: The research reported here deals with students' skill in selfregulated learning. After analyzing the essential components of selfregulated learning, theoretical notions are presented on how skill in selfregulated learning could be developed in students. Next, two empirical studies are reported. In the first study, relationships between the components of selfregulated learning are investigated, as well as relationships between those components and variables such as educational experience, study results and age of students. The second study represents an attempt to help students to develop their skill in selfregulated learning. A Study Advisory Packet was developed intended to broaden their conceptions of learning, education and cooperation and to enlarge their metacognitive knowledge of studying. By means of an evaluative study the usefulness of this packet in the reality of studying at the Open university was researched. The results of the two studies indicate that (1) students' learning conceptions and orientations are closely linked to the study activities they employ, (2) students' learning styles are related to their educational experience and to their study results, but only in a small degree to their age, and (3) the Study Advisory Packet raised students' awareness of different ways of studying and contained practically useful suggestions for studying.

169 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In a matching-to-sample context, pigeons were taught two conditional discriminations according to one of three equivalence paradigms: train if A, then select B and if B then select C; train if B, then A, if A then B, if C, then B; or train if C then A and if D then B. as discussed by the authors showed that the conditional relations did not satisfy the symmetrical and transitive properties of an equivalence relation.
Abstract: In a matching-to-sample context, pigeons were taught two conditional discriminations according to one of three equivalence paradigms: train if A, then select B and if B, then select C; train if B, then A and if B, then C; or train if A, then B and if C, then B. Test trials without reinforcement revealed that the conditional relations did not satisfy the symmetrical and transitive properties of an equivalence relation. Apparently, only specific if... then relations were learned. Contrary to Kendall's (1983) findings, and probably as a consequence of procedural differences, none of the pigeons in the present experiment were observed to emit mediating behavior during the transitivity probe trials. The absence of symmetry and transitivity may be related to the individual stimuli not being reflexive. Behavioral techniques other than the commonly used matching-to-sample technique might better succeed in avoiding unintended stimulus control in the study of the formation of stimulus classes.

124 citations


Book
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the moral reasons for social welfare, arguing that social welfare is a sign that "we care, unifying the nation and stirring people to greater sacrifices when required".
Abstract: There are many reasons for states to concern themselves with the welfare – the well-being – of their citizens. In terms of pragmatic politics, governments wanting to stay in office must satisfy the desires of their electors. Providing people with ‘bread and circuses’ is a time-honoured formula for securing social peace. Economically, improving human capital is a good productive investment, and giving poor people more purchasing power stimulates the demand side of the economy. Sociologically and psychologically, attending to social welfare is a sign that ‘we care’, unifying the nation and stirring people to greater sacrifices when required. None of those, however, represent the sorts of ‘reasons for welfare’ with which we will be concerned in this chapter. The reasons which concern us here pertain not to causes and pragmatic motives but, rather, to more high-minded moral reasons. What we will be looking for here are good reasons, from a moral point of view, for attending to the welfare of our fellow citizens. Empirical matters – the ‘hows’ and ‘whys’ – will be addressed in later chapters. Our stance in the present chapter is insistently normative rather than empirical, evaluative rather than explanatory. It would nonetheless be wrong to draw an overly sharp distinction between the two sets of concerns. Moral norms matter, socially and politically (and hence ultimately morally as well), only insofar as people can actually be motivated to act upon them (Goodin 1993).

98 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was found that patients who received the cognitive-educational intervention programme became less preoccupied with their asthma and reported significantly less emotional distress in daily life.

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an optimising equilibrium model of two interdependent monetary economies with no other assets except cash, perfect foresight, flexible exchange rates and imperfect substitution between home and foreign goods is analyzed.

39 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A class of graphs G for which there exists a homomorphism (= adjacency preserving map) from V(G) to V(C), where C is the shortest odd cycle in G, thereby extending a result of Albertson, Catlin, and Gibbons.
Abstract: We give a class of graphs G for which there exists a homomorphism (= adjacency preserving map) from V(G) to V(C), where C is the shortest odd cycle in G, thereby extending a result of Albertson, Catlin, and Gibbons. Our class of graphs is characterized by the following property: For each odd subdivision G′ of G there exists a homomorphic map from V(G′) to V(C), where C′ is the shortest odd cycle of G′.

33 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the kind of consequences (money, satisfaction with money and satisfaction with the situation) and the way of representing consequences (numbers, rectangles, and faces) were varied.
Abstract: In almost all experimental studies on choice behaviour the consequences of choices are limited to denumerable goods (usually money) and represented in a numerical way. It is argued that a different way of representing consequences would cause differences in social orientations. In an exploratory study (1) the kind of consequences (money, satisfaction with money and satisfaction with the situation) and (2) the way of representing consequences (numbers, rectangles, and faces) were varied. No differences were found between the three kinds of consequences represented by rectangles. Representation of money by numbers did not differ from representation of money by rectangles. However, subjects in the condition in which satisfaction with money was represented by faces were more cooperative and altruistic and less equality-oriented than subjects in the corresponding condition in which satisfaction with money was represented by rectangles. Additional correlational analyses showed differences between ways of representing consequences. It was concluded that both for theory and for future research it is important to consider how consequences are represented.

30 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argued that the impressively high factor congruence coefficients observed in cross-cultural studies with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire cannot be taken as sufficient evidence for the "similarity" or "essential identity" of these factors in the cultures concerned.
Abstract: It is argued that the impressively high factor congruence coefficients observed in cross-cultural studies with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire cannot be taken as sufficient evidence for the "similarity" or "essential identity" of these factors in the cultures concerned. Arguments presented by Eysenck (1986) to challenge this viewpoint are refuted. The conclusion by Bijnen, Van der Net, and Poortinga (1986) that cross-cultural comparisons of factor scores on the EPQ are likely to be affected by cultural bias is upheld.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an alternative foundation for location economics is proposed, where the commodity space of each of a finite number of consumers is the collection of measurable subsets of land. And the main result is the definition and use of a topology on land parcels to show that a solution will always exist for utilities continuous with respect to the topology.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, economic situations or developments, be it on the aggregate, market, or individual level, can be assessed both objectively and subjectively, and a subjective approach addresses the question whether and how economic conditions in an objective sense correspond with the subjective perceptions and evaluations of these conditions.
Abstract: Economic situations or developments, be it on the aggregate, market, or individual level, can be assessed both objectively and subjectively. In an objective approach, economic conditions are described with the help of known parameters that allow objective assessments and comparisons across time periods and across population segments. A subjective approach addresses the question whether and how economic conditions in an objective sense correspond with the subjective perceptions and evaluations of these conditions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the joint effect of in-group identification and the experimenter's membership status on the overt emergence of ingroup bias and found that overt manifestations of in group favouritism are an additive function of the subject's identification and search for social coordination with the experimenters on ingroup superiority, the latter aspect being stronger when perceived as an outsider (i.e. someone with whom social coordination is not taken for granted).
Abstract: Two studies investigated the joint effect of in-group identification and experimenter's membership status on the overt emergence of in-group bias. In Expt 1, 117 male Belgian undergraduates were asked to describe Belgian vs. North African students of their university. As predicted, the evaluative meaning of the descriptions, as a function of the experimenter's provenance, showed an in-group bias when the experimenter was an ‘outsider’ as opposed to when he was an ‘insider’. In Expt 2, 50 female undergraduates were first asked to report their identification with each of four groups. Experimenter's Provenance was then manipulated in the same way as in Expt 1 and the subjects were asked to allocate money to the groups. It was predicted and found that subjects would show stronger in-group bias when comparing an in-group to an out-group in the outsider condition than in the insider condition, and that no differences in favouritism would arise when comparisons concerned out-groups only. The general conclusion of the two experiments is that overt manifestations of in-group favouritism are an additive function of in-group identification and search for social coordination with the experimenter on in-group superiority, the latter aspect being stronger when the experimenter is perceived as an outsider (i.e. someone with whom social coordination is not taken for granted) relative to the subject's real-life membership category. Some implications are drawn with respect to the minimal group paradigm.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Second and sixth grade primary school children and adults were tested to determine their ability to detect maskings, inhibitions and simulations of feelings of like and dislike and discriminate intensity differences in spontaneous facial expressions of these affects.
Abstract: Second and sixth grade primary school children and adults were tested to determine their ability to: (1) detect maskings, inhibitions and simulations of feelings of like and dislike and (2) discriminate intensity differences in spontaneous facial expressions of these affects. Adults scored at chance level with respect to detecting negative simulations, while their detection scores for the other forms of pretense were above chance and did not differ from each other. The children did as well as the adults in detecting the maskings and inhibitions of negative emotions. It is assumed that the theatricality of the reactions was the deception cue. The children did worse than the adults, and even scored below chance, in detecting the maskings and inhibitions of positive feelings and the simulations of negative feelings. This was explained as the consequence of a positivity bias. Adults did significantly better in discriminating the intensity of expressions than did the two groups of children. In addition, the sixth graders outperformed the second graders. In none of the age groups were there any significant correlations, either between the deception detection scores and the ability to discriminate intensity differences, or among the detection scores for the three types of deception.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, a modification of Jacoby and Harrison's (1962) sequential bifurcation is proposed, which resembles binary search and assumes that the direction of the effect of potential variables is already known.
Abstract: The purpose of screening is the reduction of a large set of explanatory variables or factors to the set of important variables, assuming that there are only a few really important explanatory variables. The technique for screening that we propose is a modification of Jacoby and Harrison's (1962) sequential bifurcation, and resembles binary search. It assumes that the direction of the effect of potential variables is already known.This paper starts with deterministic linear response surfaces, for ease of description and easy comparison with alternative techniques. A large scale application illustrates the method. Next the technique is extended with normally distributed random errors with a known common standard deviation. Simulation results include the number of (correctly) found important variables, the number of (incorrectly) found unimportant variables, and the number of observations needed. Further extensions and limitations are briefly indicated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that a substantial reduction in residual variance can be found by using a multivariate model, which leads to uniformly better forecasts in the case of one truck series and no improvement in forecasting accuracy was found.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the life-cycle model with liquidity constraints produces a Euler equation with unobservable Kuhn-Tucker multipliers, where preferences are non-separable between goods and leisure, and individuals are employed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared ten different estimators of the parameter in a limiting or serial dilution assay and constructed eight of them to reduce the bias of the commonly used maximum likelihood estimator.
Abstract: Ten different estimators of the parameter in a limiting or serial dilution assay are compared. Eight of them are constructed to reduce the bias of the commonly used maximum likelihood estimator. Extensive Monte Carlo experiments using various designs, and practical considerations, suggest that a particular jackknife version of the maximum likelihood estimator is preferred, provided that the design is not too small.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of two variations of instructions on learning performance and thinking-aloud protocols of 64 pupils from secondary schools was reported, and differences between successful and less successful pupils in self-regulatory processes during text processing were described.
Abstract: In this paper an experiment is reported on the influence of two variations of instructions on learning performance and thinking-aloud protocols of 64 pupils from secondary schools. Furthermore, differences between successful and less successful pupils in self-regulatory processes during text processing are described. The texts consisted of instructions on how to use a computer keyboard and a text-editor. Learning performance referred to both knowledge and application. The variation in instructions did not influence the learning performance and the thinking-aloud protocols (either quantitatively or qualitatively), but the variable Marks/No Marks did. The main differences between successful and less successful pupils occurred in orientation processes, especially with regard to Reflection on Foreknowledge and Gaps in Foreknowledge. Differences also turned up for processes such as Process Selection and Making Summaries. The results are discussed in light of the results from a prior study with an informative text.

Posted Content
TL;DR: This paper shows that a strongly regular graph with 49 vertices and degree 16, which has parameters (v, k, ?, µ) = (49, 16, 3, 6), cannot exist.
Abstract: Introduction. A strongly regular graph with 49 vertices and degree 16 has parameters (v, k, ?, µ) = (49, 16, 3, 6). In this paper we show that such a graph cannot exist. Until now it was the smallest (with respect to the number of vertices) feasible strongly regular graph for which existence was not settled. Our result is the second 'ad hoc' non-existence result for strongly regular graphs. Earlier , Wilbrink and Brouwer [2) proved that (57, 14, 1, 4) cannot be the parameter set of a strongiy regular graph. At the moment the smallest unsettled case is (65, 32, 15, 16). See Brouwer and Van Lint [1) for a survey of recent results on strongly regular graphs. The present proof involves counting techniques, enumeration, Iinear algebra and the use of a computer. Although only a Iittle computing time was needed, we could not manage without a computer.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: The weak spot in this procedure is the item writing as discussed by the authors, which cannot yield instruments that will satisfy the assumptions of item response theory (for a recent overview of these the reader is referred to Hambleton & Swaminathan, 1985).
Abstract: Traditionally, constructing a test frequently amounts to writing a number of items, administering these items to a large sample of subjects, and—on the basis of these data—selecting a set of apparently appropriate items. This procedure cannot be expected to yield instruments that will satisfy the assumptions of item response theory (for a recent overview of these the reader is referred to Hambleton & Swaminathan, 1985). The weak spot in this procedure is the item writing. Items frequently differ in many ways, some of them of interest to the investigator, but some of them hardly specifiable.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An M/GI/1 queueing system is in series with a unit with negative exponential service times and infinite waiting room capacity and a closed form expression is determined via the solution of a new type of functional equation in two variables.
Abstract: An M/GI/1 queueing system is in series with a unit with negative exponential service times and infinite waiting room capacity. We determine a closed form expression for the generating function of the joint queue length distribution in steady state. This result is obtained via the solution of a new type of functional equation in two variables.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze subjective and psychological dynamics that underlie and guide economic behavior of both individuals and groups: the motivations, values, and individual drives and states of happiness that are the targets of human activities.
Abstract: The ultimate criterion of all economic activities and economic policy is human well-being. In the end, all distribution of scarce means and goods serves the fulfillment of needs and aspirations and the achievement of satisfactions of individuals and groups. Thus, economic reality cannot adequately be understood without the analysis of the subjective and psychological dynamics that underlie and guide economic behavior of both individuals and groups: the motivations, values, and individual drives and states of happiness that are the targets of human activities. Some of these driving factors will be treated under the heading of “behavioral dynamics” in this chapter.

Journal ArticleDOI
R. J. Casimir1
TL;DR: It is shown that a number of features facilitate building genuine DSS's, including the traditionally built DSS, the MIS prototype, and the spurious DSS.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the implications of growing international economic integration for the conduct of structural policy are analyzed, and the need for the international coordination of structural policies is discussed, as well as the structural areas in which international policy coordination is most urgent.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the implications of growing international economic integration for the conduct of structural policy. Section I points out that the internationalization of financial intermediation has raised the welfare costs associated with domestic distortions. The growing importance of structural policies in affecting domestic demand in a more integrated world economy is discussed in Section II. It is shown that domestic distortions reduce the effect of expansionary policy on the domestic economy. Section III examines the international transmission of unilateral structural policies. Section IV discusses the need for the international coordination of structural policies. Section V identifies structural areas in which international policy coordination is most urgent.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the theory of preference formation, developed in Kapteyn (1977), which addresses precisely the problem that arises in the situation sketched above.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the relative asymptotic efficiency of three estimators designed to handle incomplete samples depends on parameters that have a straightforward statistical interpretation, and that the use of these estimators is equivalent to the observation of a percentage of the values which are actually missing.
Abstract: The problem of missing observations in regression models is often solved by using imputed values to complete the sample. As an alternative for static models, it has been suggested to limit the analysis to the periods or units for which all relevant variables are observed. The choice of an imputation procedure affects the asymptotic efficiency of the method used to subsequently estimate the parameters of the model. In this note, we show that the relative asymptotic efficiency of three estimators designed to handle incomplete samples depends on parameters that have a straightforward statistical interpretation. In terms of a gain of asymptotic efficiency, the use of these estimators is equivalent to the observation of a percentage of the values which are actually missing. This percentage depends on three R2-measures only, which can be straightforwardly computed in applied work. Therefore it should be easy in practice to check whether it is worthwhile to use a more elaborate estimator.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper examined the points at which social security and family demography meet and concluded that child allowances will only affect fertility if the level of benefit is rather substantial, and that remarriage frequency is probably affected by public assistance benefits.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on an industry consisting of public enterprises and institutions, rather than on a public enterprise itself and proposed a general equilibrium model that offers a framework to policy makers when designing an efficient organization of an industry with external effects.