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Showing papers by "Tilburg University published in 2010"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors who submit manuscripts to JIBS that appear to suffer from common method variance (CMV) are asked to perform validity checks and resubmit their manuscripts.
Abstract: JIBS receives many manuscripts that report findings from analyzing survey data based on same-respondent replies. This can be problematic since same-respondent studies can suffer from common method variance (CMV). Currently, authors who submit manuscripts to JIBS that appear to suffer from CMV are asked to perform validity checks and resubmit their manuscripts. This letter from the Editors is designed to outline the current state of best practice for handling CMV in international business research.

2,640 citations


Book
Jan Blommaert1
08 Apr 2010
TL;DR: The Sociolinguistics of Globalization as mentioned in this paper constructs a theory of changing language in a changing society reconsidering locality, repertoires, competence, history and sociolinguistic inequality.
Abstract: Human language has changed in the age of globalization: no longer tied to stable and resident communities, it moves across the globe, and it changes in the process. The world has become a complex 'web' of villages, towns, neighbourhoods and settlements connected by material and symbolic ties in often unpredictable ways. This phenomenon requires us to revise our understanding of linguistic communication. In The Sociolinguistics of Globalization Jan Blommaert constructs a theory of changing language in a changing society reconsidering locality, repertoires, competence, history and sociolinguistic inequality.

1,308 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The correction method of Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars is extended by showing that it involves maximizing a weighted log-likelihood function for clustered data, which makes it possible to apply the method not only with categorical but also with continuous explanatory variables.
Abstract: Researchers using latent class (LC) analysis often proceed using the following three steps: (1) an LC model is built for a set of response variables, (2) subjects are assigned to LCs based on their posterior class membership probabilities, and (3) the association between the assigned class membership and external variables is investigated using simple cross-tabulations or multinomial logistic regression analysis. Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars (2004) demonstrated that such a three-step approach underestimates the associations between covariates and class membership. They proposed resolving this problem by means of a specific correction method that involves modifying the third step. In this article, I extend the correction method of Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars by showing that it involves maximizing a weighted log-likelihood function for clustered data. This conceptualization makes it possible to apply the method not only with categorical but also with continuous explanatory variables, to obtain correct tests using complex sampling variance estimation methods, and to implement it in standard software for logistic regression analysis. In addition, a new maximum likelihood (ML)-based correction method is proposed, which is more direct in the sense that it does not require analyzing weighted data. This new three-step ML method can be easily implemented in software for LC analysis. The reported simulation study shows that both correction methods perform very well in the sense that their parameter estimates and their SEs can be trusted, except for situations with very poorly separated classes. The main advantage of the ML method compared with the Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars approach is that it is much more efficient and almost as efficient as one-step ML estimation.

1,304 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared conventional and Islamic banks and found no significant differences in business orientation, efficiency, asset quality, or stability, and found that conventional banks that operate in countries with a higher market share of Islamic banks are more cost-effective but less stable.
Abstract: This paper discusses Islamic banking products and interprets them in the context of financial intermediation theory. Anecdotal evidence shows that many of the conventional products can be redrafted as Sharia-compliant products, so that the differences are smaller than expected. Comparing conventional and Islamic banks and controlling for other bank and country characteristics, the authors find few significant differences in business orientation, efficiency, asset quality, or stability. While Islamic banks seem more cost-effective than conventional banks in a broad cross-country sample, this finding reverses in a sample of countries with both Islamic and conventional banks. However, conventional banks that operate in countries with a higher market share of Islamic banks are more cost-effective but less stable. There is also consistent evidence of higher capitalization of Islamic banks and this capital cushion plus higher liquidity reserves explains the relatively better performance of Islamic banks during the recent crisis.

1,165 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared conventional and Islamic banks and found no significant differences in business orientation, efficiency, asset quality, or stability, and found that conventional banks that operate in countries with a higher market share of Islamic banks are more cost-effective but less stable.
Abstract: This paper discusses Islamic banking products and interprets them in the context of financial intermediation theory. Anecdotal evidence shows that many of the conventional products can be redrafted as Sharia-compliant products, so that the differences are smaller than expected. Comparing conventional and Islamic banks and controlling for other bank and country characteristics, the authors find few significant differences in business orientation, efficiency, asset quality, or stability. While Islamic banks seem more cost-effective than conventional banks in a broad cross-country sample, this finding reverses in a sample of countries with both Islamic and conventional banks. However, conventional banks that operate in countries with a higher market share of Islamic banks are more cost-effective but less stable. There is also consistent evidence of higher capitalization of Islamic banks and this capital cushion plus higher liquidity reserves explains the relatively better performance of Islamic banks during the recent crisis.

888 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Understanding the neural bases of the non-conscious perception of emotional signals will clarify the phylogenetic continuity of emotion systems across species and the integration of cortical and subcortical activity in the human brain.
Abstract: Many emotional stimuli are processed without being consciously perceived. Recent evidence indicates that subcortical structures have a substantial role in this processing. These structures are part of a phylogenetically ancient pathway that has specific functional properties and that interacts with cortical processes. There is now increasing evidence that non-consciously perceived emotional stimuli induce distinct neurophysiological changes and influence behaviour towards the consciously perceived world. Understanding the neural bases of the non-conscious perception of emotional signals will clarify the phylogenetic continuity of emotion systems across species and the integration of cortical and subcortical activity in the human brain.

843 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The psychometric properties of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator are good, when performed in 2 samples of community-dwelling older people, providing strong evidence for an integral definition of frailty consisting of physical, psychological, and social domains.

672 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a meta-analysis of references derived from PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO (1980 to 2009) was performed to assess the association between anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).

662 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Compared with non-diabetic controls, people with type 2 diabetes have a 24% increased risk of developing depression, and the mechanisms underlying this relationship are still unclear and warrant further research.
Abstract: Aims/hypothesis An earlier meta-analysis showed that diabetes is a risk factor for the development and/or recurrence of depression. Yet whether this risk is different for studies using questionnaires than for those relying on diagnostic criteria for depression has not been examined. This study examined the association of diabetes and the onset of depression by reviewing the literature and conducting a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies on this topic.

625 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An integrative framework is proposed around four central themes: time, team, task and context, which offers an overview of the literature, the gaps in what the authors know, and what future directions might be taken by scholars hoping to contribute to this important and rapidly growing field.
Abstract: This paper brings together the research on temporary organizational forms. Despite a recent surge in publications on this topic, there have been few attempts to integrate knowledge on what we know of such temporary forms of organization. In order to correct this, an integrative framework is proposed around four central themes: time, team, task and context. Within each of these themes, the paper offers an overview of the literature, the gaps in what we know, and what future directions might be taken by scholars hoping to contribute to this important and rapidly growing field.

535 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors distinguish two types of visual complexity, differentiate them from the difficulty of comprehending advertising, and propose objective measures for each of them, including feature complexity and design complexity.
Abstract: Advertising needs to capture consumers' attention in likable ways, and the visual complexity of advertising plays a central role in this regard. Yet ideas about visual complexity effects conflict, and objective measures of complexity are rare. The authors distinguish two types of visual complexity, differentiate them from the difficulty of comprehending advertising, and propose objective measures for each. Advertisements are visually complex when they contain dense perceptual features (“feature complexity”) and/or when they have an elaborate creative design (“design complexity”). An analysis of 249 advertisements that were tested with eye-tracking shows that, as the authors hypothesize, feature complexity hurts attention to the brand and attitude toward the ad, whereas design complexity helps attention to both the pictorial and the advertisement as a whole, its comprehensibility, and attitude toward the ad. This is important because design complexity is under direct control of the advertiser. The...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of the corporate human resource function in multinational corporations regarding global talent management (GTM) is explored from two perspectives: increasing global competition for talent, and new forms of international mobility.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a study among 12,359 employees working in 148 organizations tested the interaction hypothesis of the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model and found that employees endorse most positive work attitudes (task enjoyment and organizational commitment) when job demands and job resources are both high.
Abstract: This study among 12,359 employees working in 148 organizations tested the interaction hypothesis of the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model. Accordingly, employees endorse most positive work attitudes (task enjoyment and organizational commitment) when job demands and job resources are both high. Results of moderated structural equation modeling analyses provided strong support for the hypothesis: 15 of the 16 hypothesized interactions were significant for task enjoyment and 13 of the 16 interactions were significant for organizational commitment. Job resources (skill utilization, learning opportunities, autonomy, colleague support, leader support, performance feedback, participation in decision making, and career opportunities) predicted task enjoyment and organizational commitment particularly under conditions of high job demands (workload and emotional demands). These findings clearly expand the Demand-Control model and support the JD-R model. Moreover, the results illustrate what managers can do to secure employee well-being.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: A statistical model can be called a latent class (LC) or mixture model if it assumes that some of its parameters differ across unobserved subgroups, LCs, or mixture components as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A statistical model can be called a latent class (LC) or mixture model if it assumes that some of its parameters differ across unobserved subgroups, LCs, or mixture components. This rather general idea has several seemingly unrelated applications, the most important of which are clustering, scaling, density estimation, and random-effects modeling. This article describes simple LC models for clustering, restricted LC models for scaling, and mixture regression models for nonparametric random-effects modeling, as well as gives an overview of recent developments in the field of LC analysis. Moreover, attention is paid to topics such as maximum likelihood estimation, identification issues, model selection, and software.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper formally study nonparametric correlation estimators as the Kendall and Spearman correlation by means of their influence functions and gross-error sensitivities, and concludes that both the Spearman and Kendall correlation estimator combine a bounded and smooth influence function with a high efficiency.
Abstract: Nonparametric correlation estimators as the Kendall and Spearman correlation are widely used in the applied sciences. They are often said to be robust, in the sense of being resistant to outlying observations. In this paper we formally study their robustness by means of their influence functions and gross-error sensitivities. Since robustness of an estimator often comes at the price of an increased variance, we also compute statistical efficiencies at the normal model. We conclude that both the Spearman and Kendall correlation estimators combine a bounded and smooth influence function with a high efficiency. In a simulation experiment we compare these nonparametric estimators with correlations based on a robust covariance matrix estimator.


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors formally study the robustness of nonparametric correlation estimators by means of their influence functions and gross-error sensitivities, and conclude that both the Spearman and Kendall estimators combine a bounded and smooth influence function with a high efficiency.
Abstract: Nonparametric correlation estimators as the Kendall and Spearman correlation are widely used in the applied sciences. They are often said to be robust, in the sense of being resistant to outlying observations. In this paper we formally study their robustness by means of their influence functions and gross-error sensitivities. Since robustness of an estimator often comes at the price of an increased variance, we also compute statistical efficiencies at the normal model. We conclude that both the Spearman and Kendall correlation estimators combine a bounded and smooth influence function with a high efficiency. In a simulation experiment we compare these nonparametric estimators with correlations based on a robust covariance matrix estimator.

Journal ArticleDOI
Wolf Wagner1
TL;DR: The authors showed that even though diversification reduces each institution's individual probability of failure, it makes systemic crises more likely, and that full diversification is no longer desirable as a result and the optimal degree of diversification may be arbitrarily low.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Four mechanisms of how intersensory lags might be dealt with are identified: by ignoring lags up to some point (a wide window of temporal integration), by compensating for predictable variability, by adjusting the point of perceived synchrony on the longer term, and by shifting one stream directly toward the other.
Abstract: For most multisensory events, observers perceive synchrony among the various senses (vision, audition, touch), despite the naturally occurring lags in arrival and processing times of the different information streams. A substantial amount of research has examined how the brain accomplishes this. In the present article, we review several key issues about intersensory timing, and we identify four mechanisms of how intersensory lags might be dealt with: by ignoring lags up to some point (a wide window of temporal integration), by compensating for predictable variability, by adjusting the point of perceived synchrony on the longer term, and by shifting one stream directly toward the other.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article studied the economic sources of stock-bond return comovements and their time variation using a dynamic factor model and found that macroeconomic fundamentals contribute little to explaining stock and bond return correlations but that other factors, especially liquidity proxies, play a more important role.
Abstract: We study the economic sources of stock‐bond return comovements and their time variation using a dynamic factor model. We identify the economic factors employing a semistructural regime-switching model for state variables such as interest rates, inflation, the output gap, and cash flow growth. We also view risk aversion, uncertainty about inflation and output, and liquidity proxies as additional potential factors. We find that macroeconomic fundamentals contribute little to explaining stock and bond return correlations but that other factors, especially liquidity proxies, play a more important role. The macro factors are still important in fitting bond return volatility, whereas the “variance premium” is critical in explaining stock return volatility. However, the factor model primarily fails in fitting covariances. (JEL G11, G12, G14, E43, E44) Stock and bond returns in the United States display an average correlation of about 19% during the post-1968 period. Shiller and Beltratti (1992) underestimate the empirical correlation using a present value with constant discount rates, whereas Bekaert, Engstrom, and Grenadier (2005) overestimate it in a consumption-based asset pricing model with stochastic risk aversion. Yet, these models generate realistically positive correlations using economic state variables.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the positive association found between firm productivity and exports in the literature relates to the firm's innovation decisions, and they find strong evidence that product innovation affects productivity and induces small non-exporting firms to enter the export market.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the probability of citizen participation in local participatory policymaking projects in two municipalities in the Netherlands and found that the role of citizens in these projects is limited, serving mainly to provide information on the basis of which the government then makes decisions.
Abstract: Citizen participation is usually seen as a vital aspect of democracy. Many theorists claim that citizen participation has positive effects on the quality of democracy. This article examines the probability of these claims for local participatory policymaking projects in two municipalities in the Netherlands. The article focuses on the relations between citizens and government from a citizens' perspective. The findings show that the role of citizens in these projects is limited, serving mainly to provide information on the basis of which the government then makes decisions. Nevertheless, the article argues that citizen involvement has a number of positive effects on democracy: not only do people consequently feel more responsibility for public matters, it increases public engagement, encourages people to listen to a diversity of opinions, and contributes to a higher degree of legitimacy of decisions. One negative effect is that not all relevant groups and interests are represented. The article con...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: More research is needed to evaluate the association of anxiety and prognosis in patients with MI and to assess the extent to which this association is independent of clinical variables, such as disease severity, and other psychological variables, especially depression.
Abstract: Objective: To assess the association of anxiety after myocardial infarction (MI) with cardiac prognosis. Methods: A meta-analysis of references derived from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PSYCINFO (1975-March 2009) was performed without language restrictions. End point was cardiac outcome defined as all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, and cardiac events. The authors selected prospective studies with at least 6 months follow-up, and anxiety had to be assessed within 3 months after MI with reliable and valid instruments. Results: Twelve papers met selection criteria. These studies described follow-up (on average, 2.6 years) of 5750 patients with MI. Anxious patients were at risk of adverse events (odds ratio (OR) fixed, 1.36; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.18-1.56; p <.001). Anxiety was also specifically associated with all-cause mortality (OR fixed, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.02-2.13; p = .04), cardiac mortality (OR fixed, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.03-1.47; p = .02), and new cardiac events (OR fixed, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.31-2.23; p <.001). Conclusions: Post-MI anxiety is associated with a 36% increased risk of adverse cardiac outcomes in bivariate analyses. Because the existing literature is small and contains several limitations, more research is needed to evaluate the association of anxiety and prognosis in patients with MI and to assess the extent to which this association is independent of clinical variables, such as disease severity, and other psychological variables, especially depression.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper investigated the effects of focus versus diversification on bank performance using data on Chinese banks during the 1996-2006 period and found that diversification is associated with reduced profits and higher costs.
Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of focus versus diversification on bank performance using data on Chinese banks during the 1996–2006 period. We construct a new measure, economies of diversification, and compare the results to those of the more conventional focus indices, which are based on the sum of squares of shares in different products or regions. Diversification is captured in four dimensions: loans, deposits, assets, and geography. We find that all four dimensions of diversification are associated with reduced profits and higher costs. These results are robust regardless of alternative measures of diversification and performance. Furthermore, we observe that banks with foreign ownership (both majority and minority ownership) and banks with conglomerate affiliation are associated with fewer diseconomies of diversification, suggesting that foreign ownership and conglomerate affiliation may play important mitigating roles. This analysis may provide important implications for bank managers and regulators in China as well as in other emerging economies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the performance of various model averaging techniques and proposed a new method called weighted-average least squares (WALS), which is based on a transparent definition of prior ignorance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The treatment of depression in people with diabetes is a necessary step, but improvement of the general medical condition including glycemic control is likely to require simultaneous attention to both conditions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that the effect of power on moral hypocrisy depends on the legitimacy of the power: When power was illegitimate, the moral-hypocrisy effect was reversed, with the illegitimately powerful becoming stricter in judging their own behavior than in judging other people’s behavior.
Abstract: In five studies, we explored whether power increases moral hypocrisy (i.e., imposing strict moral standards on other people but practicing less strict moral behavior oneself). In Experiment 1, compared with the powerless, the powerful condemned other people's cheating more, but also cheated more themselves. In Experiments 2 through 4, the powerful were more strict in judging other people's moral transgressions than in judging their own transgressions. A final study found that the effect of power on moral hypocrisy depends on the legitimacy of the power: When power was illegitimate, the moral-hypocrisy effect was reversed, with the illegitimately powerful becoming stricter in judging their own behavior than in judging other people's behavior. This pattern, which might be dubbed hypercrisy, was also found among low-power participants in Experiments 3 and 4. We discuss how patterns of hypocrisy and hypercrisy among the powerful and powerless can help perpetuate social inequality.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of government indebtedness and deficits on bank stock prices and CDS spreads was investigated for an international sample of banks, and the results suggest that some systemically important banks can increase their value by downsizing or splitting up, as they have become too big to save, potentially reversing the trend to ever larger banks.
Abstract: Deteriorating public finances around the world raise doubts about countries’ abilities to bail out their largest banks. For an international sample of banks, this paper investigates the impact of government indebtedness and deficits on bank stock prices and CDS spreads. Overall, bank stock prices reflect a negative capitalization of government debt and they respond negatively to deficits. We present evidence that in 2008 systemically large banks saw a reduction in their market valuation in countries running large fiscal deficits. Furthermore, the change in bank CDS spreads in 2008 relative to 2007 reflects countries’ deterioration of public deficits. Our results suggest that some systemically important banks can increase their value by downsizing or splitting up, as they have become too big to save, potentially reversing the trend to ever larger banks. We also document that a smaller proportion of banks are systemically important - relative to GDP - in 2008 than in the two previous years, which could reflect these private incentives to downsize.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The aim is to develop an integral conceptual definition of frailty that starts from the premise of a holistic view of the person and is intended to offer a framework for an operational definition ofFrailty for identifying frail older people.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the utility function and probability weighting function for different positive and negative monetary outcomes, using a representative sample of N = 1,935 from the general public.
Abstract: This article presents the results of an experiment that completely measures the utility function and probability weighting function for different positive and negative monetary outcomes, using a representative sample of N = 1,935 from the general public. The results confirm earlier findings in the lab, suggesting that utility is less pronounced than what is found in classical measurements where expected utility is assumed. Utility for losses is found to be convex, consistent with diminishing sensitivity, and the obtained loss-aversion coefficient of 1.6 is moderate but in agreement with contemporary evidence. The estimated probability weighting functions have an inverse-S shape and they imply pessimism in both domains. These results show that probability weighting is also an important phenomenon in the general population. Women and lower educated individuals are found to be more risk averse, in agreement with common findings. In contrast to previous studies that ascribed gender differences in risk attitudes solely to differences in the degree utility curvature, however, our results show that this finding is primarily driven by loss aversion and, for women, also by a more pessimistic psychological response toward the probability of obtaining the best possible outcome.