Showing papers by "Tohoku University published in 2010"
University of Utah1, University of Michigan2, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust3, Ohio State University4, Indiana University5, St. Jude Medical Center6, University of Queensland7, Beaumont Hospital8, BC Cancer Agency9, University of Rochester10, Harvard University11, American Society of Clinical Oncology12, National Institutes of Health13, Baylor College of Medicine14, Sungkyunkwan University15, University of the West of England16, Tohoku University17, Radboud University Nijmegen18, University of Toronto19, Saint Joseph Mercy Health System20, Mayo Clinic21, University of Washington22, Memorial Hospital of South Bend23, University of Texas at Austin24, Johns Hopkins University25
TL;DR: An international Expert Panel that conducted a systematic review and evaluation of the literature and developed recommendations for optimal IHC ER/PgR testing performance recommended that ER and PgR status be determined on all invasive breast cancers and breast cancer recurrences.
Abstract: Purpose To develop a guideline to improve the accuracy of immunohistochemical (IHC) estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) testing in breast cancer and the utility of these receptors as predictive markers. Methods The American Society of Clinical Oncology and the College of American Pathologists convened an international Expert Panel that conducted a systematic review and evaluation of the literature in partnership with Cancer Care Ontario and developed recommendations for optimal IHC ER/PgR testing performance. Results Up to 20% of current IHC determinations of ER and PgR testing worldwide may be inaccurate (false negative or false positive). Most of the issues with testing have occurred because of variation in preanalytic variables, thresholds for positivity, and interpretation criteria. Recommendations The Panel recommends that ER and PgR status be determined on all invasive breast cancers and breast cancer recurrences. A testing algorithm that relies on accurate, reproducible assay performance is proposed. Elements to reliably reduce assay variation are specified. It is recommended that ER and PgR assays be considered positive if there are at least 1% positive tumor nuclei in the sample on testing in the presence of expected reactivity of internal (normal epithelial elements) and external controls. The absence of benefit from endocrine therapy for women with ER-negative invasive breast cancers has been confirmed in large overviews of randomized clinical trials.
3,902 citations
TL;DR: Inter interfacial perpendicular anisotropy between the ferromagnetic electrodes and the tunnel barrier of the MTJ is used by employing the material combination of CoFeB-MgO, a system widely adopted to produce a giant tunnel magnetoresistance ratio in MTJs with in-plane an isotropy.
Abstract: Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with ferromagnetic electrodes possessing a perpendicular magnetic easy axis are of great interest as they have a potential for realizing next-generation high-density non-volatile memory and logic chips with high thermal stability and low critical current for current-induced magnetization switching. To attain perpendicular anisotropy, a number of material systems have been explored as electrodes, which include rare-earth/transition-metal alloys, L1(0)-ordered (Co, Fe)-Pt alloys and Co/(Pd, Pt) multilayers. However, none of them so far satisfy high thermal stability at reduced dimension, low-current current-induced magnetization switching and high tunnel magnetoresistance ratio all at the same time. Here, we use interfacial perpendicular anisotropy between the ferromagnetic electrodes and the tunnel barrier of the MTJ by employing the material combination of CoFeB-MgO, a system widely adopted to produce a giant tunnel magnetoresistance ratio in MTJs with in-plane anisotropy. This approach requires no material other than those used in conventional in-plane-anisotropy MTJs. The perpendicular MTJs consisting of Ta/CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB/Ta show a high tunnel magnetoresistance ratio, over 120%, high thermal stability at dimension as low as 40 nm diameter and a low switching current of 49 microA.
3,169 citations
TL;DR: Raman spectroscopy is shown to provide a powerful tool to differentiate between two different sp(2) carbon nanostructures (carbon nanotubes and graphene) which have many properties in common and others that differ.
Abstract: Raman spectroscopy is here shown to provide a powerful tool to differentiate between two different sp2 carbon nanostructures (carbon nanotubes and graphene) which have many properties in common and others that differ. Emphasis is given to the richness of both carbon nanostructures as prototype examples of nanostructured materials. A glimpse toward future developments in this field is presented.
2,822 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a biennial review summarizes much of particle physics using data from previous editions, plus 2158 new measurements from 551 papers, they list, evaluate and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons.
Abstract: This biennial Review summarizes much of particle physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 2158 new measurements from 551 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. Among the 108 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on neutrino mass, mixing, and oscillations, QCD, top quark, CKM quark-mixing matrix, V-ud & V-us, V-cb & V-ub, fragmentation functions, particle detectors for accelerator and non-accelerator physics, magnetic monopoles, cosmological parameters, and big bang cosmology.
2,788 citations
French Institute of Health and Medical Research1, Instituto de Medicina Molecular2, Curie Institute3, Centre national de la recherche scientifique4, National Institutes of Health5, Harvard University6, Broad Institute7, Tohoku University8, Universidade Nova de Lisboa9, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência10
TL;DR: The results therefore strengthen the link between MVEs and exosomes, and introduce ways of manipulating exosome secretion in vivo.
Abstract: Exosomes are secreted membrane vesicles that share structural and biochemical characteristics with intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes (MVEs). Exosomes could be involved in intercellular communication and in the pathogenesis of infectious and degenerative diseases. The molecular mechanisms of exosome biogenesis and secretion are, however, poorly understood. Using an RNA interference (RNAi) screen, we identified five Rab GTPases that promote exosome secretion in HeLa cells. Among these, Rab27a and Rab27b were found to function in MVE docking at the plasma membrane. The size of MVEs was strongly increased by Rab27a silencing, whereas MVEs were redistributed towards the perinuclear region upon Rab27b silencing. Thus, the two Rab27 isoforms have different roles in the exosomal pathway. In addition, silencing two known Rab27 effectors, Slp4 (also known as SYTL4, synaptotagmin-like 4) and Slac2b (also known as EXPH5, exophilin 5), inhibited exosome secretion and phenocopied silencing of Rab27a and Rab27b, respectively. Our results therefore strengthen the link between MVEs and exosomes, and introduce ways of manipulating exosome secretion in vivo.
2,006 citations
TL;DR: The findings indicate that the pathological process associated with p62 accumulation results in hyperactivation of Nrf2 and delineates unexpected roles of selective autophagy in controlling the transcription of cellular defence enzyme genes.
Abstract: Impaired selective turnover of p62 by autophagy causes severe liver injury accompanied by the formation of p62-positive inclusions and upregulation of detoxifying enzymes. These phenotypes correspond closely to the pathological conditions seen in human liver diseases, including alcoholic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological processes in these events are still unknown. Here we report the identification of a novel regulatory mechanism by p62 of the transcription factor Nrf2, whose target genes include antioxidant proteins and detoxification enzymes. p62 interacts with the Nrf2-binding site on Keap1, a component of Cullin-3-type ubiquitin ligase for Nrf2. Thus, an overproduction of p62 or a deficiency in autophagy competes with the interaction between Nrf2 and Keap1, resulting in stabilization of Nrf2 and transcriptional activation of Nrf2 target genes. Our findings indicate that the pathological process associated with p62 accumulation results in hyperactivation of Nrf2 and delineates unexpected roles of selective autophagy in controlling the transcription of cellular defence enzyme genes.
1,918 citations
Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University1, Yale University2, University of British Columbia3, Bristol-Myers Squibb4, University of California, Los Angeles5, University of Virginia6, French Institute of Health and Medical Research7, University College London8, University of California, San Diego9, McGill University10, Goethe University Frankfurt11, University of Kentucky12, Tohoku University13, Newcastle University14, University of Lille Nord de France15, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis16, Brown University17, NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital18, Maastricht University Medical Centre19, VU University Amsterdam20
TL;DR: This paper aims to advance the scientific discussion by providing broader diagnostic coverage of the AD clinical spectrum and by proposing a common lexicon as a point of reference for the clinical and research communities.
Abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is classically defined as a dual clinicopathological entity. The recent advances in use of reliable biomarkers of AD that provide in-vivo evidence of the disease has stimulated the development of new research criteria that reconceptualise the diagnosis around both a specific pattern of cognitive changes and structural/biological evidence of Alzheimer's pathology. This new diagnostic framework has stimulated debate about the definition of AD and related conditions. The potential for drugs to intercede in the pathogenic cascade of the disease adds some urgency to this debate. This paper by the International Working Group for New Research Criteria for the Diagnosis of AD aims to advance the scientific discussion by providing broader diagnostic coverage of the AD clinical spectrum and by proposing a common lexicon as a point of reference for the clinical and research communities. The cornerstone of this lexicon is to consider AD solely as a clinical and symptomatic entity that encompasses both predementia and dementia phases.
1,776 citations
TL;DR: A basis for thalidomide teratogenicity is revealed and may contribute to the development of new thalidmide derivatives without teratogenic activity.
Abstract: Half a century ago, thalidomide was widely prescribed to pregnant women as a sedative but was found to be teratogenic, causing multiple birth defects. Today, thalidomide is still used in the treatment of leprosy and multiple myeloma, although how it causes limb malformation and other developmental defects is unknown. Here, we identified cereblon (CRBN) as a thalidomide-binding protein. CRBN forms an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex with damaged DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1) and Cul4A that is important for limb outgrowth and expression of the fibroblast growth factor Fgf8 in zebrafish and chicks. Thalidomide initiates its teratogenic effects by binding to CRBN and inhibiting the associated ubiquitin ligase activity. This study reveals a basis for thalidomide teratogenicity and may contribute to the development of new thalidomide derivatives without teratogenic activity.
1,510 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that a spin wave in an insulator can be generated and detected using spin-Hall effects, which enable the direct conversion of an electric signal into aspin wave, and its subsequent transmission through (and recovery from) an insulators over macroscopic distances.
Abstract: An insulator does not conduct electricity, and so cannot in general be used to transmit an electrical signal. However, the electrons within an insulator possess spin as well as charge, so it is possible for them to transmit a signal in the form of a spin wave. Kajiwara et al. have now developed a hybrid metal–insulator–metal structure in which an electrical signal in one metal layer is directly converted to a spin wave in the insulating layer. This wave is then transmitted to the second metal layer, where the signal can be directly recovered as an electrical voltage. The observation of voltage transmission in an insulator raises the prospect of insulator-based spintronics and other novel forms of signal delivery. An insulator does not conduct electricity, and so cannot in general be used to transmit an electrical signal. But an insulator's electrons possess spin in addition to charge, and so can transmit a signal in the form of a spin wave. Here a hybrid metal–insulator–metal structure is reported, in which an electrical signal in one metal layer is directly converted to a spin wave in the insulating layer; this wave is then transmitted to the second metal layer, where the signal can be directly recovered as an electrical voltage. The energy bandgap of an insulator is large enough to prevent electron excitation and electrical conduction1. But in addition to charge, an electron also has spin2, and the collective motion of spin can propagate—and so transfer a signal—in some insulators3. This motion is called a spin wave and is usually excited using magnetic fields. Here we show that a spin wave in an insulator can be generated and detected using spin-Hall effects, which enable the direct conversion of an electric signal into a spin wave, and its subsequent transmission through (and recovery from) an insulator over macroscopic distances. First, we show evidence for the transfer of spin angular momentum between an insulator magnet Y3Fe5O12 and a platinum film. This transfer allows direct conversion of an electric current in the platinum film to a spin wave in the Y3Fe5O12 via spin-Hall effects4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11. Second, making use of the transfer in a Pt/Y3Fe5O12/Pt system, we demonstrate that an electric current in one metal film induces voltage in the other, far distant, metal film. Specifically, the applied electric current is converted into spin angular momentum owing to the spin-Hall effect7,8,10,11 in the first platinum film; the angular momentum is then carried by a spin wave in the insulating Y3Fe5O12 layer; at the distant platinum film, the spin angular momentum of the spin wave is converted back to an electric voltage. This effect can be switched on and off using a magnetic field. Weak spin damping3 in Y3Fe5O12 is responsible for its transparency for the transmission of spin angular momentum. This hybrid electrical transmission method potentially offers a means of innovative signal delivery in electrical circuits and devices.
1,391 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that there are mutations in the gene encoding optineurin (OPTN), earlier reported to be a causative gene of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), in patients with ALS and these findings strongly suggest that OPTN is involved in the pathogenesis of ALS.
Abstract: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has its onset in middle age and is a progressive disorder characterized by degeneration of motor neurons of the primary motor cortex, brainstem and spinal cord. Most cases of ALS are sporadic, but about 10% are familial. Genes known to cause classic familial ALS (FALS) are superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), ANG encoding angiogenin, TARDP encoding transactive response (TAR) DNA-binding protein TDP-43 (ref. 4) and fused in sarcoma/translated in liposarcoma (FUS, also known as TLS). However, these genetic defects occur in only about 20-30% of cases of FALS, and most genes causing FALS are unknown. Here we show that there are mutations in the gene encoding optineurin (OPTN), earlier reported to be a causative gene of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), in patients with ALS. We found three types of mutation of OPTN: a homozygous deletion of exon 5, a homozygous Q398X nonsense mutation and a heterozygous E478G missense mutation within its ubiquitin-binding domain. Analysis of cell transfection showed that the nonsense and missense mutations of OPTN abolished the inhibition of activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), and the E478G mutation revealed a cytoplasmic distribution different from that of the wild type or a POAG mutation. A case with the E478G mutation showed OPTN-immunoreactive cytoplasmic inclusions. Furthermore, TDP-43- or SOD1-positive inclusions of sporadic and SOD1 cases of ALS were also noticeably immunolabelled by anti-OPTN antibodies. Our findings strongly suggest that OPTN is involved in the pathogenesis of ALS. They also indicate that NF-kappaB inhibitors could be used to treat ALS and that transgenic mice bearing various mutations of OPTN will be relevant in developing new drugs for this disorder.
1,178 citations
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg1, University of Zaragoza2, University of Cambridge3, University College London4, Pennsylvania State University5, University of Texas at Austin6, Vrije Universiteit Brussel7, Open University8, Imperial College London9, University of Münster10, University of Vienna11, Tohoku University12, Mexican Institute of Petroleum13, Natural Resources Canada14, Denver Museum of Nature and Science15, Humboldt University of Berlin16, Universities Space Research Association17, University of Missouri18, Chiba Institute of Technology19, Purdue University20, University of Notre Dame21, University of California, San Diego22, Planetary Science Institute23, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven24, National Autonomous University of Mexico25, Lund University26, University of Alaska Fairbanks27
TL;DR: Records of the global stratigraphy across this boundary are synthesized to assess the proposed causes of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary and conclude that the Chicxulub impact triggered the mass extinction.
Abstract: The Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary similar to 65.5 million years ago marks one of the three largest mass extinctions in the past 500 million years. The extinction event coincided with a large asteroid impact at Chicxulub, Mexico, and occurred within the time of Deccan flood basalt volcanism in India. Here, we synthesize records of the global stratigraphy across this boundary to assess the proposed causes of the mass extinction. Notably, a single ejecta-rich deposit compositionally linked to the Chicxulub impact is globally distributed at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. The temporal match between the ejecta layer and the onset of the extinctions and the agreement of ecological patterns in the fossil record with modeled environmental perturbations (for example, darkness and cooling) lead us to conclude that the Chicxulub impact triggered the mass extinction.
TL;DR: In this article, the fraction of the universe going into primordial black holes in the mass range was studied and the effects of their evaporations on big bang nucleosynthesis and the extragalactic photon background were discussed.
Abstract: We update the constraints on the fraction of the Universe going into primordial black holes in the mass range ${10}^{9}--{10}^{17}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{g}$ associated with the effects of their evaporations on big bang nucleosynthesis and the extragalactic photon background. We include for the first time all the effects of quark and gluon emission by black holes on these constraints and account for the latest observational developments. We then discuss the other constraints in this mass range and show that these are weaker than the nucleosynthesis and photon background limits, apart from a small range ${10}^{13}--{10}^{14}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{g}$, where the damping of cosmic microwave background anisotropies dominates. Finally we review the gravitational and astrophysical effects of nonevaporating primordial black holes, updating constraints over the broader mass range $1--{10}^{50}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{g}$.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the magnetic insulator LaY(2)Fe(5)O(12) can convert a heat flow into a spin voltage, which can then be converted into an electric voltage as a result of the inverse spin Hall effect.
Abstract: Thermoelectric generation is an essential function in future energy-saving technologies. However, it has so far been an exclusive feature of electric conductors, a situation which limits its application; conduction electrons are often problematic in the thermal design of devices. Here we report electric voltage generation from heat flowing in an insulator. We reveal that, despite the absence of conduction electrons, the magnetic insulator LaY(2)Fe(5)O(12) can convert a heat flow into a spin voltage. Attached Pt films can then transform this spin voltage into an electric voltage as a result of the inverse spin Hall effect. The experimental results require us to introduce a thermally activated interface spin exchange between LaY(2)Fe(5)O(12) and Pt. Our findings extend the range of potential materials for thermoelectric applications and provide a crucial piece of information for understanding the physics of the spin Seebeck effect.
TL;DR: The output pattern resulting from the injection of two correlated photons possess quantum features, indicating that the photons retain their correlations as they walk randomly through the waveguide array, allowing scale-up and parallel searches over many possible paths.
Abstract: Quantum walks of correlated particles offer the possibility of studying large-scale quantum interference; simulating biological, chemical, and physical systems; and providing a route to universal quantum computation. We have demonstrated quantum walks of two identical photons in an array of 21 continuously evanescently coupled waveguides in a SiOxNy chip. We observed quantum correlations, violating a classical limit by 76 standard deviations, and found that the correlations depended critically on the input state of the quantum walk. These results present a powerful approach to achieving quantum walks with correlated particles to encode information in an exponentially larger state space.
TL;DR: Although photosensitivity, a well-established side-effect of pirfenidone, was the major adverse event in this study, it was mild in severity in most of the patients and relatively well tolerated in patients with IPF.
Abstract: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease without proven effective therapy. A multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised phase III clinical trial was conducted in Japanese patients with well-defined IPF to determine the efficacy and safety of pirfenidone, a novel antifibrotic oral agent, over 52 weeks. Of 275 patients randomised (high-dose, 1,800 mg x day(-1); low-dose, 1,200 mg x day(-1); or placebo groups in the ratio 2:1:2), 267 patients were evaluated for the efficacy of pirfenidone. Prior to unblinding, the primary end-point was revised; the change in vital capacity (VC) was assessed at week 52. Secondary end-points included the progression-free survival (PFS) time. Significant differences were observed in VC decline (primary end-point) between the placebo group (-0.16 L) and the high-dose group (-0.09 L) (p = 0.0416); differences between the two groups (p = 0.0280) were also observed in the PFS (the secondary end-point). Although photosensitivity, a well-established side-effect of pirfenidone, was the major adverse event in this study, it was mild in severity in most of the patients. Pirfenidone was relatively well tolerated in patients with IPF. Treatment with pirfenidone may decrease the rate of decline in VC and may increase the PFS time over 52 weeks. Additional studies are needed to confirm these findings.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the Ly{alpha} luminosity function (LF), clustering measurements, and Ly{α} line profiles based on the largest sample to date of 207 Lyα emitters (LAEs) at z = 6.6 on the 1 deg{sup 2} sky of Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey field.
Abstract: We present the Ly{alpha} luminosity function (LF), clustering measurements, and Ly{alpha} line profiles based on the largest sample to date of 207 Ly{alpha} emitters (LAEs) at z = 6.6 on the 1 deg{sup 2} sky of Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey field. Our z = 6.6 Ly{alpha} LF including cosmic variance estimates yields the best-fit Schechter parameters of {phi}* = 8.5{sup +3.0}{sub -2.2} x 10{sup -4} Mpc{sup -3} and L*{sub Ly{alpha}} = 4.4{sup +0.6}{sub -0.6} x 10{sup 42} erg s{sup -1} with a fixed {alpha} = -1.5, and indicates a decrease from z = 5.7 at the {approx}>90% confidence level. However, this decrease is not large, only {approx_equal}30% in Ly{alpha} luminosity, which is too small to have been identified in the previous studies. A clustering signal of z = 6.6 LAEs is detected for the first time. We obtain the correlation length of r{sub 0}= 2-5 h {sup -1}{sub 100} Mpc and a bias of b= 3-6, and find no significant boost of clustering amplitude by reionization at z = 6.6. The average hosting dark halo mass inferred from clustering is 10{sup 10}-10{sup 11} M{sub sun}, and a duty cycle of LAE population is roughly {approx}1%, albeit with large uncertainties. The averagemore » of our high-quality Keck/DEIMOS spectra shows an FWHM velocity width of 251 {+-} 16 km s{sup -1}. We find no large evolution of the Ly{alpha} line profile from z = 5.7 to 6.6, and no anti-correlation between Ly{alpha} luminosity and line width at z = 6.6. The combination of various reionization models and our observational results about the LF, clustering, and line profile indicates that there would exist a small decrease of the intergalactic medium's (IGM's) Ly{alpha} transmission owing to reionization, but that the hydrogen IGM is not highly neutral at z = 6.6. Our neutral-hydrogen fraction constraint implies that the major reionization process took place at z {approx}> 7.« less
University of Utah1, University of Michigan2, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust3, Ohio State University4, Indiana University5, St. Jude Medical Center6, University of Queensland7, Beaumont Hospital8, BC Cancer Agency9, University of Rochester10, Harvard University11, American Society of Clinical Oncology12, National Institutes of Health13, Baylor College of Medicine14, Sungkyunkwan University15, University of the West of England16, Tohoku University17, Radboud University Nijmegen18, University of Toronto19, Saint Joseph Mercy Health System20, Mayo Clinic21, University of Washington22, Memorial Hospital of South Bend23, University of Texas at Austin24, Johns Hopkins University25
TL;DR: An international Expert Panel that conducted a systematic review and evaluation of the literature and developed recommendations for optimal IHC ER/PgR testing performance recommended that ER and PgR status be determined on all invasive breast cancers and breast cancer recurrences.
Abstract: Purpose To develop a guideline to improve the accuracy of immunohistochemical (IHC) estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) testing in breast cancer and the utility of these receptors as predictive markers. Methods The American Society of Clinical Oncology and the College of American Pathologists convened an international Expert Panel that conducted a systematic review and evaluation of the literature in partnership with Cancer Care Ontario and developed recommendations for optimal IHC ER/PgR testing performance. Results Up to 20% of current IHC determinations of ER and PgR testing worldwide may be inaccurate (false negative or false positive). Most of the issues with testing have occurred because of variation in pre-analytic variables, thresholds for positivity, and interpretation criteria. Recommendations The Panel recommends that ER and PgR status be determined on all invasive breast cancers and breast cancer recurrences. A testing algorithm that relies on accurate, reproducible assay performance is proposed. Elements to reliably reduce assay variation are specified. It is recommended that ER and PgR assays be considered positive if there are at least 1% positive tumor nuclei in the sample on testing in the presence of expected reactivity of internal (normal epithelial elements) and external controls. The absence of benefit from endocrine therapy for women with ER-negative invasive breast cancers has been confirmed in large overviews of randomized clinical trials.
TL;DR: In this paper, a longitudinal spin-Seebeck effect (SSE) is proposed, in which a magnon-induced spin current is injected parallel to a temperature gradient from a ferromagnet into an attached paramagnetic metal.
Abstract: We propose a longitudinal spin-Seebeck effect (SSE), in which a magnon-induced spin current is injected parallel to a temperature gradient from a ferromagnet into an attached paramagnetic metal. The longitudinal SSE is measured in a simple and versatile system composed of a ferrimagnetic insulator Y3Fe5O12 slab and a Pt film by means of the inverse spin-Hall effect. The experimental results highlight the intriguing character of the longitudinal SSE due to its own geometric configuration.
TL;DR: In this paper, an improved three-dimensional statistical resistor network model incorporating the tunneling effect between the neighbouring nanotubes, and a fiber reorientation model was used to understand the effects of processing parameters and material properties on sensor sensitivity in polymer/carbon nanotube composite sensors.
TL;DR: This study suggests that Dectin-2 is important in host defense against C. albicans by inducing Th17 cell differentiation and generates Clec4n(-/-) mice that had virtually no fungal alpha-mannan-induced cytokine production.
TL;DR: This review discusses advances that have been made in the study of defect-induced double-resonance processes in nanographite, graphene and carbon nanotubes, mostly coming from combining Raman spectroscopic experiments with microscopy studies and from the development of new theoretical models.
Abstract: This review discusses advances that have been made in the study of defect-induced double-resonance processes in nanographite, graphene and carbon nanotubes, mostly coming from combining Raman spectroscopic experiments with microscopy studies and from the development of new theoretical models The disorder-induced peak frequencies and intensities are discussed, with particular emphasis given to how the disorder-induced features evolve with increasing amounts of disorder We address here two systems, ion-bombarded graphene and nanographite, where disorder is represented by point defects and boundaries, respectively Raman spectroscopy is used to study the ‘atomic structure’ of the defect, making it possible, for example, to distinguish between zigzag and armchair edges, based on selection rules of phonon scattering Finally, a different concept is discussed, involving the effect that defects have on the lineshape of Raman-allowed peaks, owing to local electron and phonon energy renormalization Such effects can be observed by near-field optical measurements on the G ′ feature for doped single-walled carbon nanotubes
TL;DR: It is shown that a tailored geometric and chemical materials architecture can further improve ORR catalysis by demonstrating that a composite nanoporous Ni-Pt alloy impregnated with a hydrophobic, high-oxygen-solubility and protic ionic liquid has extremely high mass activity.
Abstract: The improvement of catalysts for the oxygen-reduction reaction is an important challenge for fuel cells and other electrochemical-energy technologies. A composite nanoporous Ni–Pt alloy with a tailored geometric architecture is now shown to exhibit high mass activity for oxygen reduction.
TL;DR: [*] Dr. Y.yu, C. Zhu, Dr. Gu, and Prof. S. Tsukimoto WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577 (Japan) E-mail: gu@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp
Abstract: [*] Dr. Y. Yu, C. Zhu, Prof. Dr. J. Maier Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany) E-mail: yan.yu@fkf.mpg.de Dr. L. Gu, Prof. S. Tsukimoto WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577 (Japan) E-mail: gu@wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp Dr. L. Gu, Dr. P. A. van Aken Stuttgart Center for Electron Microscopy Max Planck Institute for Metals Research Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart (Germany)
TL;DR: In this article, the structure and kinematics of the recognized stellar components of the Milky Way are explored, based on well-determined atmospheric parameters and Kinematic quantities for 32360 "calibration stars" from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and its first extension, which included the sub-survey Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SEGUE).
Abstract: The structure and kinematics of the recognized stellar components of the Milky Way are explored, based on well-determined atmospheric parameters and kinematic quantities for 32360 "calibration stars" from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and its first extension, SDSS-II, which included the sub-survey Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SEGUE). Full space motions for a sub-sample of 16,920 stars, exploring a local volume within 4 kpc of the Sun, are used to derive velocity ellipsoids for the inner- and outer-halo components of the Galaxy, as well as for the canonical thick-disk and proposed metal-weak thick-disk (MWTD) populations. This new sample of calibration stars represents an increase of 60% relative to the numbers used in a previous analysis. We first examine the question of whether the data require the presence of at least a two-component halo in order to account for the rotational behavior of likely halo stars in the local volume, and whether more than two components are needed. We also address the question of whether the proposed MWTD is kinematically and chemically distinct from the canonical thick disk, and point out that the Galactocentric rotational velocity inferred for the MWTD, as well as its mean metallicity, appear quite similar to the values derived previously for the Monoceros stream, suggesting a possible association between these structures. In addition, we consider the fractions of each component required to understand the nature of the observed kinematic behavior of the stellar populations of the Galaxy as a function of distance from the plane. Scale lengths and scale heights for the thick-disk and MWTD components are determined. Spatial density profiles for the inner- and outer-halo populations are inferred from a Jeans theorem analysis. The full set of calibration stars (including those outside the local volume) is used to test for the expected changes in the observed stellar metallicity distribution function with distance above the Galactic plane in situ, due to the changing contributions from the underlying stellar populations. The above issues are considered, in concert with theoretical and observational constraints from other Milky-Way-like galaxies, in light of modern cold dark matter galaxy formation models.
TL;DR: The present result reveals that the EDLT is an extremely versatile tool to induce electronic phase transitions by electrostatic charge accumulation and provides new routes in the search for superconductors beyond those synthesized by traditional chemical methods.
Abstract: Using a liquid gate has allowed electrically induced superconductivity in a solid specimen by means of carrier accumulation on the surface. But this phenomenon was limited to materials that became superconductors at low carrier density. It is now shown that superconductivity can be induced in a much wider range of materials by using an ionic liquid.
TL;DR: Results showed training-induced plasticity in regions that are thought to be critical in working memory, including regions adjacent to the intraparietal sulcus and the anterior part of the body of the corpus callosum after training.
Abstract: Working memory is the limited capacity storage system involved in the maintenance and manipulation of information over short periods of time. Individual capacity of working memory is associated with the integrity of white matter in the frontoparietal regions. It is unknown to what extent the integrity of white matter underlying the working memory system is plastic. Using voxel-based analysis (VBA) of fractional anisotropy (FA) measures of fiber tracts, we investigated the effect of working memory training on structural connectivity in an interventional study. The amount of working memory training correlated with increased FA in the white matter regions adjacent to the intraparietal sulcus and the anterior part of the body of the corpus callosum after training. These results showed training-induced plasticity in regions that are thought to be critical in working memory. As changes in myelination lead to FA changes in diffusion tensor imaging, a possible mechanism for the observed FA change is increased myelination after training. Observed structural changes may underlie previously reported improvement of working memory capacity, improvement of other cognitive functions, and altered functional activity following working memory training.
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the use of decision tree method can classify and predict building energy demand levels accurately, identify and rank significant factors of building EUI automatically, and provide the combination of significant factors as well as the threshold values that will lead to high building energy performance.
University of Milan1, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens2, Maastricht University3, Tohoku University4, Jichi Medical University5, University of Valencia6, University of Bonn7, St. Michael's Hospital8, University of Edinburgh9, University of Padua10, Columbia University11, Complutense University of Madrid12, King's College London13, Semmelweis University14
TL;DR: The present document, which provides concise and updated guidelines on the use of HBPM for practising physicians, was prepared by including the comments and feedback of general practitioners.
Abstract: Self-monitoring of blood pressure by patients at home (home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM)) is being increasingly used in many countries and is well accepted by hypertensive patients. Current hypertension guidelines have endorsed the use of HBPM in clinical practice as a useful adjunct to conventional office measurements. Recently, a detailed consensus document on HBPM was published by the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. However, in daily practice, briefer documents summarizing the essential recommendations are needed. It is also accepted that the successful implementation of clinical guidelines in routine patient care is dependent on their acceptance by involvement of practising physicians. The present document, which provides concise and updated guidelines on the use of HBPM for practising physicians, was therefore prepared by including the comments and feedback of general practitioners.
TL;DR: A ferrous polycrystalline, high-strength, shape-memory alloy exhibiting a superelastic strain of more than 13%, with a tensile strength above 1 gigapascal, which is almost twice the maximum supeRELastic strain obtained in the Ni-Ti alloys.
Abstract: Shape-memory alloys, such as Ni-Ti and Cu-Zn-Al, show a large reversible strain of more than several percent due to superelasticity. In particular, the Ni-Ti-based alloy, which exhibits some ductility and excellent superelastic strain, is the only superelastic material available for practical applications at present. We herein describe a ferrous polycrystalline, high-strength, shape-memory alloy exhibiting a superelastic strain of more than 13%, with a tensile strength above 1 gigapascal, which is almost twice the maximum superelastic strain obtained in the Ni-Ti alloys. Furthermore, this ferrous alloy has a very large damping capacity and exhibits a large reversible change in magnetization during loading and unloading. This ferrous shape-memory alloy has great potential as a high-damping and sensor material.
TL;DR: It is proposed that Nrf2-Keap1 plays a significant physiological role in the response to endogenous, environmental, and pharmacological electrophiles.
Abstract: An antioxidant response element (ARE) or an electrophile responsive element (EpRE) regulate the transcriptional induction of a battery of drug-detoxifying enzymes that are protective against electrophiles. Based on the high similarity of the ARE consensus sequence to an erythroid gene regulatory element NF-E2 binding site, we have found that the transcription factor Nrf2 is indispensable for the ARE-mediated induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Recent genome-wide analysis demonstrated that Nrf2 regulates hundreds of genes that are involved in the cytoprotective response against oxidative stress. In-depth analysis of Nrf2 regulatory mechanisms has led us to the discovery of a novel protein, which we have named Keap1. Keap1 suppresses Nrf2 activity by specifically binding to its evolutionarily conserved N-terminal Neh2 regulatory domain. In this review article, we summarize the findings and observations that have lead to the discovery of the Nrf2–Keap1 system. Furthermore, we briefly discuss the...