Showing papers by "Tohoku University published in 2012"
Tohoku University1, University of Zurich2, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory3, Stanford University4, College of William & Mary5, University of Genoa6, University of Urbino7, CERN8, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics9, University of California, Irvine10, Cornell University11, Argonne National Laboratory12, ETH Zurich13, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research14, Hillsdale College15, Spanish National Research Council16, Ohio State University17, University of Notre Dame18, Kent State University19, University of California, San Diego20, University of California, Berkeley21, University of Minnesota22, University of Alabama23, University of Helsinki24, Los Alamos National Laboratory25, California Institute of Technology26, George Washington University27, Syracuse University28, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory29, Oklahoma State University–Stillwater30, University of Washington31, Max Planck Society32, Boston University33, University of California, Los Angeles34, Royal Holloway, University of London35, Université Paris-Saclay36, Fermilab37, University of Pennsylvania38, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign39, University of Bristol40, University of Tokyo41, University of Delaware42, Carnegie Mellon University43, University of California, Santa Cruz44, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology45, Heidelberg University46, Florida State University47, Carleton University48, University of Mainz49, University of Edinburgh50, Brookhaven National Laboratory51, Durham University52, University of Lausanne53, Massachusetts Institute of Technology54, University of Southampton55, Nagoya University56, University of Oxford57, Northwestern University58, University of British Columbia59, Columbia University60, Lund University61, University of Sheffield62, University of California, Santa Barbara63, Iowa State University64, University of Alberta65, University of Cambridge66
TL;DR: The Particle Data Group's biennial review as mentioned in this paper summarizes much of particle physics, using data from previous editions, plus 2658 new measurements from 644 papers, and lists, evaluates, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons.
Abstract: This biennial Review summarizes much of particle physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 2658 new measurements from 644 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. Among the 112 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised including those on Heavy-Quark and Soft-Collinear Effective Theory, Neutrino Cross Section Measurements, Monte Carlo Event Generators, Lattice QCD, Heavy Quarkonium Spectroscopy, Top Quark, Dark Matter, V-cb & V-ub, Quantum Chromodynamics, High-Energy Collider Parameters, Astrophysical Constants, Cosmological Parameters, and Dark Matter. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website: http://pdg.lbl.gov.
4,465 citations
Daniel J. Klionsky1, Fábio Camargo Abdalla2, Hagai Abeliovich3, Robert T. Abraham4 +1284 more•Institutions (463)
TL;DR: These guidelines are presented for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes.
Abstract: In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
4,316 citations
Teikyo University1, Hiroshima University2, Niigata University3, University of Tsukuba4, Saitama Medical University5, Tokyo Medical and Dental University6, University of Tokyo7, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research8, Kyorin University9, Kyoto University10, National Defense Medical College11, Dokkyo Medical University12, Tohoku University13, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital14, Osaka Medical College15, Kurume University16, International University of Health and Welfare17, Toho University18
TL;DR: The English version of the JSCCR Guidelines 2016 is presented, which can be used as a tool for treating colorectal cancer in actual clinical practice settings and as a guide to obtaining informed consent from patients and choosing the method of treatment for each patient.
Abstract: Colorectal cancer is a major cause of death in Japan, where it accounts for the largest number of deaths from malignant neoplasms in women and the third largest number in men. Many new treatment methods have been developed over the last few decades. The Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (JSCCR) guidelines 2010 for the treatment of colorectal cancer (JSCCR Guidelines 2010) have been prepared to show standard treatment strategies for colorectal cancer, to eliminate disparities among institutions in terms of treatment, to eliminate unnecessary treatment and insufficient treatment, and to deepen mutual understanding between health-care professionals and patients by making these Guidelines available to the general public. These Guidelines have been prepared by consensuses reached by the JSCCR Guideline Committee, based on a careful review of the evidence retrieved by literature searches and in view of the medical health insurance system and actual clinical practice settings in Japan. Therefore, these Guidelines can be used as a tool for treating colorectal cancer in actual clinical practice settings. More specifically, they can be used as a guide to obtaining informed consent from patients and choosing the method of treatment for each patient. As a result of the discussions held by the Guideline Committee, controversial issues were selected as Clinical Questions, and recommendations were made. Each recommendation is accompanied by a classification of the evidence and a classification of recommendation categories based on the consensus reached by the Guideline Committee members. Here we present the English version of the JSCCR Guidelines 2010.
1,709 citations
Kanazawa Medical University1, Kansai Medical University2, Kanazawa University3, Sapporo Medical University4, University of Toyama5, Okayama University6, Nagoya University7, Shinshu University8, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital9, Tohoku University10, Kyushu University11, University of Tsukuba12, Kyoto University13, Keio University14, Kagoshima University15, Fujita Health University16, Nagoya City University17
TL;DR: The comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-RD are practically useful for general physicians and nonspecialists and have increased the sensitivity of diagnosis to 100% for Igg4-related MD, KD, and AIP.
Abstract: IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a novel clinical disease entity characterized by elevated serum IgG4 concentration and tumefaction or tissue infiltration by IgG4+ plasma cells Although IgG4-RD is not rare and is clinically important, its clinical diagnostic criteria have not been established Comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-RD, including the involvement of various organs, are intended for the practical use of general physicians and nonspecialists Two IgG4-RD study groups, the Umehara and Okazaki teams, were organized by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare Japan As IgG4-RD comprises a wide variety of diseases, these groups consist of physicians and researchers in various disciplines, including rheumatology, hematology, gastroenterology, nephrology, pulmonology, ophthalmology, odontology, pathology, statistics, and basic and molecular immunology throughout Japan, with 66 and 56 members of the Umehara and Okazaki teams, respectively Collaborations of the two study groups involved detailed analyses of clinical symptoms, laboratory results, and biopsy specimens of patients with IgG4-RD, resulting in the establishment of comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-RD Although many patients with IgG4-RD have lesions in several organs, either synchronously or metachronously, and the pathological features of each organ differ, consensus has been reached on two diagnostic criteria for IgG4RD: (1) serum IgG4 concentration >135 mg/dl, and (2) >40% of IgG+ plasma cells being IgG4+ and >10 cells/high powered field of biopsy sample Although the comprehensive diagnostic criteria are not sufficiently sensitive for the diagnosis of type 1 IgG4-related autoimmune pancreatitis (IgG4-related AIP), they are adequately sensitive for IgG4-related Mikulicz’s disease (MD) and kidney disease (KD) In addition, the comprehensive diagnostic criteria, combined with organ-specific diagnostic criteria, have increased the sensitivity of diagnosis to 100% for IgG4-related MD, KD, and AIP Our comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-RD are practically useful for general physicians and nonspecialists
1,417 citations
TL;DR: The Double Chooz experiment presents an indication of reactor electron antineutrino disappearance consistent with neutrino oscillations, and an observed-to-predicted ratio of events of 0.944±0.016 and a deficit can be interpreted as a nonzero value of the still unmeasured neutrinos mixing parameter sin(2)2θ(13).
Abstract: The Double Chooz experiment presents an indication of reactor electron antineutrino disappearance consistent with neutrino oscillations. An observed-to-predicted ratio of events of 0.944±0.016(stat)±0.040(syst) was obtained in 101 days of running at the Chooz nuclear power plant in France, with two 4.25GWth reactors. The results were obtained from a single 10m3 fiducial volume detector located 1050 m from the two reactor cores. The reactor antineutrino flux prediction used the Bugey4 flux measurement after correction for differences in core composition. The deficit can be interpreted as an indication of a nonzero value of the still unmeasured neutrino mixing parameter sin22θ13. Analyzing both the rate of the prompt positrons and their energy spectrum, we find sin22θ13=0.086±0.041(stat)±0.030(syst), or, at 90% C.L., 0.017
1,214 citations
TL;DR: The development of new metallic alloys for biomedical applications is described in this paper, which includes β-type titanium alloys with a self-tunable modulus, which has been proposed for the construction of removable implants.
1,154 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that Nrf2 redirects glucose and glutamine into anabolic pathways, especially under the sustained activation of PI3K-Akt signaling, which enables NRF2 to promote metabolic activities that support cell proliferation in addition to enhancing cytoprotection.
1,088 citations
TL;DR: How currents can generate torques that affect the magnetic orientation and the reciprocal effect in a wide variety of magnetic materials and structures is explained.
Abstract: The magnetization of a magnetic material can be reversed by using electric currents that transport spin angular momentum. In the reciprocal process a changing magnetization orientation produces currents that transport spin angular momentum. Understanding how these processes occur reveals the intricate connection between magnetization and spin transport, and can transform technologies that generate, store or process information via the magnetization direction. Here we explain how currents can generate torques that affect the magnetic orientation and the reciprocal effect in a wide variety of magnetic materials and structures. We also discuss recent state-of-the-art demonstrations of current-induced torque devices that show great promise for enhancing the functionality of semiconductor devices.
1,049 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that a significant number of species are threatened as a result of international trade along complex routes, and that, in particular, consumers in developed countries cause threats to species through their demand of commodities that are ultimately produced in developing countries.
Abstract: Biodiversity threats from Red Lists are linked with patterns of international trade, identifying the ultimate instigators of the threats; developed countries tend to be net importers of implicated commodities, driving biodiversity decline in developing countries. This study develops a global model linking threatened-species records published in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List to worldwide industries causing these threats through the production of commodities such as agricultural crops and timber. Close to one-third of global species threats are due to international trade, according to this model. The resulting 'biodiversity footprint' reveals how consumers in developed countries drive species threats in developing countries. The United States, European Union and Japan emerge as the main final destinations of biodiversity-implicated commodities, with the coffee, rubber, cocoa, palm oil, fisheries and forestry industries among the most destructive. Human activities are causing Earth’s sixth major extinction event1—an accelerating decline of the world’s stocks of biological diversity at rates 100 to 1,000 times pre-human levels2. Historically, low-impact intrusion into species habitats arose from local demands for food, fuel and living space3. However, in today’s increasingly globalized economy, international trade chains accelerate habitat degradation far removed from the place of consumption. Although adverse effects of economic prosperity and economic inequality have been confirmed4,5, the importance of international trade as a driver of threats to species is poorly understood. Here we show that a significant number of species are threatened as a result of international trade along complex routes, and that, in particular, consumers in developed countries cause threats to species through their demand of commodities that are ultimately produced in developing countries. We linked 25,000 Animalia species threat records from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List to more than 15,000 commodities produced in 187 countries and evaluated more than 5 billion supply chains in terms of their biodiversity impacts. Excluding invasive species, we found that 30% of global species threats are due to international trade. In many developed countries, the consumption of imported coffee, tea, sugar, textiles, fish and other manufactured items causes a biodiversity footprint that is larger abroad than at home. Our results emphasize the importance of examining biodiversity loss as a global systemic phenomenon, instead of looking at the degrading or polluting producers in isolation. We anticipate that our findings will facilitate better regulation, sustainable supply-chain certification and consumer product labelling.
924 citations
Shiga University of Medical Science1, Kumamoto University2, Tohoku University3, Osaka Medical College4, Nippon Medical School5, Wakayama Medical University6, Hyogo College of Medicine7, Kawasaki Medical School8, Kagoshima University9, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology10, Tokyo Dental College11, Gunma University12, Memorial Hospital of South Bend13, University of Tokyo14
TL;DR: The JDS extensively evaluated the usefulness and feasibility of more extended use of HbA1c in the diagnosis of diabetes based on Japanese epidemiological data, and then the ‘Report of the Committee on the Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Diabetes Mellitus’ was published in the Journal of Diabetes Investigation5 and Diabetology International.
Abstract: In 1999, the Japan Diabetes Society (JDS) launched the previous version of the diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus, in which JDS took initiative in adopting glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) as an adjunct to the diagnosis of diabetes. In contrast, in 2009 the International Expert Committee composed of the members of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) manifested the recommendation regarding the use of HbA1c in diagnosing diabetes mellitus as an alternative to glucose measurements based on the updated evidence showing that HbA1c has several advantages as a marker of chronic hyperglycemia2–4. The JDS extensively evaluated the usefulness and feasibility of more extended use of HbA1c in the diagnosis of diabetes based on Japanese epidemiological data, and then the ‘Report of the Committee on the Classification and Diagnostic Criteria of Diabetes Mellitus’ was published in the Journal of Diabetes Investigation5 and Diabetology International6. The new diagnostic criterion in Japan came into effect on 1 July 2010. According to the new version of the criteria, HbA1c (JDS) ≥6.1% is now considered to indicate a diabetic type, but the previous diagnosis criteria of high plasma glucose (PG) levels to diagnose diabetes mellitus also need to be confirmed. Those are as follows: (i) FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L); (ii) 2‐h PG ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during an oral glucose tolerance test; or (iii) casual PG ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L). If both PG criteria and HbA1c in patients have met the diabetic type, those patients are immediately diagnosed to have diabetes mellitus5,6.
825 citations
TL;DR: A topological crystalline insulator has surface metallic states that are topologically protected by time-reversal symmetry as discussed by the authors, where the surface metallic state is instead protected by the mirror symmetry of the crystal.
Abstract: A topological insulator has surface metallic states that are topologically protected by time-reversal symmetry. Tin telluride is now shown to be a ‘topological crystalline insulator’, in which the surface metallic state is instead protected by the mirror symmetry of the crystal.
TL;DR: High resolution scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) imaging reveals the coexistence of metallic and semiconducting phases within the chemically homogeneous two-dimensional MoS(2) nanosheets, suggesting potential for exploiting molecular scale electronic device designs in atomically thin 2D layers.
Abstract: Nanoscale heterostructures with quantum dots, nanowires, and nanosheets have opened up new routes toward advanced functionalities and implementation of novel electronic and photonic devices in reduced dimensions. Coherent and passivated heterointerfaces between electronically dissimilar materials can be typically achieved through composition or doping modulation as in GaAs/AlGaAs and Si/NiSi or heteroepitaxy of lattice matched but chemically distinct compounds. Here we report that single layers of chemically exfoliated MoS2 consist of electronically dissimilar polymorphs that are lattice matched such that they form chemically homogeneous atomic and electronic heterostructures. High resolution scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) imaging reveals the coexistence of metallic and semiconducting phases within the chemically homogeneous two-dimensional (2D) MoS2 nanosheets. These results suggest potential for exploiting molecular scale electronic device designs in atomically thin 2D layers.
TL;DR: Atomic insights of the NPG catalysis are reported, characterized by spherical-aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and environmental TEM, which provide compelling evidence that the surface defects are active sites for the catalytic oxidation of CO and residual Ag stabilizes the atomic steps by suppressing {111} faceting kinetics.
Abstract: Distinct from inert bulk gold, nanoparticulate gold has been found to possess remarkable catalytic activity towards oxidation reactions. The catalytic performance of nanoparticulate gold strongly depends on size and support, and catalytic activity usually cannot be observed at characteristic sizes larger than 5 nm. Interestingly, significant catalytic activity can be retained in dealloyed nanoporous gold (NPG) even when its feature lengths are larger than 30 nm. Here we report atomic insights of the NPG catalysis, characterized by spherical-aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and environmental TEM. A high density of atomic steps and kinks is observed on the curved surfaces of NPG, comparable to 3-5 nm nanoparticles, which are stabilized by hyperboloid-like gold ligaments. In situ TEM observations provide compelling evidence that the surface defects are active sites for the catalytic oxidation of CO and residual Ag stabilizes the atomic steps by suppressing {111} faceting kinetics.
TL;DR: The superior electrical performance and excellent pliability of MoS(2) films make them suitable for use in large-area flexible electronics.
Abstract: Molybdenum disulfide (MoS(2)) thin-film transistors were fabricated with ion gel gate dielectrics. These thin-film transistors exhibited excellent band transport with a low threshold voltage (<1 V), high mobility (12.5 cm(2)/(V·s)) and a high on/off current ratio (10(5)). Furthermore, the MoS(2) transistors exhibited remarkably high mechanical flexibility, and no degradation in the electrical characteristics was observed when they were significantly bent to a curvature radius of 0.75 mm. The superior electrical performance and excellent pliability of MoS(2) films make them suitable for use in large-area flexible electronics.
TL;DR: A new series of environmentally extended multi-region input-output (MRIO) tables with applications in carbon, water, and ecological footprinting, and Life-Cycle Assessment, as well as trend and key driver analyses, significantly advances the previous state of art.
Abstract: We have developed a new series of environmentally extended multi-region input–output (MRIO) tables with applications in carbon, water, and ecological footprinting, and Life-Cycle Assessment, as well as trend and key driver analyses. Such applications have recently been at the forefront of global policy debates, such as about assigning responsibility for emissions embodied in internationally traded products. The new time series was constructed using advanced parallelized supercomputing resources, and significantly advances the previous state of art because of four innovations. First, it is available as a continuous 20-year time series of MRIO tables. Second, it distinguishes 187 individual countries comprising more than 15,000 industry sectors, and hence offers unsurpassed detail. Third, it provides information just 1–3 years delayed therefore significantly improving timeliness. Fourth, it presents MRIO elements with accompanying standard deviations in order to allow users to understand the reliability of ...
TL;DR: The effects of menarche and menopause on breast cancer risk might not be acting merely by lengthening women's total number of reproductive years, and endogenous ovarian hormones are more relevant for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for ostrogens receptor-negative disease and for lobular than for ductal tumours.
Abstract: BACKGROUND:Menarche and menopause mark the onset and cessation, respectively, of ovarian activity associated with reproduction, and affect breast cancer risk. Our aim was to assess the strengths of their effects and determine whether they depend on characteristics of the tumours or the affected women.METHODS:Individual data from 117 epidemiological studies, including 118 964 women with invasive breast cancer and 306 091 without the disease, none of whom had used menopausal hormone therapy, were included in the analyses. We calculated adjusted relative risks (RRs) associated with menarche and menopause for breast cancer overall, and by tumour histology and by oestrogen receptor expression.FINDINGS:Breast cancer risk increased by a factor of 1·050 (95% CI 1·044-1·057; p<0·0001) for every year younger at menarche, and independently by a smaller amount (1·029, 1·025-1·032; p<0·0001), for every year older at menopause. Premenopausal women had a greater risk of breast cancer than postmenopausal women of an identical age (RR at age 45-54 years 1·43, 1·33-1·52, p<0·001). All three of these associations were attenuated by increasing adiposity among postmenopausal women, but did not vary materially by women's year of birth, ethnic origin, childbearing history, smoking, alcohol consumption, or hormonal contraceptive use. All three associations were stronger for lobular than for ductal tumours (p<0·006 for each comparison). The effect of menopause in women of an identical age and trends by age at menopause were stronger for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease (p<0·01 for both comparisons).INTERPRETATION:The effects of menarche and menopause on breast cancer risk might not be acting merely by lengthening women's total number of reproductive years. Endogenous ovarian hormones are more relevant for oestrogen receptor-positive disease than for oestrogen receptor-negative disease and for lobular than for ductal tumours.
TL;DR: The ability of mammals to resist body fat accumulation is linked to their ability to expand the number and activity of brown-like adipocytes within white fat depots as mentioned in this paper, which can induce a functional “brown-like” adipocyte phenotype.
Abstract: The ability of mammals to resist body fat accumulation is linked to their ability to expand the number and activity of “brown adipocytes” within white fat depots. Activation of β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) can induce a functional “brown-like” adipocyte phenotype. As cardiac natriuretic peptides (NPs) and β-AR agonists are similarly potent at stimulating lipolysis in human adipocytes, we investigated whether NPs could induce human and mouse adipocytes to acquire brown adipocyte features, including a capacity for thermogenic energy expenditure mediated by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). In human adipocytes, atrial NP (ANP) and ventricular NP (BNP) activated PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and UCP1 expression, induced mitochondriogenesis, and increased uncoupled and total respiration. At low concentrations, ANP and β-AR agonists additively enhanced expression of brown fat and mitochondrial markers in a p38 MAPK–dependent manner. Mice exposed to cold temperatures had increased levels of circulating NPs as well as higher expression of NP signaling receptor and lower expression of the NP clearance receptor (Nprc) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT). NPR-C–/– mice had markedly smaller WAT and BAT depots but higher expression of thermogenic genes such as Ucp1. Infusion of BNP into mice robustly increased Ucp1 and Pgc-1α expression in WAT and BAT, with corresponding elevation of respiration and energy expenditure. These results suggest that NPs promote “browning” of white adipocytes to increase energy expenditure, defining the heart as a central regulator of adipose tissue biology.
German Cancer Research Center1, University of Toronto2, Harvard University3, Broad Institute4, University of British Columbia5, Heidelberg University6, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center7, Vanderbilt University8, Sanford-Burnham Institute for Medical Research9, Medical University of Vienna10, Curie Institute11, University of Lausanne12, Seoul National University13, Johns Hopkins University14, University of Lyon15, University of Pittsburgh16, University of Michigan17, University of Alabama at Birmingham18, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart19, Erasmus University Rotterdam20, Boston Children's Hospital21, University of Washington22, Masaryk University23, McMaster University24, Hamilton Health Sciences25, Duke University26, McGill University27, McGill University Health Centre28, Newcastle University29, University of California, San Francisco30, University of Debrecen31, Tohoku University32, Saint Louis University33, Washington University in St. Louis34, University of California, Los Angeles35, Emory University36, University of Cincinnati37, Kumamoto University38, Semmelweis University39, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences40, University of Naples Federico II41, Chonnam National University42, University of São Paulo43, University of Colorado Denver44, University of Ulsan45, University of Calgary46, Stanford University47
TL;DR: Somatic copy number aberrations (SCNAs) in 1,087 unique medulloblastomas are reported, including recurrent events targeting TGF-β signalling in Group 3, and NF-κB signalling in Groups 4, which suggest future avenues for rational, targeted therapy.
Abstract: Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant paediatric brain tumour, is currently treated with nonspecific cytotoxic therapies including surgery, whole-brain radiation, and aggressive chemotherapy. As medulloblastoma exhibits marked intertumoural heterogeneity, with at least four distinct molecular variants, previous attempts to identify targets for therapy have been underpowered because of small samples sizes. Here we report somatic copy number aberrations (SCNAs) in 1,087 unique medulloblastomas. SCNAs are common in medulloblastoma, and are predominantly subgroup-enriched. The most common region of focal copy number gain is a tandem duplication of SNCAIP, a gene associated with Parkinson's disease, which is exquisitely restricted to Group 4α. Recurrent translocations of PVT1, including PVT1-MYC and PVT1-NDRG1, that arise through chromothripsis are restricted to Group 3. Numerous targetable SCNAs, including recurrent events targeting TGF-β signalling in Group 3, and NF-κB signalling in Group 4, suggest future avenues for rational, targeted therapy.
TL;DR: This review summarizes recent publications about templated nanocarbons and their composites used for energy storage applications, including hydrogen storage, electrochemical capacitors, and lithium-ion batteries to clarify the true significance of the templations for each application.
Abstract: The template carbonization method is a powerful tool for producing carbon materials with precisely controlled structures at the nanometer level. The resulting templated nanocarbons exhibit extraordinarily unique (often ordered) structures that could never be produced by any of the conventional methods for carbon production. This review summarizes recent publications about templated nanocarbons and their composites used for energy storage applications, including hydrogen storage, electrochemical capacitors, and lithium-ion batteries. The main objective of this review is to clarify the true significance of the templated nanocarbons for each application. For this purpose, the performance characteristics of almost all templated nanocarbons reported thus far are listed and compared with those of conventional materials, so that the advantages/disadvantages of the templated nanocarbons are elucidated. From the practical point of view, the high production cost and poor mass-producibility of the templated nanocarbons make them rather difficult to utilize; however, the study of their unique, specific, and ordered structures enables a deeper insight into energy storage mechanisms and the guidelines for developing energy storage materials. Thus, another important purpose of this work is to establish such general guidelines and to propose future strategies for the production of carbon materials with improved performance for energy storage applications.
TL;DR: The systematic evolution of the electronic structure and comprehensive analysis of steady-state and transient PL along with photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectroscopy measurements indicate that two different types of electronically excited states are responsible for the observed emission characteristics.
Abstract: Graphene oxide (GO) is a graphene sheet modified with oxygen functional groups in the form of epoxy and hydroxy groups on the basal plane and various other types at the edges. It exhibits interesting steady-state photoluminescence (PL) properties. For example, low-energy fluorescence in red to near infrared (NIR) wavelengths (from 600– 1100 nm) has been detected for suspensions and solid thin films of as-synthesized GO. 3] In addition, broad luminescence from 400 to 800 nm from oxygen plasma-treated, mechanically exfoliated, single-layer graphene sheet has been reported. Blue fluorescence with a relatively narrow bandwidth when excited with UV irradiation has also been detected from chemically reduced GO (rGO) and graphene quantum dots. 6] Recently, chemically modified GO or rGO with n-butylamine or Mn has also demonstrated PL emission at a range of energies. 10] A detailed explanation of the origin of such variable energy PL in GO has yet to be elucidated. This is partly because the sample preparation and reduction methods varied, making it difficult to compare the results. Herein, we have prepared GO suspensions that exhibit virtually all of the PL features observed by different groups, through careful and gradual reduction of the GO. The systematic evolution of the electronic structure and comprehensive analysis of steady-state and transient PL along with photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectroscopy measurements indicate that two different types of electronically excited states are responsible for the observed emission characteristics. GO was synthesized using the modified Hummers method, the details of which have been reported. GO usually contains a large fraction of sp hybridized carbon atoms bound to oxygen functional groups, which makes it an insulator. Reduction can be achieved chemically (e.g. hydrazine exposure) or by thermal annealing in inert environments. Photothermal reduction of GO can be achieved by exposing GO samples to a Xenon flash in ambient conditions. In this study, we prepared aqueous GO solutions and subjected them to steady-state Xe lamp irradiation (500 W) with different exposure times of up to three hours. In contrast to reduction by an instantaneous flash, this method provides a controllable, gradual transformation from GO to rGO, allowing exploration of the PL evolution and emission mechanisms from as-synthesized GO to rGO. The deoxygenation of GO after reduction was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), as shown in Figure 1. The C 1s signals of the original GO can be deconvoluted into signals for the C=C bond in aromatic rings (284.6 eV), C O bond (286.1 eV), C=O bond (287.5 eV), and C(=O) OH bond (289.2 eV), in agreement with previous assignments. Increased sp carbon bonding with increased reduction time can be clearly measured, which
TL;DR: The results here give clear evidence of the utility of rutile-TiO(2) as a carbon-free coating layer to improve the kinetics of Li(4)Ti(5)O(12) toward fast lithium insertion/extraction.
Abstract: Well-defined Li4Ti5O12 nanosheets terminated with rutile-TiO2 at the edges were synthesized by a facile solution-based method and revealed directly at atomic resolution by an advanced spherical aberration imaging technique. The rutile-TiO2 terminated Li4Ti5O12 nanosheets show much improved rate capability and specific capacity compared with pure Li4Ti5O12 nanosheets when used as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. The results here give clear evidence of the utility of rutile-TiO2 as a carbon-free coating layer to improve the kinetics of Li4Ti5O12 toward fast lithium insertion/extraction. The carbon-free nanocoating of rutile-TiO2 is highly effective in improving the electrochemical properties of Li4Ti5O12, promising advanced batteries with high volumetric energy density, high surface stability, and long cycle life compared with the commonly used carbon nanocoating in electrode materials.
Tohoku University1, Nagoya University2, Applied Materials3, Kyoto University4, Eindhoven University of Technology5, University of Manchester6, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation7, Chevron Corporation8, University of Minnesota9, University of Toulouse10, General Electric11, University of Michigan12, Ruhr University Bochum13, Open University14
TL;DR: The 2012 plasma road map as mentioned in this paper provides guidance to the field by reviewing the major challenges of low-temperature plasma physics and their many sub-fields, as well as a review of the current state of the art in the field.
Abstract: Low-temperature plasma physics and technology are diverse and interdisciplinary fields. The plasma parameters can span many orders of magnitude and applications are found in quite different areas of daily life and industrial production. As a consequence, the trends in research, science and technology are difficult to follow and it is not easy to identify the major challenges of the field and their many sub-fields. Even for experts the road to the future is sometimes lost in the mist. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics is addressing this need for clarity and thus providing guidance to the field by this special Review article, The 2012 Plasma Roadmap.
TL;DR: The range of stresses Hsf1 monitors and elucidates a conserved cotranslational protein quality control mechanism is revealed and the RQC forms a stable complex with 60S ribosomal subunits containing stalled polypeptides and triggers their degradation.
TL;DR: This English version of the second edition of the Japanese Guidelines for Management of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus was made to share ideas with the international community and to promote international research on iNPH.
Abstract: Among the various disorders manifesting dementia, gait disturbance, and urinary incontinence in the elderly population, idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is becoming of great importance. After the publication of the first edition of the Guidelines for Management of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus in 2004 (the English version was published in 2008), clinical awareness of iNPH has risen dramatically, and the number of shunt surgeries has increased rapidly across Japan. Clinical and basic research on iNPH has increased significantly, and more high-level evidence has since been generated. The second edition of the Japanese Guidelines was thus published in July 2011, to provide a series of timely evidence-based recommendations related to iNPH. The revision of the Guidelines has been undertaken by a multidisciplinary expert working group of the Japanese Society of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus in conjunction with the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare research project on "Studies on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus." This English version of the second edition of the Guidelines was made to share these ideas with the international community and to promote international research on iNPH.
TL;DR: The observation of two narrow structures in the mass spectra of the π(±)Υ(nS) and π (±)h(b)(mP) pairs that are produced in association with a single charged pion in Υ(5S) decays is reported.
Abstract: We report the observation of two narrow structures in the mass spectra of the pi(+/-) Y(nS) (n = 1, 2, 3) and pi(+/-) h(b)(mP) (m = 1, 2) pairs that are produced in association with a single charged pion in Y(5S) decays The measured masses and widths of the two structures averaged over the five final states are M-1 = (10 6072 +/- 20) MeV/c(2), Gamma(1) =(184 +/- 24) MeV, and M-2 = (10 6522 +/- 15) MeV/c(2), Gamma(2) = (115 +/- 22) MeV The results are obtained with a 1214 fb(-1) data sample collected with the Belle detector in the vicinity of the Y(5S) resonance at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e(+)e(-) collider
Stanford University1, Rutgers University2, Johns Hopkins University3, Cornell University4, Fermilab5, University of California, Davis6, University of Oregon7, University of California, Berkeley8, Michigan State University9, University of Tokyo10, University of California, Santa Barbara11, Stony Brook University12, Boston University13, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne14, University of Pittsburgh15, Northwestern University16, Argonne National Laboratory17, Carleton University18, CERN19, University of Wisconsin-Madison20, Syracuse University21, Seoul National University22, Tohoku University23, Korea Institute for Advanced Study24, Harvard University25, University of Michigan26, Princeton University27, TRIUMF28, Florida State University29, University of California, San Diego30, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory31, University of Florida32, Massachusetts Institute of Technology33, University of Arizona34, University of California, Irvine35, University of Washington36, York University37, Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics38, University of Illinois at Chicago39, University of Zurich40, Yale University41, University of Hawaii at Manoa42, Austrian Academy of Sciences43, New York University44
TL;DR: A collection of simplified models relevant to the design of new-physics searches at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the characterization of their results is presented in this paper.
Abstract: This document proposes a collection of simplified models relevant to the design of new-physics searches at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the characterization of their results. Both ATLAS and CMS have already presented some results in terms of simplified models, and we encourage them to continue and expand this effort, which supplements both signature-based results and benchmark model interpretations. A simplified model is defined by an effective Lagrangian describing the interactions of a small number of new particles. Simplified models can equally well be described by a small number of masses and cross-sections. These parameters are directly related to collider physics observables, making simplified models a particularly effective framework for evaluating searches and a useful starting point for characterizing positive signals of new physics. This document serves as an official summary of the results from the 'Topologies for Early LHC Searches' workshop, held at SLAC in September of 2010, the purpose of which was to develop a set of representative models that can be used to cover all relevant phase space in experimental searches. Particular emphasis is placed on searches relevant for the first similar to 50-500 pb(-1) of data and those motivated by supersymmetric models. This note largely summarizes material posted at http://lhcnewphysics.org/, which includes simplified model definitions, Monte Carlo material, and supporting contacts within the theory community. We also comment on future developments that may be useful as more data is gathered and analyzed by the experiments.
Tokyo Institute of Technology1, Kogakuin University2, Goddard Space Flight Center3, Osaka University4, University of Louisville5, University of Hawaii6, Space Science Institute7, University of Cincinnati8, The Aerospace Corporation9, Valparaiso University10, Subaru11, Academia Sinica12, Ibaraki University13, Kanagawa University14, Nagoya University15, Princeton University16, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis17, Max Planck Society18, College of Charleston19, University of Tokyo20, Kyoto University21, Graduate University for Advanced Studies22, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial23, California Institute of Technology24, University of Amsterdam25, Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe26, Hokkaido University27, University of Washington28, Tohoku University29
TL;DR: In this article, high-resolution, H-band, imaging observations, collected with Subaru/HiCIAO, of the scattered light from the transitional disk around SAO 206462 (HD 135344B), reveal the presence of scattered light components as close as 0.2 (approx 28 AU).
Abstract: We present high-resolution, H-band, imaging observations, collected with Subaru/HiCIAO, of the scattered light from the transitional disk around SAO 206462 (HD 135344B). Although previous sub-mm imagery suggested the existence of the dust-depleted cavity at r approximates 46 AU, our observations reveal the presence of scattered light components as close as 0".2 (approx 28 AU) from the star. Moreover, we have discovered two small-scale spiral structures lying within 0".5 (approx 70 AU). We present models for the spiral structures using the spiral density wave theory, and derive a disk aspect ratio of h approx 0.1, which is consistent with previous sub-mm observations. This model can potentially give estimates of the temperature and rotation profiles of the disk based on dynamical processes, independently from sub-mm observations. It also predicts the evolution of the spiral structures, which can be observable on timescales of 10-20 years, providing conclusive tests of the model. While we cannot uniquely identify the origin of these spirals, planets embedded in the disk may be capable of exciting the observed morphology. Assuming that this is the case, we can make predictions on the locations and, possibly, the masses of the unseen planets. Such planets may be detected by future multi-wavelengths observations.
TL;DR: The results suggest that OsHMA2 plays a role in Zn and Cd loading to the xylem and participates in root-to-shoot translocation of these metals in rice.
Abstract: Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for plants and humans. Cadmium (Cd) is a Zn analog and one of the most toxic heavy metals to humans. Here we investigated the role of the Zn/Cd transporter OsHMA2. OsHMA2:GFP fusion protein localized to the plasma membrane in onion epidermal cells. The yeast expressing OsHMA2 was able to reverse the growth defect in the presence of excess Zn. The expression of OsHMA2 in rice was observed mainly in the roots where OsHMA2 transcripts were abundant in vascular bundles. Furthermore, Zn and Cd concentrations of OsHMA2-suppressed rice decreased in the leaves, while the Zn concentration increased in the roots compared with the wild type (WT). These results suggest that OsHMA2 plays a role in Zn and Cd loading to the xylem and participates in root-to-shoot translocation of these metals in rice. Furthermore, the Cd concentration in the grains of OsHMA2-overexpressing rice as well as in OsSUT1-promoter OsHMA2 rice decreased to about half that of the WT, although the other metal concentrations were the same as in the WT. A phenotype that reduces only the Cd concentration in rice grains will be very useful for transgenic approaches to food safety.
TL;DR: In this article, a tuned viscous mass damper (TVMD) was proposed for building systems, which uses a ball-screw mechanism to amplify an apparent mass amplifier using a fixed number of dampers.
Abstract: SUMMARY
In this study, we propose a new seismic control device, tuned viscous mass damper (TVMD), for building systems. We give a detailed description of an apparent mass amplifier using a ball-screw mechanism, which is one of the most important components for realizing the new device. We also derive a closed-form solution of an optimum seismic control design for a single-degree-of-freedom structure subjected to harmonic excitation. The performance of the new device is compared with those of the conventional viscous damper and viscous mass damper systems. The vibration control system using the TVMD is shown to be the most effective for linear structural systems with dampers having the same additional damping coefficient. The effectiveness of the TVMD for seismic excitation is verified by analyses and shake table tests with a small-scale TVMD. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: This classification is the result of a consultative process amongst pancreatologists from 49 countries spanning North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, and Africa and provides a set of concise up-to-date definitions of all the main entities pertinent to classifying the severity of acute pancreatitis in clinical practice and research.
Abstract: Objective To develop a new international classification of acute pancreatitis severity on the basis of a sound conceptual framework, comprehensive review of published evidence, and worldwide consultation. Background The Atlanta definitions of acute pancreatitis severity are ingrained in the lexicon of pancreatologists but suboptimal because these definitions are based on empiric description of occurrences that are merely associated with severity. Methods A personal invitation to contribute to the development of a new international classification of acute pancreatitis severity was sent to all surgeons, gastroenterologists, internists, intensivists, and radiologists who are currently active in clinical research on acute pancreatitis. The invitation was not limited to members of certain associations or residents of certain countries. A global Web-based survey was conducted and a dedicated international symposium was organized to bring contributors from different disciplines together and discuss the concept and definitions. Result The new international classification is based on the actual local and systemic determinants of severity, rather than description of events that are correlated with severity. The local determinant relates to whether there is (peri)pancreatic necrosis or not, and if present, whether it is sterile or infected. The systemic determinant relates to whether there is organ failure or not, and if present, whether it is transient or persistent. The presence of one determinant can modify the effect of another such that the presence of both infected (peri)pancreatic necrosis and persistent organ failure have a greater effect on severity than either determinant alone. The derivation of a classification based on the above principles results in 4 categories of severity-mild, moderate, severe, and critical. Conclusions This classification is the result of a consultative process amongst pancreatologists from 49 countries spanning North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, and Africa. It provides a set of concise up-to-date definitions of all the main entities pertinent to classifying the severity of acute pancreatitis in clinical practice and research. This ensures that the determinant-based classification can be used in a uniform manner throughout the world.