Institution
Tohoku University
Education•Sendai, Japan•
About: Tohoku University is a education organization based out in Sendai, Japan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Magnetization & Population. The organization has 72116 authors who have published 170791 publications receiving 3941714 citations. The organization is also known as: Tōhoku daigaku.
Topics: Magnetization, Population, Alloy, Amorphous solid, Amorphous metal
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: A conical Brewster prism without beam divergence owing to refraction is obtained by combining two prisms and a radially polarized TEM01* (R-TEM01*) mode laser beam was demonstrated when this prism was used inside a Nd:YAG laser cavity.
Abstract: To generate a radially polarized laser beam we designed and fabricated a new Brewster optical element that consists of convex and concave conical prisms The lateral surface of the convex conical prism was coated with a dielectric multilayer (SiO2 and Ta2O5) to enhance polarization selectivity By combining two prisms we obtained a conical Brewster prism without beam divergence owing to refraction A radially polarized TEM01*(R−TEM01*) mode laser beam was demonstrated when this prism was used inside a Nd:YAG laser cavity
342 citations
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Max Planck Society1, University of Maryland, Baltimore County2, University of California, Berkeley3, INAF4, University of Paris5, California Institute of Technology6, Harvard University7, University of Hawaii8, Space Telescope Science Institute9, ETH Zurich10, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris11, Tohoku University12, Ehime University13, University of Arizona14
TL;DR: In this paper, the discrepancy between estimates of the total baryon mass fraction obtained from observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and of galaxy groups/clusters persists when a large sample of groups is considered.
Abstract: We investigate if the discrepancy between estimates of the total baryon mass fraction obtained from observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and of galaxy groups/clusters persists when a large sample of groups is considered. To this purpose, 91 candidate X-ray groups/poor clusters at redshift 0.1 ≤ z ≤ 1 are selected from the COSMOS 2 deg^2 survey, based only on their X-ray luminosity and extent. This sample is complemented by 27 nearby clusters with a robust, analogous determination of the total and stellar mass inside R_(500). The total sample of 118 groups and clusters with z ≤ 1 spans a range in M_(500) of ~10^(13)-10^(15) M_☉. We find that the stellar mass fraction associated with galaxies at R_(500) decreases with increasing total mass as M^(–0.37 ± 0.04)_(500), independent of redshift. Estimating the total gas mass fraction from a recently derived, high-quality scaling relation, the total baryon mass fraction (f^(stars+gas)_(500) = f^(stars)_(500) + f^(gas)_(500)) is found to increase by ~25%, when M_(500) increases from = 5 × 10^(13) M_☉ to = 7 × 10^(14) M_☉. After consideration of a plausible contribution due to intracluster light (11%-22% of the total stellar mass) and gas depletion through the hierarchical assembly process (10% of the gas mass), the estimated values of the total baryon mass fraction are still lower than the latest CMB measure of the same quantity (WMAP5), at a significance level of 3.3σ for groups of = 5 × 10^(13) M_☉. The discrepancy decreases toward higher total masses, such that it is 1σ at = 7 × 10^(14) M_☉. We discuss this result in terms of nongravitational processes such as feedback and filamentary heating.
341 citations
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341 citations
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TL;DR: A brief introduction of the historical background of grain boundary engineering for structural and functional polycrystalline materials is presented in this article, where a new approach in terms of the grain boundary and interface engineering is discussed for the design and development of high performance materials with desirable bulk properties.
Abstract: A brief introduction of the historical background of grain boundary engineering for structural and functional polycrystalline materials is presented herewith. It has been emphasized that the accumulation of fundamental knowledge about the structure and properties of grain boundaries and interfaces has been extensively done by many researchers during the past one century. A new approach in terms of the concept of grain boundary and interface engineering is discussed for the design and development of high performance materials with desirable bulk properties. Recent advancements based on these concepts clearly demonstrate the high potential and general applicability of grain boundary engineering for various kinds of structural and functional materials. Future prospects of the grain boundary and interface engineering have been outlined, hoping that a new dimension will emerge pertaining to the discovery of new materials and the generation of a new property originating from the presence of grain boundaries and interfaces in advanced polycrystalline materials.
341 citations
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TL;DR: Comparison of data from functional assessments of the SC of the skin from various locations of healthy adults showed that transepidermal water loss, an indicator of SC barrier function, reflected the number of corneocyte cell layers, and high-frequency conductance, an indicators of the hydration state of the outer SC, did not seem to be under the influence simply of thenumber of SC cell layers.
Abstract: We counted the number of cell layers in the stratum corneum (SC) of normal skin taken from different anatomical locations of the body of 301 individuals of various ages. Frozen 6 microm thick sections were stained with a 1% aqueous solution of safranin and observed under a microscope after application of 2% KOH solution. There were great variations in the number of SC cell layers (mean +/- SD) according to location and among different individuals. The smallest number was found in genital skin (6 +/- 2), followed in order by skin of the face (9 +/- 2), neck (10 +/- 2), scalp (12 +/- 2), trunk (13 +/- 4), extremities (15 +/- 4) and the palms and soles (47 +/- 24). The heel showed the largest number (86 +/- 36). No definite correlation was found between the number of corneocyte layers and sex of the individual, whereas there was a slight increase in the number of SC layers with age in the skin of the cheek and back, particularly in male individuals. Comparison of these data with those from functional assessments of the SC of the skin from various locations of healthy adults showed that transepidermal water loss, an indicator of SC barrier function, reflected the number of corneocyte cell layers. In contrast, high-frequency conductance, an indicator of the hydration state of the outer SC, did not seem to be under the influence simply of the number of SC cell layers.
341 citations
Authors
Showing all 72477 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
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John Q. Trojanowski | 226 | 1467 | 213948 |
Aaron R. Folsom | 181 | 1118 | 134044 |
Marc G. Caron | 173 | 674 | 99802 |
Masayuki Yamamoto | 171 | 1576 | 123028 |
Kenji Watanabe | 167 | 2359 | 129337 |
Rodney S. Ruoff | 164 | 666 | 194902 |
Frederik Barkhof | 154 | 1449 | 104982 |
Takashi Taniguchi | 152 | 2141 | 110658 |
Yoshio Bando | 147 | 1234 | 80883 |
Thomas P. Russell | 141 | 1012 | 80055 |
Ali Khademhosseini | 140 | 887 | 76430 |
Marco Colonna | 139 | 512 | 71166 |
David H. Barlow | 133 | 786 | 72730 |
Lin Gu | 130 | 868 | 56157 |
Yoichiro Iwakura | 129 | 705 | 64041 |