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Showing papers by "Tokyo Institute of Technology published in 2004"


Journal ArticleDOI
25 Nov 2004-Nature
TL;DR: A novel semiconducting material is proposed—namely, a transparent amorphous oxide semiconductor from the In-Ga-Zn-O system (a-IGZO)—for the active channel in transparent thin-film transistors (TTFTs), which are fabricated on polyethylene terephthalate sheets and exhibit saturation mobilities and device characteristics are stable during repetitive bending of the TTFT sheet.
Abstract: Transparent electronic devices formed on flexible substrates are expected to meet emerging technological demands where silicon-based electronics cannot provide a solution. Examples of active flexible applications include paper displays and wearable computers1. So far, mainly flexible devices based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H)2,3,4,5 and organic semiconductors2,6,7,8,9,10 have been investigated. However, the performance of these devices has been insufficient for use as transistors in practical computers and current-driven organic light-emitting diode displays. Fabricating high-performance devices is challenging, owing to a trade-off between processing temperature and device performance. Here, we propose to solve this problem by using a novel semiconducting material—namely, a transparent amorphous oxide semiconductor from the In-Ga-Zn-O system (a-IGZO)—for the active channel in transparent thin-film transistors (TTFTs). The a-IGZO is deposited on polyethylene terephthalate at room temperature and exhibits Hall effect mobilities exceeding 10 cm2 V-1 s-1, which is an order of magnitude larger than for hydrogenated amorphous silicon. TTFTs fabricated on polyethylene terephthalate sheets exhibit saturation mobilities of 6–9 cm2 V-1 s-1, and device characteristics are stable during repetitive bending of the TTFT sheet.

7,301 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a new technique to fabricate p-type ZnO reproducibly, and showed high-quality undoped films with electron mobility exceeding that in the bulk.
Abstract: Since the successful demonstration of a blue light-emitting diode (LED)1, potential materials for making short-wavelength LEDs and diode lasers have been attracting increasing interest as the demands for display, illumination and information storage grow2,3,4. Zinc oxide has substantial advantages including large exciton binding energy, as demonstrated by efficient excitonic lasing on optical excitation5,6. Several groups have postulated the use of p-type ZnO doped with nitrogen, arsenic or phosphorus7,8,9,10, and even p–n junctions11,12,13. However, the choice of dopant and growth technique remains controversial and the reliability of p-type ZnO is still under debate14. If ZnO is ever to produce long-lasting and robust devices, the quality of epitaxial layers has to be improved as has been the protocol in other compound semiconductors15. Here we report high-quality undoped films with electron mobility exceeding that in the bulk. We have used a new technique to fabricate p-type ZnO reproducibly. Violet electroluminescence from homostructural p–i–n junctions is demonstrated at room-temperature.

1,964 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
07 May 2004-Science
TL;DR: Results demonstrate that MgSiO3 perovskite transforms to a new high-pressure form with stacked SiO6-octahedral sheet structure above 125 gigapascals and 2500 kelvin (2700-kilometer depth near the base of the mantle) with an increase in density of 1.0 to 1.2%.
Abstract: In situ x-ray diffraction measurements of MgSiO3 were performed at high pressure and temperature similar to the conditions at Earth9s core-mantle boundary. Results demonstrate that MgSiO3 perovskite transforms to a new high-pressure form with stacked SiO6-octahedral sheet structure above 125 gigapascals and 2500 kelvin (2700-kilometer depth near the base of the mantle) with an increase in density of 1.0 to 1.2%. The origin of the D″ seismic discontinuity may be attributed to this post-perovskite phase transition. The new phase may have large elastic anisotropy and develop preferred orientation with platy crystal shape in the shear flow that can cause strong seismic anisotropy below the D″ discontinuity.

1,211 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results of clinical tests in colonoscopy and esophagoscopy indicated that NBI will be useful as a supporting method for observation of the endoscopic findings of early cancer.
Abstract: This study was performed to examine the usefulness of medical endoscopic imaging utilizing narrow-band illumination. The contrast between the vascular pattern and the adjacent mucosa of the underside of the human tongue was measured using five narrow-band illuminations and three broadband illuminations. The results demon- strate that the pathological features of a vascular pattern are depen- dent on the center wavelength and the bandwidth of illumination. By utilizing narrow-band illumination of 415630 nm, the contrast of the capillary pattern in the superficial layer was markedly improved. This is an important benefit that is difficult to obtain with ordinary broad- band illumination. The appearances of capillary patterns on color im- ages were evaluated for three sets of filters. The narrow, band imaging (NBI) filter set (415630 nm, 445630 nm, 500630 nm) was selected to achieve the preferred appearance of the vascular patterns for clini- cal tests. The results of clinical tests in colonoscopy and esophagos- copy indicated that NBI will be useful as a supporting method for observation of the endoscopic findings of early cancer. © 2004 Society of

858 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
S. S. Adler1, S. Afanasiev2, Christine Angela Aidala1, N. N. Ajitanand3  +337 moreInstitutions (41)
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the centrality dependence of transverse momentum distributions and particle yields at the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (HIC).
Abstract: The centrality dependence of transverse momentum distributions and yields for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}},{K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}},p$, and $\overline{p}$ in $\text{Au}+\text{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{NN}}=200\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{GeV}$ at midrapidity are measured by the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. We observe a clear particle mass dependence of the shapes of transverse momentum spectra in central collisions below $\ensuremath{\sim}2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{GeV}∕c$ in ${p}_{T}$. Both mean transverse momenta and particle yields per participant pair increase from peripheral to midcentral and saturate at the most central collisions for all particle species. We also measure particle ratios of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}∕{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$, ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}∕{K}^{+}$, $\overline{p}∕p$, $K∕\ensuremath{\pi}$, $p∕\ensuremath{\pi}$, and $\overline{p}∕\ensuremath{\pi}$ as a function of ${p}_{T}$ and collision centrality. The ratios of equal mass particle yields are independent of ${p}_{T}$ and centrality within the experimental uncertainties. In central collisions at intermediate transverse momenta $\ensuremath{\sim}1.5--4.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{GeV}∕c$, proton and antiproton yields constitute a significant fraction of the charged hadron production and show a scaling behavior different from that of pions.

622 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
29 Jul 2004-Nature
TL;DR: High resolution analysis of cohesin association along budding yeast chromosomes III–VI finds that active transcription positions cohesIn at these sites, not the underlying DNA sequence, is found, suggesting that it is a common feature of eukaryotic chromosomes.
Abstract: Sister chromatids, the products of eukaryotic DNA replication, are held together by the chromosomal cohesin complex after their synthesis. This allows the spindle in mitosis to recognize pairs of replication products for segregation into opposite directions. Cohesin forms large protein rings that may bind DNA strands by encircling them, but the characterization of cohesin binding to chromosomes in vivo has remained vague. We have performed high resolution analysis of cohesin association along budding yeast chromosomes III-VI. Cohesin localizes almost exclusively between genes that are transcribed in converging directions. We find that active transcription positions cohesin at these sites, not the underlying DNA sequence. Cohesin is initially loaded onto chromosomes at separate places, marked by the Scc2/Scc4 cohesin loading complex, from where it appears to slide to its more permanent locations. But even after sister chromatid cohesion is established, changes in transcription lead to repositioning of cohesin. Thus the sites of cohesin binding and therefore probably sister chromatid cohesion, a key architectural feature of mitotic chromosomes, display surprising flexibility. Cohesin localization to places of convergent transcription is conserved in fission yeast, suggesting that it is a common feature of eukaryotic chromosomes.

598 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
12 Aug 2004-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that during northward solar-wind magnetic field conditions—in the absence of active reconnection at low latitudes—there is aSolar-wind transport mechanism associated with the nonlinear phase of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability that can supply plasma sources for various space weather phenomena.
Abstract: Establishing the mechanisms by which the solar wind enters Earth's magnetosphere is one of the biggest goals of magnetospheric physics, as it forms the basis of space weather phenomena such as magnetic storms and aurorae1. It is generally believed that magnetic reconnection is the dominant process, especially during southward solar-wind magnetic field conditions when the solar-wind and geomagnetic fields are antiparallel at the low-latitude magnetopause2. But the plasma content in the outer magnetosphere increases during northward solar-wind magnetic field conditions3,4, contrary to expectation if reconnection is dominant. Here we show that during northward solar-wind magnetic field conditions—in the absence of active reconnection at low latitudes—there is a solar-wind transport mechanism associated with the nonlinear phase of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability5. This can supply plasma sources for various space weather phenomena.

597 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present new correlations for assessment of the likelihood of initiation (or triggering) of soil liquefaction, which eliminate several sources of bias intrinsic to previous, similar correlations, and provide greatly reduced overall uncertainty and variance.
Abstract: This paper presents new correlations for assessment of the likelihood of initiation (or “triggering”) of soil liquefaction. These new correlations eliminate several sources of bias intrinsic to previous, similar correlations, and provide greatly reduced overall uncertainty and variance. Key elements in the development of these new correlations are (1) accumulation of a significantly expanded database of field performance case histories; (2) use of improved knowledge and understanding of factors affecting interpretation of standard penetration test data; (3) incorporation of improved understanding of factors affecting site-specific earthquake ground motions (including directivity effects, site-specific response, etc.); (4) use of improved methods for assessment of in situ cyclic shear stress ratio; (5) screening of field data case histories on a quality/uncertainty basis; and (6) use of high-order probabilistic tools (Bayesian updating). The resulting relationships not only provide greatly reduced uncertai...

554 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the apparent dependence of detection frequency of extrasolar planets on the metallicity of their host stars is investigated with Monte Carlo simulations using a deterministic core-accretion planet formation model.
Abstract: The apparent dependence of detection frequency of extrasolar planets on the metallicity of their host stars is investigated with Monte Carlo simulations using a deterministic core-accretion planet formation model. According to this model, gas giants formed and acquired their mass Mp through planetesimal coagulation followed by the emergence of cores onto which gas is accreted. These protoplanets migrate and attain their asymptotic semimajor axis a through tidal interaction with their nascent disk. Based on the observed properties of protostellar disks, we generate an Mp-a distribution. Our results reproduce the observed lack of planets with intermediate mass Mp = 10-100 M⊕ and a 3 AU and with large mass Mp 103 M⊕ and a 0.2 AU. Based on the simulated Mp-a distributions, we also evaluate the metallicity dependence of the fraction of stars harboring planets that are detectable with current radial velocity surveys. If protostellar disks attain the same fraction of heavy elements as contained in their host stars, the detection probability around metal-rich stars would be greatly enhanced because protoplanetary cores formed in them can grow to several Earth masses prior to their depletion. These large masses are required for the cores to initiate rapid gas accretion and to transform into giant planets. The theoretically extrapolated metallicity dependence is consistent with the observations. This correlation does not arise naturally in the gravitational-instability scenario. We also suggest other metallicity dependences of the planet distributions that can be tested by ongoing observations.

536 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that G2-phase repair also requires the presence of cohesin at the damage site, and evidence is provided that DSB induction elicits establishment of sister chromatid cohesion in G2, implicating that damage-recruited cohes in facilitates DNA repair by tethering chromatids.

Journal ArticleDOI
Y. Ashie1, J. Hosaka1, K. Ishihara1, Yoshitaka Itow1, J. Kameda1, Yusuke Koshio1, A. Minamino1, C. Mitsuda1, M. Miura1, Shigetaka Moriyama1, Masayuki Nakahata1, Toshio Namba1, R. Nambu1, Y. Obayashi1, Masato Shiozawa1, Yasunari Suzuki1, Y. Takeuchi1, K. Taki1, Shinya Yamada1, Masaki Ishitsuka1, Takaaki Kajita1, K. Kaneyuki1, Shoei Nakayama1, A. Okada1, Ko Okumura1, T. Ooyabu1, C. Saji1, Y. Takenaga1, Shantanu Desai2, E. Kearns2, S. Likhoded2, J. L. Stone2, L. R. Sulak2, C. W. Walter2, W. Wang2, M. Goldhaber3, David William Casper4, J. P. Cravens4, W. Gajewski4, W. R. Kropp4, D. W. Liu4, S. Mine4, Michael B. Smy4, H. W. Sobel4, C. W. Sterner4, Mark R. Vagins4, K. S. Ganezer5, John Hill5, W. E. Keig5, J. S. Jang6, J. Y. Kim6, I. T. Lim6, R. W. Ellsworth7, S. Tasaka8, G. Guillian, A. Kibayashi, John G. Learned, S. Matsuno, D. Takemori, M. D. Messier9, Y. Hayato, A. K. Ichikawa, T. Ishida, T. Ishii, T. Iwashita, T. Kobayashi, Tomoyuki Maruyama, K. Nakamura, K. Nitta, Yuichi Oyama, Makoto Sakuda, Y. Totsuka, Atsumu Suzuki10, Masaya Hasegawa11, K. Hayashi11, T. Inagaki11, I. Kato11, H. Maesaka11, Taichi Morita11, Tsuyoshi Nakaya11, K. Nishikawa11, T. Sasaki11, S. Ueda11, Shoji Yamamoto11, Todd Haines12, Todd Haines4, S. Dazeley13, S. Hatakeyama13, R. Svoboda13, E. Blaufuss14, J. A. Goodman14, G. W. Sullivan14, D. Turcan14, Kate Scholberg15, Alec Habig16, Y. Fukuda17, C. K. Jung18, T. Kato18, Katsuhiro Kobayashi18, Magdalena Malek18, C. Mauger18, C. McGrew18, A. Sarrat18, E. Sharkey18, C. Yanagisawa18, T. Toshito19, Kazumasa Miyano20, N. Tamura20, J. Ishii21, Y. Kuno21, Y. Nagashima21, M. Takita21, Minoru Yoshida21, S. B. Kim22, J. Yoo22, H. Okazawa, T. Ishizuka23, Y. Choi24, H. Seo24, Y. Gando25, Takehisa Hasegawa25, Kunio Inoue25, J. Shirai25, A. Suzuki25, Masatoshi Koshiba1, Y. Nakajima26, Kyoshi Nishijima26, T. Harada27, Hirokazu Ishino27, R. Nishimura27, Y. Watanabe27, D. Kielczewska28, D. Kielczewska4, J. Zalipska28, H. G. Berns29, R. Gran29, K. K. Shiraishi29, A. L. Stachyra29, K. Washburn29, R. J. Wilkes29 
TL;DR: A dip in the L/E distribution was observed in the data, as predicted from the sinusoidal flavor transition probability of neutrino oscillation, which constrained nu(micro)<-->nu(tau) neutrinos oscillation parameters.
Abstract: Muon neutrino disappearance probability as a function of neutrino flight length $L$ over neutrino energy $E$ was studied. A dip in the $L/E$ distribution was observed in the data, as predicted from the sinusoidal flavor transition probability of neutrino oscillation. The observed $L/E$ distribution constrained ${\ensuremath{ u}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{\ensuremath{ u}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ neutrino oscillation parameters; $1.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}l\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}^{2}l3.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}}^{2}$ and ${sin }^{2}2\ensuremath{\theta}g0.90$ at 90% confidence level.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Population-based comparisons confirmed that present-day Japanese have their closest genetic affinity to northern Asian populations, especially to Koreans, which finding is congruent with the proposed Continental gene flow to Japan after the Yayoi period.
Abstract: To construct an East Asia mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) phylogeny, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genomes of 672 Japanese individuals (http://www.giib.or.jp/mtsnp/index_e.html). This allowed us to perform a phylogenetic analysis with a pool of 942 Asiatic sequences. New clades and subclades emerged from the Japanese data. On the basis of this unequivocal phylogeny, we classified 4713 Asian partial mitochondrial sequences, with <10% ambiguity. Applying population and phylogeographic methods, we used these sequences to shed light on the controversial issue of the peopling of Japan. Population-based comparisons confirmed that present-day Japanese have their closest genetic affinity to northern Asian populations, especially to Koreans, which finding is congruent with the proposed Continental gene flow to Japan after the Yayoi period. This phylogeographic approach unraveled a high degree of differentiation in Paleolithic Japanese. Ancient southern and northern migrations were detected based on the existence of basic M and N lineages in Ryukyuans and Ainu. Direct connections with Tibet, parallel to those found for the Y-chromosome, were also apparent. Furthermore, the highest diversity found in Japan for some derived clades suggests that Japan could be included in an area of migratory expansion to Continental Asia. All the theories that have been proposed up to now to explain the peopling of Japan seem insufficient to accommodate fully this complex picture.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The hydrogen bond in polymer blends is an interesting and important subject of research as its presence usually enhances the miscibility of the blend as discussed by the authors, and methods to incorporate interassociated hydrogen bonds into immiscible blends are reviewed, based on work over the last twenty or so years.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an alternating current (ac) magnetic susceptibility and magnetization hysteresis loop measurements have been carried out for anionic bis(phthalocyaninato)terbium and bis (phthalocyclichenato)dysprosium and it has been found that the magnetization relaxation in the Tb complex is dominated by the two-phonon Orbach process in the temperature range 25−40 K and direct or Raman process below 25 K.
Abstract: Alternating current (ac) magnetic susceptibility and magnetization hysteresis loop measurements have been carried out for anionic bis(phthalocyaninato)terbium and bis(phthalocyaninato)dysprosium. The two mononuclear lanthanide complexes show the characteristic temperature and frequency dependence in the ac susceptibility signals, reflecting their slow magnetization relaxation. From the Arrhenius analysis of the ac susceptibility data obtained for a diluted sample in a diamagnetic matrix, it has been found that the magnetization relaxation in the Tb complex is dominated by the two-phonon Orbach process in the temperature range 25−40 K and direct or Raman process below 25 K. In the Dy complex case, the Orbach process is the main relaxation process in the range 3−12 K. The Δ values in the Orbach term, corresponding to the height of the potential energy barrier to magnetic moment reversal, are in good agreement with the energy differences between the lowest and second lowest substates of the ground multiplet ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The fast-growing field of combinatorial materials science, with an emphasis on inorganic functional materials is reviewed, aided by innovative rapid characterization tools, and by advanced materials synthesis techniques such as laser molecular beam epitaxy.
Abstract: Throughout history, scientists and engineers have relied on the slow and serendipitous trial-and-error process for discovering and developing new materials. In contrast, an emerging theme in modern materials science is the notion of intelligent design of materials. Pioneered by the pharmaceutical industry and adapted for the purposes of materials science and engineering, the combinatorial approach represents a watershed in the process of accelerated discovery, development and optimization of materials. To survey large compositional landscapes rapidly, thousands of compositionally varying samples may be synthesized, processed and screened in a single experiment. Recent developments have been aided by innovative rapid characterization tools, and by advanced materials synthesis techniques such as laser molecular beam epitaxy which can be used to perform parallel-processed design and control of materials down to the atomic scale. Here we review the fast-growing field of combinatorial materials science, with an emphasis on inorganic functional materials.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that light impinging on isolated subwavelength holes in real metal film, in this case Ag, excite localized surface plasmon modes on the aperture ridge, which gives rise to optical tunneling with unexpected enhanced transmission peaks and directionality.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the postspinel transformation boundary in Mg2SiO4 was determined by combining quench technique with in situ pressure measurements, using multiple internal pressure standards including Au, MgO, and Pt.
Abstract: [1] We have determined the postspinel transformation boundary in Mg2SiO4 by combining quench technique with in situ pressure measurements, using multiple internal pressure standards including Au, MgO, and Pt. The experimentally determined boundary is in general agreement with previous in situ measurements in which the Au scale of Anderson et al. [1989] was used to calculate pressure: Using this pressure scale, it occurs at significantly lower pressures compared to that corresponding to the 660-km seismic discontinuity. In this study, we also report new experimental data on the transformation boundary determined using MgO as an internal standard. The results show that the transition boundary is located at pressures close to the 660-km discontinuity using the MgO pressure scale of Speziale et al. [2001] and can be represented by a linear equation, P(GPa) = 25.12 − 0.0013T(°C). The Clapeyron slope for the postspinel transition boundary is precisely determined and is significantly less negative than previous estimates. Our results, based on the MgO pressure scale, support the conventional hypothesis that the postspinel transformation is responsible for the observed 660-km seismic discontinuity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered small planets with no disk gap around their orbits and proposed a model to investigate three-dimensional density waves excited by planets on elliptical and inclined orbits in isothermal protoplanetary disks.
Abstract: We perform linear calculations to investigate three-dimensional density waves excited by planets on elliptical and inclined orbits in isothermal protoplanetary disks. We consider small planets that have no disk gap around their orbits. Eccentricities and inclinations of planets are assumed to be smaller than the disk aspect ratio. This is reasonable for planets with no disk gap. The density wave excited by a planet with nonzero small eccentricity e and inclination i is decomposed into three components: the waves by a planet with e = i = 0, the eccentricity waves, and the bending waves. The eccentricity waves are related to the noncircular motion of the planet, while the bending waves are excited by the motion normal to the equatorial plane. In our formulation, these waves are described by the same wave equations, and only the perturbing potentials are different. We numerically solve the wave equations and calculate the force exerted on the planet by the waves. The force is not parallel to the velocity of the epicycle motion. From the force obtained, we also find the evolution rates in the eccentricity, the inclination, and the longitudes of the perihelion and the ascending node. The characteristic evolution time of these orbital elements is about 300(r/1 AU)2 yr for Earth-sized planets in the minimum-mass nebula disk. Eccentricity damping is caused by eccentricity waves, while inclination damping is due to bending waves for planets with small eccentricities and inclinations and with no disk gap. This means that to lowest order there is no coupling between the evolutions of the eccentricity and the inclination.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a huge kinetic difference in olivine Li x MPO 4 (M = Fe,Mn) is demonstrated in a quantitative manner, and the current relaxation to the stepwise anodic overvoltage (chronoamperometry) is measured for the Li x FePO 4 and Li x MnPO 4 under identical extrinsic conditions, which are carefully controlled and confirmed using Rietveld refinement for the X-ray diffraction profiles, direct texture observation by scanning electron microscope, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area measurements,
Abstract: A huge kinetic difference in olivine Li x MPO 4 (M = Fe,Mn) is demonstrated in a quantitative manner. Galvanostatic discharge profiles and the current relaxation to the stepwise anodic overvoltage (chronoamperometry) are comparatively measured for the Li x FePO 4 and Li x MnPO 4 under identical extrinsic conditions, which are carefully controlled and confirmed using Rietveld refinement for the X-ray diffraction profiles, direct texture observation by scanning electron microscope, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area measurements, and tap density measurements. The current durability for Li x MnPO 4 is orders-of-magnitude inferior to that of Li x FePO 4 , the origin of which is clearly attributed to their intrinsic crystallographic and transport property differences. Heavy polaronic holes localized on the Mn 3+ sites are suggested as an important rate-limiting factor. In spite of the higher open-circuit voltage of Mn 3+ /Mn 2+ (4.05 V) compared to that of Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ (3.45 V) in the olivine framework, the abnormally large polarization may eliminate pure LiMnP0 4 as a practical lithium battery cathode due to much lower effective energy density than LiFePO 4 .

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: More than 20 recognized ultrahigh pressure (UHP) terranes have been documented; these occurrences demonstrate that not only is continental crust subducted to depths as great as 150 km, but also that some supracrustal rocks were then exhumed to the earth's surface as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Continental crust (density ~2.8 g·cm-3) resists subduction into the earth's mantle (~3.3 g·cm-3) because of buoyancy. However, more than 20 recognized ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terranes have been documented; these occurrences demonstrate that not only is continental crust subducted to depths as great as 150 km, but also that some supracrustal rocks were then exhumed to the earth's surface. UHP terranes are composed of mainly supracrustal rocks that contain minor amounts of minerals such as coesite or diamond, indicative of P > 2.5 GPa. In general, quartzofeldspathic units are thoroughly back reacted, and only mafic eclogite lenses and boudins retain scattered UHP phases. These index minerals are restricted to micron-scale inclusions in chemically and mechanically resistant zircon, garnet, and a few other strong container minerals, and are difficult to identify by conventional petrologic studies. The continental rocks were subjected to UHP metamorphism at T ranging from ~700 to 950°C and P > 2.8 to 5.0 GPa,...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Figure Crystal structure of sphere 2b shows the structure of Finite, Spherical Coordination Networks that Self-Organize from 36 Small Components as well as counterions and solvent.
Abstract: Figure Crystal structure of sphere 2b. Counterions and solvent are omitted for clarity. NW2/ 2003G186 Finite, Spherical Coordination Networks that Self-Organize from 36 Small Components Masahide Tominaga, Keisuke Suzuki, Masaki Kawano, Takahiro Kusukawa, Tomoji Ozeki, Shigeru Sakamoto, Kentaro Yamaguchi, and Makoto Fujita* 1 Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan 2 Department of Chemistry and Materials Science. Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan 3 Chemical Analysis Center, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522 (Japan)

Journal ArticleDOI
17 Sep 2004-Science
TL;DR: On the basis of recent observations of star-forming regions and models of accreting protoplanetary disks, it is suggested that anomalous oxygen isotopic compositions may originate in a parent molecular cloud by ultraviolet photodissociation processes.
Abstract: Meteorites and their components have anomalous oxygen isotopic compositions characterized by large variations in 18O/16O and 17O/16O ratios. On the basis of recent observations of star-forming regions and models of accreting protoplanetary disks, we suggest that these variations may originate in a parent molecular cloud by ultraviolet photodissociation processes. Materials with anomalous isotopic compositions were then transported into the solar nebula by icy dust grains during the collapse of the cloud. The icy dust grains drifted toward the Sun in the disk, and their subsequent evaporation resulted in the 17O- and 18O-enrichment of the inner disk gas.

Journal ArticleDOI
Tadashi Imanishi1, Takeshi Itoh1, Yutaka Suzuki2, Claire O'Donovan3  +164 moreInstitutions (42)
TL;DR: The H-InvDB as discussed by the authors is a database of 41,118 full-length cDNAs that capture the gene transcripts as complete functional cassettes, providing an unequivocal report of structural and functional diversity at the gene level.
Abstract: The human genome sequence defines our inherent biological potential; the realization of the biology encoded therein requires knowledge of the function of each gene. Currently, our knowledge in this area is still limited. Several lines of investigation have been used to elucidate the structure and function of the genes in the human genome. Even so, gene prediction remains a difficult task, as the varieties of transcripts of a gene may vary to a great extent. We thus performed an exhaustive integrative characterization of 41,118 full-length cDNAs that capture the gene transcripts as complete functional cassettes, providing an unequivocal report of structural and functional diversity at the gene level. Our international collaboration has validated 21,037 human gene candidates by analysis of high-quality full-length cDNA clones through curation using unified criteria. This led to the identification of 5,155 new gene candidates. It also manifested the most reliable way to control the quality of the cDNA clones. We have developed a human gene database, called the H-Invitational Database (H-InvDB; http://www.h-invitational.jp/). It provides the following: integrative annotation of human genes, description of gene structures, details of novel alternative splicing isoforms, non-protein-coding RNAs, functional domains, subcellular localizations, metabolic pathways, predictions of protein three-dimensional structure, mapping of known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), identification of polymorphic microsatellite repeats within human genes, and comparative results with mouse full-length cDNAs. The H-InvDB analysis has shown that up to 4% of the human genome sequence (National Center for Biotechnology Information build 34 assembly) may contain misassembled or missing regions. We found that 6.5% of the human gene candidates (1,377 loci) did not have a good protein-coding open reading frame, of which 296 loci are strong candidates for non-protein-coding RNA genes. In addition, among 72,027 uniquely mapped SNPs and insertions/deletions localized within human genes, 13,215 nonsynonymous SNPs, 315 nonsense SNPs, and 452 indels occurred in coding regions. Together with 25 polymorphic microsatellite repeats present in coding regions, they may alter protein structure, causing phenotypic effects or resulting in disease. The H-InvDB platform represents a substantial contribution to resources needed for the exploration of human biology and pathology.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of transparent oxide optoelectronic devices based on their efforts focusing on transparent thin-film transistors fabricated from single-crystalline films of InGaO3(ZnO)5 with a natural superlattice structure is presented.

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Shantanu Desai1, Y. Ashie2, S. Fukuda2, Y. Fukuda2, K. Ishihara2, Yoshitaka Itow2, Yusuke Koshio2, A. Minamino2, M. Miura2, Shigetaka Moriyama2, Masayuki Nakahata2, Toshio Namba2, R. Nambu2, Y. Obayashi2, Nobuyuki Sakurai2, Masato Shiozawa2, Yoshihiro Suzuki2, H. Takeuchi2, Y. Takeuchi2, Shinya Yamada2, M. Ishitsuka2, Takaaki Kajita2, K. Kaneyuki2, Shoei Nakayama2, A. Okada2, T. Ooyabu2, C. Saji2, M. Earl1, E. Kearns1, J. L. Stone1, Lawrence Sulak1, C. W. Walter1, W. Wang1, M. Goldhaber3, T. Barszczak4, David William Casper4, J. P. Cravens4, W. Gajewski4, W. R. Kropp4, S. Mine4, D. W. Liu4, Michael B. Smy4, H. W. Sobel4, C. W. Sterner4, Mark R. Vagins4, K. S. Ganezer5, John Hill5, W. E. Keig5, J. Y. Kim6, I. T. Lim6, R. W. Ellsworth7, S. Tasaka8, G. Guillian, A. Kibayashi, J. G. Learned, S. Matsuno, D. Takemori, M. D. Messier9, Y. Hayato, A. K. Ichikawa, T. Ishida, T. Ishii, T. Iwashita, J. Kameda, T. Kobayashi, Tomoyuki Maruyama, Kenzo Nakamura, K. Nitta, Yuichi Oyama, Makoto Sakuda, Y. Totsuka, Atsumu Suzuki10, Masaya Hasegawa11, K. Hayashi11, T. Inagaki11, I. Kato11, H. Maesaka11, Taichi Morita11, Tsuyoshi Nakaya11, K. Nishikawa11, T. Sasaki11, S. Ueda11, Shoji Yamamoto11, Todd Haines4, Todd Haines12, S. Dazeley13, S. Hatakeyama13, R. Svoboda13, E. Blaufuss14, J. A. Goodman14, G. W. Sullivan14, D. Turcan14, Kate Scholberg15, Alec Habig16, C. K. Jung17, T. Kato17, Katsuhiro Kobayashi17, Magdalena Malek17, C. Mauger17, C. McGrew17, A. Sarrat17, E. Sharkey17, C. Yanagisawa17, T. Toshito18, C. Mitsuda19, Kazumasa Miyano19, T. Shibata19, Y. Kajiyama20, Y. Nagashima20, M. Takita20, Minoru Yoshida20, Hyosun Kim21, S. B. Kim21, J. Yoo21, H. Okazawa, T. Ishizuka22, Y. Choi23, H. Seo23, Y. Gando24, Takehisa Hasegawa24, Kunio Inoue24, J. Shirai24, A. Suzuki24, Masatoshi Koshiba2, T. Hashimoto25, Y. Nakajima25, Kyoshi Nishijima25, T. Harada26, Hirokazu Ishino26, Mikio Morii26, R. Nishimura26, Y. Watanabe26, D. Kielczewska4, D. Kielczewska27, J. Zalipska27, R. Gran28, K. K. Shiraishi28, K. Washburn28, R. J. Wilkes28 
TL;DR: The results of indirect searches for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) with 1679.6 live days of data from the Super-Kamiokande detector using neutrino-induced upward through-going muons are presented in this paper.
Abstract: We present the results of indirect searches for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), with 1679.6 live days of data from the Super-Kamiokande detector using neutrino-induced upward through-going muons. The search is performed by looking for an excess of high energy muon neutrinos from WIMP annihilations in the Sun, the core of the Earth, and the Galactic Center, as compared to the number expected from the atmospheric neutrino background. No statistically significant excess was seen. We calculate the flux limits in various angular cones around each of the above celestial objects. We obtain conservative model-independent upper limits on the WIMP-nucleon cross section as a function of WIMP mass, and compare these results with the corresponding results from direct dark matter detection experiments.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of catalytic supports on methanation of CO could be explained by particles sizes of Ni and Ru metal, while Ni metal particles with relatively larger diameters were effective for the reaction.

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TL;DR: In this article, the shape memory effect and superelastic behavior were observed at room temperature in the Ti-(22-25)at%Nb alloys and Ti-(25.5-27)at%)Nb alloy, respectively.
Abstract: Mechanical properties and shape memory behavior of Ti-(20–29)at%Nb alloys were investigated in order to develop Ni-free biomedical shape memory alloys. The Ti-Nb alloys were fabricated by arc melting method. The ingots were cold-rolled with a reduction up to 95% in thickness and then solution treated at 1173 K for 1.8 ks. The martensitic transformation temperature decreased by 43 K per 1 at% increase of Nb content. The shape memory effect and superelastic behavior were observed at room temperature in the Ti-(22–25)at%Nb alloys and Ti-(25.5– 27)at%Nb alloys, respectively. A small enthalpy of the martensitic transformation and a large difference between Ms and Mf were observed in the Ti-Nb alloys compared to Ti-Ni shape memory alloys. The maximum recovered strain of 3% was obtained at room temperature in solution treated Ti-(25–27)at%Nb alloys. The heat treatment at 573 K for 3.6 ks stabilized superelastic behavior of Ti-Nb alloys by increasing the critical stress for slip.