Toyota

About: Toyota is a company organization based out in Safenwil, Switzerland. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Internal combustion engine & Battery (electricity). The organization has 40032 authors who have published 55003 publications receiving 735317 citations. The organization is also known as: Toyota Motor Corporation & Toyota Jidosha KK.

Experimental investigation on the effect of mixing length on the performance of two-phase ejector for CO2 refrigeration cycle with and without heat exchanger

Abstract: In ejector system using the promising natural refrigerant CO 2 , the mixing of high-speed two-phase primary flow and suction vapor is crucial in designing an efficient ejector. In this study, the effect of mixing length on ejector system performance was analyzed experimentally. The mixing lengths used were 5 mm, 15 mm, and 25 mm, with constant rectangular cross-section. The experiments were performed for both ejector and conventional expansion systems with and without internal heat exchanger (IHX) at different operating conditions. Based on the experimental results, mixing length had significant effect on entrainment ratio and on magnitude and profile of pressure recovery. The 5 mm and 15 mm types yielded the lowest and highest ejector efficiency and COP in all of the conditions used in this research, respectively. The use of IHX had net positive effect on system performance which verified the results of our previous study. A COP improvement of up to 26% over conventional system was obtained but improper sizing of mixing length lowered the COP by as much as 10%.

Electrochemical reactions of lithium–sulfur batteries: an analytical study using the organic conversion technique

Abstract: This investigation elucidates the electrochemical reaction process occurring within lithium–sulfur battery cells in detail, which has been unclear even after a half century of study primarily due to the very high reactivity of the polysulfide species. The polysulfide intermediates were deactivated by organic conversion – benzylization, and LC/MS and NMR analyses were first applied. The results demonstrate that the second voltage plateau in the discharge profile, which is the most important step in practical use because of its constant voltage, is dominated by the reduction of the Li2S3 intermediate. The first voltage plateau and the transition state between the plateaus, in which the voltage varies with the capacity, are associated with multiple reactions including the decomposition of S8 into Li2Sx (x = 1 to 7) and the transformation of Li2Sy (y = 4 to 8) into Li2Sz (z = 1 to 3). It is also revealed that longer polysulfide species, Li2Si (i = 6 to 8), are responsible for the redox shuttle phenomenon, which causes serious capacity degradation.

Autonomous experimentation systems for materials development: A community perspective

Abstract: Summary Solutions to many of the world's problems depend upon materials research and development. However, advanced materials can take decades to discover and decades more to fully deploy. Humans and robots have begun to partner to advance science and technology orders of magnitude faster than humans do today through the development and exploitation of closed-loop, autonomous experimentation systems. This review discusses the specific challenges and opportunities related to materials discovery and development that will emerge from this new paradigm. Our perspective incorporates input from stakeholders in academia, industry, government laboratories, and funding agencies. We outline the current status, barriers, and needed investments, culminating with a vision for the path forward. We intend the article to spark interest in this emerging research area and to motivate potential practitioners by illustrating early successes. We also aspire to encourage a creative reimagining of the next generation of materials science infrastructure. To this end, we frame future investments in materials science and technology, hardware and software infrastructure, artificial intelligence and autonomy methods, and critical workforce development for autonomous research.

Intersection warning system

Abstract: An intersection warning system provided in a vehicle includes a receiving unit that receives watching information, about states of bodies in a watching area including an intersection, from a road watching apparatus, a vehicle position detecting unit that detects a position of the vehicle, a dead angle area calculation unit that calculates a dead area for the vehicle based on the position detected by the vehicle position detecting unit and the watching information received by the receiving unit, a first determination unit that determines whether there is another vehicle in the dead angle area calculated by the dead angle area calculation unit, a running state detecting unit that detects a running state of the vehicle, a second determination unit that, when the first determination unit determines that there is another vehicle in the dead angle, determines, based on the running state of the vehicle detected by the running state detecting unit and the watching information about the another vehicle in the dead angle area, whether a driving operation for the vehicle is appropriate, and a warning unit that issues a warning based on a determination result obtained the second determination unit.

Understanding Objects in Detail with Fine-Grained Attributes

Abstract: We study the problem of understanding objects in detail, intended as recognizing a wide array of fine-grained object attributes. To this end, we introduce a dataset of 7, 413 airplanes annotated in detail with parts and their attributes, leveraging images donated by airplane spotters and crowdsourcing both the design and collection of the detailed annotations. We provide a number of insights that should help researchers interested in designing fine-grained datasets for other basic level categories. We show that the collected data can be used to study the relation between part detection and attribute prediction by diagnosing the performance of classifiers that pool information from different parts of an object. We note that the prediction of certain attributes can benefit substantially from accurate part detection. We also show that, differently from previous results in object detection, employing a large number of part templates can improve detection accuracy at the expenses of detection speed. We finally propose a coarse-to-fine approach to speed up detection through a hierarchical cascade algorithm.