Toyota

About: Toyota is a company organization based out in Safenwil, Switzerland. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Internal combustion engine & Exhaust gas. The organization has 40032 authors who have published 55003 publications receiving 735317 citations. The organization is also known as: Toyota Motor Corporation & Toyota Jidosha KK.

Catalytic application of sulfonic acid functionalized mesoporous benzene-silica with crystal-like pore wall structure in esterification

Abstract: The first catalytic applications of sulfonic acid-functionalized hydrophobic mesoporous benzene–silica with lamellar pore wall structure are reported. The mesoporous benzene–silica attached with propylsulfonic groups to the crystal-like periodic pore walls exhibited the catalytic activity in the esterification of acetic acid with ethanol. The catalytic results show the higher conversion compared to the commercial Nafion-H.

Fuel cell system capable of reducing electric power loss

Abstract: A fuel cell system minimizes the power loss that may occur in a conduction passage during supply of electric power from a fuel cell (36) to a load. A bypass (48) connects between the input of a DC/DC converter (38) and the output thereof, and therefore supplies power generated by the fuel cell (36) to an inverter (44), bypassing the DC/DC converter (38). A changeover switch (37) selectively changes the connection of the output of the fuel cell (36) between the connection to the input of the DC/DC converter (38) and the connection to the bypass (48). When the fuel cell (36) is connected to the DC/DC converter (38), the power from the fuel cell (36) is supplied to the inverter (44) or a battery (40) via the DC/DC converter (38). When the fuel cell (36) is connected to the bypass (48), the power from the fuel cell (36) is supplied to the inverter (44), bypassing the DC/DC converter (38). A cutoff switch (41) disconnects the output of the battery (40) from a connecting line. That is, the cutoff switch (41) disconnects the battery (40) from the inverter (44), the bypass (48) and the like when turned off. When turned on, the cutoff switch (41) connects the battery (40) to those components.

Magnetism of layered cobalt oxides investigated by muon spin rotation and relaxation

Abstract: Muon spin rotation-relaxation $(\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{SR})$ spectroscopy has been used to investigate the magnetic properties of polycrystalline ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{M}}_{x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{9}$ $(xl~0.5,M=\mathrm{Sr},\mathrm{Y},$ and Bi) and ${\mathrm{Na}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}$ samples in the temperature range between 2.5 and 300 K. It was found that ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}{\mathrm{Co}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{9}$ exhibits a magnetic transition at around ${T}_{c}=100\mathrm{K};$ at lower temperatures, two types of relaxation were observed using a weak transverse field $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{SR}$ technique with $H=104\mathrm{Oe}:$ one with a fast relaxation rate ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{F}\ensuremath{\sim}10\ensuremath{\mu}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and the other with a slow ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{S}\ensuremath{\sim}0.1\ensuremath{\mu}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}.$ Zero-field $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{SR}$ measurements suggest the existence of an incommensurate spin-density-wave (SDW) state below ${T}_{c}$ (i.e., ${T}_{c}{=T}_{\mathrm{SDW}}),$ although a ferrimagnetic $M\ensuremath{-}H$ loop was observed by a dc susceptibility measurement below 19 K. The substitution of Y or Bi for Ca increased ${T}_{\mathrm{SDW}},$ while the substitution of Sr for Ca did not affect ${T}_{\mathrm{SDW}}.$ This indicates that the SDW transition depends strongly on the average valence of the Co ions. The related material ${\mathrm{Na}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}$ showed no magnetic transitions below 30 K. Considering the difference between the crystal structures of ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}{\mathrm{Co}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{9}$ and ${\mathrm{Na}}_{0.7}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2},$ we suggest that Co ions in the rocksalt-type layers of ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}{\mathrm{Co}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{9}$ are likely to play a significant role in inducing the SDW transition around 100 K.

Nitrogen oxides decreasing apparatus for an internal combustion engine

Abstract: In an exhaust purification apparatus of an internal combustion engine having an NOx adsorption and release material (2) in an exhaust conduit (6), a heater (24) is provided close to the NOx adsorption and release material (2). When an NOx adsorption operation continues for a predetermined period, the heater (24) is switched on to raise the temperature of the NOx adsorption and release material (2) above a predetermined temperature, for example, 500°C. When the temperature of the NOx adsorption and release material (2) is high, the NOx adsorption and release material (2) releases absorbed NOx and is regenerated. Released NOx is contacted with a reduction catalyst (4).

Reversible hydrogen-storage functions for mixtures of Li3N and Mg3N2

Abstract: The hydriding and dehydriding reactions occurring in mixtures of lithium and magnesium nitrides (Li3N and Mg3N2) were investigated for the first time in fixed composition ratios. A mixture of Li3N–20 at. % Mg3N2 after heat treatment at 833 K was hydrogenated at 523 K in 35 MPa according to the following overall reaction: 4Li3N+Mg3N2+12H2 $\Leftrightarrow$ 12LiH+3Mg(NH2)2. This reaction is one of the candidates for reversible hydrogen-storage functions in which 9.1 mass % of hydrogen can be stored in the solid state.