Toyota

About: Toyota is a company organization based out in Safenwil, Switzerland. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Internal combustion engine & Exhaust gas. The organization has 40032 authors who have published 55003 publications receiving 735317 citations. The organization is also known as: Toyota Motor Corporation & Toyota Jidosha KK.

NOx Storage-Reduction Catalysts for Gasoline Engines

Abstract: The automotive catalyst technology is now faced with very difficult problems. As the result of automakers' efforts to produce more efficient and lower-emission vehicles, lean-burn gasoline engines have been introduced into the market. While these engines are much more efficient than conventional ones, NOx removal has become significantly more difficult. After enormous efforts, we succeeded in solving the problem, by inventing a new class of catalyst. We overcame two strict problems with the new type catalyst, which are sulfur poisoning and thermal deterioration.

Catheter tip pressure transducer

Abstract: A catheter tip pressure transducer for detecting the pressure in various portions of a living body accurately and safely comprises a pressure sensor disposed within the end portion of a catheter. The pressure sensor comprises a pressure sensitive diaphragm whereon strain gauges are formed by a diffusion method. The pressure sensor is mounted on an insulated supporting member without being secured firmly thereto. A protecting member made of silicone rubber fills the hollow portion of the catheter so as to isolate and protect the pressure sensor and the ambient body tissue. Pressure is accurately measured by the pressure sensor without being influenced by the thermal stresses which occur in the supporting member. Furthermore, electrical isolation and mechanical safety are obtained.

A comparative study of “standard”, “fast” and “NO2” SCR reactions over Fe/zeolite catalyst

Abstract: In order to elucidate the contributions of standard (NO2/NOx = 0%), fast (=50%) and NO2 (=100%) SCR reactions under conditions where they occur simultaneously, the NOx conversion rate and N2O production rate over Fe/zeolite were investigated while varying both NO2/NOx ratio and temperature, in small increments. The NOx conversion rate decreased in the following order: fast SCR > NO2 SCR > standard SCR, although after excluding the contribution of N2O production, the order was changed to fast SCR > standard SCR > NO2 SCR. When the fast SCR conversion was subtracted from the total NOx conversion, the remaining “apparent” conversion of standard SCR (NO2/NOx 50%), was independent of NO2/NOx ratio. This indicates that standard or NO2 SCR progressed once fast SCR was completed. N2O production reached a maximum at ca. 250 °C and was determined responsible for NO2 SCR. At temperatures below 200 °C, the NOx conversion behaviors of fast and NO2 SCR changed drastically; the fast SCR conversion dropped suddenly with decreasing temperature, and the NO2 SCR conversion went through a minimum and then began to increase with no N2O production.

Inter-brain synchronization during coordination of speech rhythm in human-to-human social interaction

Abstract: Behavioral rhythms synchronize between humans for communication; however, the relationship of brain rhythm synchronization during speech rhythm synchronization between individuals remains unclear. Here, we conducted alternating speech tasks in which two subjects alternately pronounced letters of the alphabet during hyperscanning electroencephalography. Twenty pairs of subjects performed the task before and after each subject individually performed the task with a machine that pronounced letters at almost constant intervals. Speech rhythms were more likely to become synchronized in human–human tasks than human–machine tasks. Moreover, theta/alpha (6–12 Hz) amplitudes synchronized in the same temporal and lateral-parietal regions in each pair. Behavioral and inter-brain synchronizations were enhanced after human–machine tasks. These results indicate that inter-brain synchronizations are tightly linked to speech synchronizations between subjects. Furthermore, theta/alpha inter-brain synchronizations were also found in subjects while they observed human–machine tasks, which suggests that the inter-brain synchronization might reflect empathy for others' speech rhythms.