Trinity College, Dublin

About: Trinity College, Dublin is a education organization based out in Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Irish. The organization has 20576 authors who have published 48296 publications receiving 1780313 citations.

Long-Term Potentiation Is Mediated by Multiple Kinase Cascades Involving CaMKII or Either PKA or p42/44 MAPK in the Adult Rat Dentate Gyrus In Vitro

Abstract: The induction of NMDA-receptor–dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in adult CA1 is contingent on activation of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). However, little is known about kinase mediation of LTP in the dentate gyrus. In the present study, the involvement of the kinases CaMKII, PKA, and MAPK in the induction of LTP was studied in the dentate gyrus of adult rats. Individual application of selective inhibitors of CaMKII, MEK, or PKA did not inhibit induction of LTP. In contrast, coapplication of a CaMKII inhibitor with either a PKA or MEK inhibitor resulted in a strong block of LTP. Induction of LTP was blocked by the coapplication of the inhibitors CaMKII and PKA or MEK, both when they were applied 1 h before the induction stimulus and also when they were applied after the induction stimulus. Thus LTP is mediated by either of two parallel cascades, one involving CaMKII and the other PKA or MAPK. Moreover, these cascades are active for a certain period after the induction stimulus.

Causal conditionals and counterfactuals

Abstract: Causal counterfactuals e.g., ‘if the ignition key had been turned then the car would have started’ and causal conditionals e.g., ‘if the ignition key was turned then the car started’ are understood by thinking about multiple possibilities of different sorts, as shown in six experiments using converging evidence from three different types of measures. Experiments 1a and 1b showed that conditionals that comprise enabling causes, e.g., ‘if the ignition key was turned then the car started’ primed people to read quickly conjunctions referring to the possibility of the enabler occurring without the outcome, e.g., ‘the ignition key was turned and the car did not start’. Experiments 2a and 2b showed that people paraphrased causal conditionals by using causal or temporal connectives (because, when), whereas they paraphrased causal counterfactuals by using subjunctive constructions (had…would have). Experiments 3a and 3b showed that people made different inferences from counterfactuals presented with enabling conditions compared to none. The implications of the results for alternative theories of conditionals are discussed.

Transfer journey identification and analyses from electronic fare collection data

Abstract: Understanding the behaviour of public transport passengers is key to providing a system from which passengers will derive the maximum benefit. One method of analysing this behaviour is with the use of passenger boarding data, stored in a database. Such a database may be improved by enriching the already existing dataset by applying specific algorithms. This paper describes an iterative classification algorithm that classifies passenger boardings into two categories; transfer journeys and single journeys. The dataset used was from an urban public transport operator with a large fleet (over 1000 buses) and data of 48 million magnetic strip card boardings from 1998 and 1999. This paper details the process involved in the initial development of the iterative classification algorithm, the analysis of transfer node identification matrices, waiting time information charts and spatial first/second boarding matrices. When the algorithm is applied to the dataset it provides transport planners with valuable information with regard to passenger boardings, transfers and waiting times which can assist them in transport planning and policymaking. The purpose of this paper is to describe the automatic generation of a new data attribute that cannot be derived directly and therefore increases the future utilization of the dataset. The paper presents various analyses based on the extended and enriched database to illustrate this point.

Quark-Mass Dependence of Elastic πK Scattering from QCD.

Abstract: We present a determination of the isospin-$\frac{1}{2}$ elastic $\ensuremath{\pi}K$ scattering amplitudes in $S$ and $P$ partial waves using lattice quantum chromodynamics. The amplitudes, constrained for a large number of real-valued energy points, are obtained as a function of light-quark mass, corresponding to four pion masses between 200 and 400 MeV, at a single lattice spacing. Below the first inelastic threshold, the $P$-wave scattering amplitude is dominated by a single pole singularity that evolves from being a stable bound state at the highest quark mass into a narrow resonance that broadens as the pion and kaon masses are reduced. As in experiment, the $S$-wave amplitude does not exhibit an obviously resonant behavior, but instead shows a slow rise from threshold, which is not inconsistent with the presence of a $\ensuremath{\kappa}/{K}_{0}^{\ensuremath{\star}}(700)$-like resonance at the considered quark masses. As has been found in analyses of experimental scattering data, simple analytic continuations into the complex energy plane of precisely determined lattice QCD amplitudes on the real energy axis are not sufficient to model-independently determine the existence and properties of this state. The spectra and amplitudes we present will serve as an input for increasingly elaborate amplitude analysis techniques that implement more of the analytic structure expected at complex energies.