Tulane University

About: Tulane University is a education organization based out in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Blood pressure. The organization has 24478 authors who have published 47205 publications receiving 1944993 citations. The organization is also known as: University of Louisiana.

Subtle Yet Significant: The Existence and Impact of Everyday Racial Discrimination in the Workplace

Abstract: In this article, we argue that research concerning workplace discrimination could be advanced by considering ‘everyday discrimination,’ that is, the subtle, pervasive discriminatory acts experienced by members of stigmatized groups on a daily basis. Three studies are reported which use secondary data analysis techniques to provide evidence for the existence of everyday workplace discrimination against Blacks. In addition to demonstrating the occurrence of such discrimination, evidence is presented which indicates that the experience of everyday discrimination is negatively associated with various indicators of well-being. The implications of these findings for organizations and for discrimination researchers are discussed.

Clinical Practice Guideline: Tinnitus

Abstract: Objective. Tinnitus is the perception of sound without an external source. More than 50 million people in the United States have reported experiencing tinnitus, resulting in an estimated prevalence of 10% to 15% in adults. Despite the high prevalence of tinnitus and its potential significant effect on quality of life, there are no evidence-based, multidisciplinary clinical practice guidelines to assist clinicians with management. The focus of this guideline is on tinnitus that is both bothersome and persistent (lasting 6 months or longer), which often negatively affects the patient’s quality of life. The target audience for the guideline is any clinician, including nonphysicians, involved in managing patients with tinnitus. The target patient population is limited to adults (18 years and older) with primary tinnitus that is persistent and bothersome. Purpose. The purpose of this guideline is to provide evidence-based recommendations for clinicians managing patients with tinnitus. This guideline provides clinicians with a logical framework to improve patient care and mitigate the personal and social effects of persistent, bothersome tinnitus. It will discuss the evaluation of patients with tinnitus, including selection and timing of diagnostic testing and specialty referral to identify potential underlying treatable pathology. It will then focus on the evaluation and treatment of patients with persistent primary tinnitus, with recommendations to guide the evaluation and measurement of the effect of tinnitus and to determine the most appropriate interventions to improve symptoms and quality of life for tinnitus sufferers. Action Statements. The development group made a strong recommendation that clinicians distinguish patients with bothersome tinnitus from patients with nonbothersome tinnitus. The development group made a strong recommendation against obtaining imaging studies of the head and neck in patients with tinnitus, specifically to evaluate tinnitus that does not localize to 1 ear, is nonpulsatile, and is not associated with focal neurologic abnormalities or an asymmetric hearing loss. The panel made the following recommendations: Clinicians should (a) perform a targeted history and physical examination at the initial evaluation of a patient with presumed primary tinnitus to identify conditions that if promptly identified and managed may relieve tinnitus; (b) obtain a prompt, comprehensive audiologic examination in patients with tinnitus that is unilateral, persistent (≥ 6 months), or associated with hearing difficulties; (c) distinguish patients with bothersome tinnitus of recent onset from those with persistent symptoms (≥ 6 months) to prioritize intervention and facilitate discussions about natural history and follow-up care; (d) educate patients with persistent, bothersome tinnitus about management strategies; (e) recommend a hearing aid evaluation for patients who have persistent, bothersome tinnitus associated with documented hearing loss; and (f) recommend cognitive behavioral therapy to patients with persistent, bothersome tinnitus. The panel recommended against (a) antidepressants, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, or intratympanic medications for the routine treatment of patients with persistent, bothersome tinnitus; (b) Ginkgo biloba, melatonin, zinc, or other dietary supplements for treating patients with persistent, bothersome tinnitus; and (c) transcranial magnetic stimulation for the routine treatment of patients with persistent, bothersome tinnitus. The development group provided the following options: Clinicians may (a) obtain an initial comprehensive audiologic examination in patients who present with tinnitus (regardless of laterality, duration, or perceived hearing status); 545325

Tourism Gentrification: The Case of New Orleans' Vieux Carre (French Quarter)

Abstract: Summary. This paper examines the process of ‘tourism gentrification’ using a case study of the socio-spatial transformation of New Orleans’ Vieux Carre (French Quarter) over the past halfcentury. Tourism gentrification refers to the transformation of a middle-class neighbourhood into a relatively affluent and exclusive enclave marked by a proliferation of corporate entertainment and tourism venues. Historically, the Vieux Carre has been the home of diverse groups of people. Over the past two decades, however, median incomes and property values have increased, escalating rents have pushed out lower-income people and African Americans, and tourist attractions and large entertainment clubs now dominate much of the neighbourhood. It is argued that the changing flows of capital into the real estate market combined with the growth of tourism enhance the significance of consumption-oriented activities in residential space and encourage gentrification. The paper contests explanations that view gentrification as an expression of consumer demands, individual preferences or market laws of supply and demand. It examines how the growth of securitisation, changes in consumption and increasing dominance of large entertainment firms manifest through the development of a tourism industry in New Orleans, giving gentrification its own distinct dynamic and local quality.

The Determinants of Industry Political Activity, 1978–1986.

Abstract: C ampaign contributions made by corporate political action committees (PACs) are increasingly important-and controversial-in U.S. elections. "Influence purchasing" is often alleged by pundits, and campaign finance reform is continually debated in Congress. In the academy, social scientists have analyzed the allocation of interest group monies and have looked for possible impacts on legislation. Few, however, have tried to explain the total contributions of economic interest groups. We shall analyze variations in contributions across industries and over time with an empirical model based on organizationally constrained profit-maximizing behavior. We assume that corporate PAC contributions in an industry are raised to enhance industry profits subject to the constraints of organization costs and freeriding incentives. Our empirical work covers 124 industries over five election cycles from 1978 through 1986. Both the costs and benefits of political activity vary across industries. We argue that the benefits of political action are determined by direct contact with the government as a regulator or purchaser of industry output, by government's ability to ameliorate adverse market conditions, and by the industry's ability to solve collective action problems without government assistance. The costs of industry political action arise mainly from collective action problems, because effective political activity often requires concerted action by the constituent firms in each industry. We also make a methodological contribution. Previous studies use statistical techniques that suffer from sample selectivity bias or else force the probability of acting politically to be explained by the same set of coefficients as is the amount of action taken. We explain and employ a technique that accounts for both problems. The results are consistent with the theses that industries follow investment-oriented goals in deciding the amount of political action to undertake, and that collective action problems are important constraints on industry political activity. We can explain between 60% and 80% of the variation in contributions in our sample. First, we review existing work on corporate political activity, particularly papers examining patterns of aggregate PAC spending by industry. Then we present an organization-cost-constrained industryprofit-maximizing model, based on a comparison between an idealized zero-organization-cost industry and the more realistic case where organizing collective action is difficult. The independent variables used in the analysis are also discussed and defined. Next, we discuss the dependent variable and total industry contributions and explain our statistical method. Then the results are presented, followed by a discussion of industry structure and political activity. To make clear how our results can explain different contribution patterns, we give examples using five actual industries.