Showing papers by "United States Department of Energy published in 1978"

Operating under stress and strain [electrical power systems control under emergency conditions]

Abstract: Power system control objectives for various levels and types of emergencies, e.g., overloads, faults, frequency drop, equipment damage, control system failure, are defined. Normal system operation, emergency prevention, emergency control, and recovery from emergencies are discussed. The need for ongoing research in power system control and for a concerted effort to develop an approach to system planning, design, and operation that properly recognizes all the system operating states and the state-transition mechanisms is emphasized. (LCL)

Correlation of clinical findings with quinacrine-banded chromosomes in 90 adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: an eight-year study (1970-1977).

Abstract: We observed chromosome-banding abnormalities in leukemic cells of 46 of 90 (51 per cent) adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia at initial hospital admission. The difference in survival between 37 treated patients with an initially normal karyotype (10 months) and 43 with an initially abnormal karyotype (four months) was significant (P<0.01). When patients were classified as having acute myelogenous leukemia or acute myelomonocytic leukemia, this difference in survival was even more pronounced. Of 16 treated patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and a normal karyotype, 11 (69 per cent) had a complete remission and a median survival of 13 months. Of eight patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in whom only abnormal metaphases were observed, none had a complete remission, and the median survival was only two months (P approximately 0.05). Remission rate and median survival were not significantly different in patients with acute myelomonocytic leukemia grouped according to initial karyotypes...

Optical properties of the sodium-tungsten bronzes and tungsten trioxide

Abstract: A polarization-modulation ellipsometric technique was used to make direct measurements of the optical dielectric constants of single-crystal specimens of the nonstoichiometric tungsten-bronze compound ${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ ($0.52lxl0.94$) and W${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, in the energy range from 1.0 to 5.5 eV. A method for determining the optical constants of anisotropic materials from modulation ellipsometry was developed in the study of tungsten trioxide. The behavior of the sodium bronzes as a function of sodium concentration is in agreement with recent calculations of the band structures for these materials. The system exhibits almost rigid-band behavior. The data were fit to the classical Drude free-electron model for the optical properties of metals. The W${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ dielectric constants were used to directly determine the contribution of higher-energy bound-electron transitions to the optical constants of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}\mathrm{W}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ in the free-electron region. The results of jointdensity-of-states calculations were used in conjunction with the free-electron model to demonstrate that a relatively large discrepancy between conduction-electron relaxation times derived from the free-electron model alone and those determined from the dc conductivity may result, in part, from underlying interband transitions.

Lattice Dynamics of bcc Zirconium

Abstract: We have studied the lattice dynamics of bcc Zr at 1400 K. We find that (a) the [111] longitudinal branch plunges rapidly to low frequencies in the vicinity of $q=\frac{2}{3}[111]$ indicating a nautral inclination for this metal to undergo a structural transformation to the $\ensuremath{\omega}$ phase, (b) the [110] longitudinal branch is anomalous at the zone boundary, and (c) the condition of elastic isotropy is satisfied to within experimental error. Temperature-dependent elastic peaks were observed in the vicinity of the reciprocal lattice points of the $\ensuremath{\omega}$ phase.

Bromodeoxyuridine differential chromatid staining technique: a new approach to examining sister chromatid exchange and cell replication kinetics.

Abstract: Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the methodology for Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) differential staining, both in vitro as well as in vivo, and an examination of the many applications of this technique The chapter focuses on the BrdU labeling of mammalian chromosomes in vivo They involve multiple subcutaneous injections, multiple intraperitoneal injections, or continuous intravenous infusion of BrdU Examination of the concentrations of BrdU used in vitro for differential chromatid staining reveals extreme variation, even for the same cellular system The chapter discusses the two most important areas of the applications of BrdU differential staining techniques are the utilization of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) as an indication of DNA damage and repair and the employment of BISACK for examining cellular replication SCE analysis potentially detects an agent, which may not be mutagenic for bacterial systems and yet be mutagenic, and perhaps even carcinogenic, for human cells SCE analyses have been employed to examine various human genetic disorders The system for analyzing cell replication kinetics (BISACK), permit new insight into the nature of replicating cell populations both in vivo and in vitro

Temperature dependence of the normal vibrational modes of hcp Zr

Abstract: Inelastic-neutron-scattering techniques have been used to study the temperature dependence of the normal vibrational modes of hcp Zr. The phonon spectra along the (001), (100), and (110) symmetry directions were determined at 295, 773, and 1007 K. The (001) LO branch and a selected number of phonons of other branches were determined also at 5.5 K. As the temperature decreases we observe a rather large increase in the frequencies of all but the (001) LO branch. The zone-center mode of the (001) LO branch softens appreciably and at 5.5 K this branch exhibits a dip at the zone center reminiscent of the anomalous dispersion of the corresponding branch of technetium at room temperature. The data were used to evaluate the lattice specific heat at constant pressure as a function of temperature. The calculated total specific heat at constant pressure, obtained by taking into account the electronic contribution, was found to be consistent, to within experimental uncertainties, with the results of specific-heat measurements. We propose an explanation for the softening of the zone-center mode of the (001) LO branch and the large increase in the frequencies of the other modes with decreasing temperature which is based on the electronic structure ofmore » Zr.« less

Development of a laboratory EXAFS facility.

Abstract: The EXAFS technique is a powerful new structural tool, particularly useful for studies of disordered or otherwise complex materials for which x-ray diffraction techniques are difficult or unfeasible. At the present time, most EXAFS experiments are carried out at a synchrotron facility because of the larger fluxes available. We have developed an in-laboratory apparatus utilizing a focusing crystal technique which increases available fluxes two to three orders of magnitude over previous laboratory facilities, so that EXAFS measurements can be carried out quickly and accurately in the laboratory. We will discuss the principles of the focusing monochromator and we will also illustrate the experimental method with examples, including studies of chemical solutions, defect crystalline solids, and high-temperature superconductors.

Extraction of Erythropoietin from Normal Kidneys

Abstract: Significant amounts of active erythropoietin were extracted from the kidneys of normal rats, cattle, dogs, and rabbits by homogenization of the organs in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. The mean erythropoietin activities of the extracts, as determined by the starvedrat assay, were 0.26 U/g beef kidney, 0.41 U/g dog kidney, and 0.11 U/g rat kidney. The dog kidney extracts had a mean activity of 0.35 U/g, as measured by stimulation of hemoglobin synthesis in cultured bone marrow cells (in vitro assay) and produced a dose-dependent stimulation of 59Fe incorporation into circulating red cells when assayed in polycythemic mice. Extracts of rabbit kidney cortices had a mean activity of 2.12 U/g, as measured by stimulation of hemoglobin synthesis in cultured bone marrow cells. When the dog kidney homogenate was fractionated on DEAE-cellulose, all of the erythropoietin activity was adsorbed to the exchanger in the presence of 0.01 M acetate buffer, pH 4.5, and was completely eluted by 0.1 M Na2HPO4-0.5 M NaCl, pH 8. An a...

30-MJ superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) unit for stabilizing an electric transmission system

Abstract: Electric power systems that have major loads and generation centers separated by large distances may experience low-frequency power oscillations. This type of oscillation has occurred on the Pacific ac intertie that connects southern California and the Pacific Northwest. A separate, almost parallel, dc-transmission line also connects these areas. The Bonneville Power Administration, which operates this transmission system, has overcome the instability by controlling the power transmitted on the dc-transmission line. A 30-MJ (8.4-kWh) superconducting magnetic energy storage unit with a 10-MW converter could also provide damping for this instability. The conceptual design of the 30-MJ coil and the cryogenic and electrical components of the system are described. The system is to operate at a maximum current of 5 kA and will modulate the ac Intertie at 0.35 Hz. Discharge will be controlled to retain a minimum stored energy of 20 MJ to limit cyclic strains in the coil and ac losses in the conductor. The conductor will be made of multistrand-copper and copper-matrix, multifilament NbTi superconducting wires on a stainless steel mandrel.

Method of freezing living cells and tissues with improved subsequent survival

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved method for freezing red blood cells,ther living cells, or tissues with improved subsequent survival, wherein constant-volume freezing is utilized that results in significantly improved survival compared with constant-pressure freezing; optimization is attainable through the use of different vessel geometries, cooling baths and warming baths, and sample concentrations.

Method for forming p-n junctions and solar-cells by laser-beam processing

Abstract: This invention is an improved method for preparing p-n junction devices, such as diodes and solar cells High-quality junctions are prepared by effecting laser-diffusion of a selected dopant into silicon by means of laser pulses having a wavelength of from about 03 to 11 μm, an energy area density of from about 10 to 20 J/cm 2 , and a duration of from about 20 to 60 nanoseconds Initially, the dopant is deposited on the silicon as a superficial layer, preferably one having a thickness in the range of from about 50 to 100 A Depending on the application, the values for the above-mentioned pulse parameters are selected to produce melting of the silicon to depths in the range from about 1000 A to 1 μm The invention has been used to produce solar cells having a one-sun conversion efficiency of 106%, these cells having no antireflective coating or back-surface fields

Pressure dependence of the static dielectric properties of K(H1-xDx)2PO4 and RbH2PO4

Abstract: The effects of hydrostatic pressure on the static dielectric constant, ec, Curie-Weiss constant, C, saturation polarization, Ps, and transition temperature, Ts, of the ferroelectrics K(H1-xDx)2PO4, and RbH2PO4 were investigated. The pressure dependence of Tc is known from earlier work and the present work extends the results to other deuterium concentrations, x; however, the results on C and Ps are largely new. An important feature of the results is the strong dependence of the pressure derivatives of these quantities on deuteration. The results are analyzed in terms of the order-disorder and the coupled proton-phonon models. The order-disorder model provides a good account of the results for the heavily deuterated (x ≃ 1) crystals but not for the lightly deuterated ones. For the latter crystals the coupled proton-phonon model appears satisfactory. In fact the use of known microscopic parameters and their pressure derivatives in this model provides an essentially quantitative account of the pressure depen...

A Spectroscopic and Neutron Diffraction Investigation of Structure, Bonding, and Molecular Dynamics in Bis(methylcyclopentadienyl)hafnium Bis(tetrahydroborate), (η5-Ch3C5H4)2 Hf(BH4)2

Abstract: The complex (CH/sub 3/C/sub 5/H/sub 4/)/sub 2/Hf(BH/sub 4/)/sub 2/ can be prepared by the reaction of (CH/sub 3/C/sub 5/H/sub 4/)/sub 2/CfCl/sub 2/ with LiBH/sub 4/ in benzene.The bonding, molecular dynamics, and structure of this compound have been studied by infrared and Raman vibrational spectroscopy, dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and single-crystal neutron diffraction. Vibrational spectra reveal the perturbation of the B-containing ligand from a free BH/sub 4//sup -/ ion to be less in this complex than in most covalent tetrahydroborate transition metal complexes. The compound crystallizes from toluene/pentane in the monoclinic space group C2/c with four molecules in a unit cell of dimensions a = 14.566 (3), b = 6.839 (1), c = 13.959 (3) A, and ..beta.. = 102.31 (2)/sup 0/. Full-matrix least-squares refinement gave a final value of R(F/sub 0//sup 2/) = 0.107 for 1022 reflections. The molecular structure consists of monomeric (eta/sup 5/-CH/sub 3/C/sub 5/H/sub 4/)/sub 2/Hf(BH/sub 4/)/sub 2/ units having C/sub 2/ symmetry and bidentate tetrahydroborate ligands. The ring centroid--Hf--ring centroid angle is 128.5 (3)/sup 0/. The average Hf--C(ring) bond distance is 2.491 (9) A. The coordination of each tetrahydroborate group is markedly unsymmetrical with crystallographically independent Hf--H(bridge) distances of 2.069 (7) and 2.120 (8) A.more » The lengths of the two B--H(bridge) bonds mirror, inversely, the Hf--H distances:. The B--H(terminal) distances are 1.186 (16) and 1.198 (15) A, and the Hf--B distance is 2.553 (6) A. Important bond angles are B--Hf--B = 101.4 (3)/sup 0/, H(bridge)--B--H(bridge) = 108.4 (6)/sup 0/, and H(terminal)--B--H(terminal) = 115.4 (10)/sup 0/. The anisotropy of the hydrogen atom thermal parameters within the tetrahydroborate groups may reflect motion along the bridge-terminal hydrogen interchange reaction coordinate. The nature of the (CH/sub 3/C/sub 5/H/sub 4/)/sub 2/Hf--tetrahydroborate interaction can be understood in terms of those bonding factors which govern ligand-to-metal charge donation.« less

Banding studies of chromosomes in a patient with mycosis fungoides

Abstract: Chromosomes from a patient with mycosis fungoides were examined in detail with banding techniques. Hyperdiploid cells from a lymph node had common anomalies of certain chromosomes which formed three similar clones. The abnormalities involved chromosomes No. 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 14, and 18, in addition to an unkwown small metacentric marker (M3). Although there were a number of mitotic cells in peripheral blood cultured both with and without PHA, none of the few cells with abnormal karyotypes was similar to the clonal cells of the lymph node. One of the abnormalities in the lymph node was a 14q rearrangement, which could be the result of a translocation of Nos. 8 and 14 involving a third chromosome, No. 2. An abnormality in the blood resulted from a translocation between the long arms of Nos. 1 and 14. These findings could be useful for studies in which mycosis fungoides is compared with the Sezary syndrome and other lymphoid malignancies.

Chapter 15 – A Washability and Analytical Evaluation of Potential Pollution from Trace Elements in Coal

Abstract: The report gives results of a washability study showing the trace element contents of various specific gravity fractions for ten coal samples collected from four coal producing regions of the U.S. Reliable analytical methods were developed to quantitatively determine cadmium, chromium, copper, fluorine, mercury, manganese, nickel, and lead in whole coals. Generally, the data showed that most of the trace elements of interest concentrated in the heavier specific gravity fractions of the coal, indicating that they are associated with mineral matter. Removing this material should reduce trace elements significantly.

Alternating phase focused linacs

Abstract: A heavy particle linear accelerator employing rf fields for transverse andongitudinal focusing as well as acceleration. Drift tube length and gap positions in a standing wave drift tube loaded structure are arranged so that particles are subject to acceleration and succession of focusing and defocusing forces which contain the beam without additional magnetic or electric focusing fields.

Ambient temperature and trip length -- influence on automotive fuel economy and emissions

Abstract: Experimental work was done to examine the interrelationships among automotive fuel economy, ambient temperature, cold-start trip length, and drive-train component temperatures of four 1977 vehicles. Fuel economy, exhaust emissions, and drive-train temperatures were measured at temperatures of 20, 45, 70 and 100 deg F using the 1975 Federal test procedure and the Environmental Protection Agency's highway fuel economy test. Results showed that vehicles used for short cold-start trips consume fuel at a much greater average rate than during long trips, and the effect is magnified with decreasing ambient temperature. /SAE/

Decay energies of gaseous fission products and their daughters for A = 88 to 93 and A = 138 to 142

Abstract: Decay energies for several mass-separated activities of Kr, Xe, and daughters have been reported previously. At the time of these measurements, the plastic scintillation detector used could be calibrated accurately only to 5 MeV. Using recently available decay energies for Rb and Cs fission products, the calibration curve for ..beta.. energies above 5 MeV has been redetermined. Redetermined Q/sub ..beta../ values are reported for 23 fission products, and comparison is made with various atomic mass predictions.

Dye-sensitized solar cells

Abstract: A low-cost dye-sensitized Schottky barrier solar cell comprised of a substrate of semiconductor with an ohmic contact on one face, a sensitizing dye adsorbed onto the opposite face of the semiconductor, a transparent thin-film layer of a reducing agent over the dye, and a thin-film layer of metal over the reducing agent. The ohmic contact and metal layer constitute electrodes for connection to an external circuit and one or the other or both are made transparent to permit light to penetrate to the dye and be absorbed therein for generating electric current. The semiconductor material chosen to be the substrate is one having a wide bandgap and which therefore is transparent; the dye selected is one having a ground state within the bandgap of the semiconductor to generate carriers in the semiconductor, and a first excited state above the conduction band edge of the semiconductor to readily conduct electrons from the dye to the semiconductor; the reducing agent selected is one having a ground state above the ground state of the sensitizer to provide a plentiful source of electrons to the dye during current generation and thereby enhance the generation; and the metal for the thin-film layer of metal is selected to have a Fermi level in the vicinity of or above the ground state of the reducing agent to thereby amply supply electrons to the reducing agent.