Showing papers by "United States Environmental Protection Agency published in 1974"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the costs of an emissions least-cost strategy to an ambient least-source strategy, which achieves prescribed ambient air quality at minimum cost, and found that the cost saving achieved by the latter strategy relative to the former strategy is as much as 50670.
179 citations
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TL;DR: A world like that is not really natural; parts of it are neither land nor sea and so everything is moving from one element to another, wearing uneasily the queer transitional bodies that life adopts in such places.
Abstract: “The beaches on that coast I had come to visit are treacherous and sandy and the tides are always shifting things about among the mangrove roots…A world like that is not really natural…Parts of it are neither land nor sea and so everything is moving from one element to another, wearing uneasily the queer transitional bodies that life adopts in such places. Fish, some of them, come out and breathe air and sit about watching you. Plants take to eating insects, mammals go back to the water and grow elongate like fish, crabs climb trees. Nothing stays put where it began because everything is constantly climbing in, or climbing out, of its unstable environment.”
179 citations
143 citations
TL;DR: Crowding and chemical stress of shrimp in aquaria may enhance and increase the virus infection and prevalence and the name Baculovirus penaei n.sp.
132 citations
TL;DR: At least until more information is available on cadmium toxicity in different water types, chronically toxic and “just safe” continuous exposure concentrations probably can be estimated better by relatively short-term exposures of embryos and larvae than by the use of application factors.
Abstract: Nine out of 18 adult bluegills exposed for 11 months during a chronic bioassay including reproduction were killed at 80 μg/liter of cadmium in water of 200 mg/liter (as CaCO3 hardness. Progeny exposed for 30 days were killed at 90 μg/liter. Adult fish spawned at 239 μg/liter and at 2,140 μg/liter, but most larvae were severely crippled 6 days after hatching at these concentrations. No effects on survival, development, or reproduction were attributable to cadmium at 31 μg/liter. The highest tissue residues were found in liver, intestine and caecum, and kidney. Cadmium concentrations increased with exposure concentration in gill, liver, and intestine and caecum, but not in kidney. At least until more information is available on cadmium toxicity in different water types, chronically toxic and “just safe” continuous exposure concentrations probably can be estimated better by relatively short-term exposures of embryos and larvae than by the use of application factors.
131 citations
TL;DR: Newly hatched young were the most sensitive life stage in fathead minnows and young flagfish, and growth of young fatheads was also affected above 2.2 μg/liter, and none survived above 5.1 μg/Liter after 30 days.
Abstract: Two 9-month continuous-flow bioassays and several intermediate length continuous-flow tests were conducted to determine safe levels of Aroclor 1242, 1248, and 1254 for the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and Aroclor 1248 for the flagfish, Jordanella floridae. Calculated 96-hr LC50 values for newly hatched fathead minnows were 7.7 μg/liter for Aroclor 1254 and 15 μg/liter for 1242. Three-month-old fatheads had a 96-hr LC50 of 300 μg/liter for 1242. Reproduction occurred at and below 1.8 μg/liter 1254 and at and below 5.4 μg/liter 1242. Newly hatched young were the most sensitive life stage. Growth of young fatheads was also affected above 2.2 μg/liter 1248, and none survived above 5.1 μg/liter after 30 days. Young flagfish did not survive at 1248 concentrations above 5.1 μg/liter and did not grow well above 2.2 μg/liter. Tissue residues in fathead minnows ranged from 0.7 μ/g 1248 in control fish to 1036 μ/g 1254 in fish held for 8 months in water containing 4.6 μg/liter 1254.
97 citations
TL;DR: VIRUSES or virus-like particles have been reported infrequently from cells of estuarine and marine organisms, although rod-shaped virus- like particles were reported from a microannelid5 and aquatic beetle6.
Abstract: VIRUSES or virus-like particles have been reported infrequently from cells of estuarine and marine organisms1–4. Herpes-type viruses were described from an estuarine fungus3 and oysters4. Helical or rod-shaped viruses have not been reported from most aquatic invertebrates, although rod-shaped virus-like particles were reported from a microannelid5 and aquatic beetle6.
95 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of the known trophic state of 23 American lakes and their bioassay response is presented, showing that phosphorus limitation decreased as the productivity of the lake waters increased.
93 citations
TL;DR: Electron microscopic examination of water samples from the Duluth, Minnesota, water supply confirms the presence of asbestiform amphibole fibers.
Abstract: Ashestiform amphibole minerals, which have been demonstrated to be associated with human health problems, have been detected in substantial quantities in municipal water supplies taken from western Lake Superior Water. The total concentrationl of amphibole minerals in the Duluth, Minnesota, water supply, as measured by x-ray diffraction for daily samples of suspended solids averages 0.19 milligram per liter with large fluctuations due to seasonal and climatological effects on lake circulation. Electron microscopic examination of these water samples confirms the presence of asbestiform amphibole fibers. A conservatiue estimate of the fiber count for 1973 Duluth water supply samples is (1 to 30) x 106 amphibole fibers identifiable by electron diffraction per liter of water with a mass concentration of 1 to 30 micrograms per liter.
88 citations
TL;DR: Aroclor 1254, which consists of a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) containing 54% chlorine, produced an experimental hepatic porphyria in rats resembling hexachlorobenzene poisoning and human porphyrio cutanea tarda.
85 citations
TL;DR: Histological sequelae of feeding 75 mg cadmium/kg of diet from hatching to 4 or 6 weeks of age were studied in Japanese quail, and ascorbic acid added to the Cadmium containing diet significantly alleviated or prevented almost all aspects of cadMium toxicity in quail at 4 and/or 6 weeksof age.
Abstract: Histological sequelae of feeding 75 mg cadmium/kg of diet from hatching to 4 or 6 weeks of age were studied in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The effects of cadmium were compared with those of zinc and iron deficiencies at 4 weeks, and the protective effects of ascorbic acid against cadmium were investigated at 4 and 6 weeks. Testicular hypoplasia and growth retardation occurred in 4-week-old quail fed either cadmium-containing or zinc-deficient diets. Severe anemia and bone marrow hyperplasia were present in birds fed either cadmium-containing or iron-deficient diets. The morphological appearance of circulating erythrocytes was not the same with both treatments. Both heart ventricles were hypertrophied in response to cadmium at 6 weeks, whereas hypertrophy was not apparent microscopically at 4 weeks, even though the weight was significantly increased in relation to body weight. Left ventricular hypertrophy occurred in iron-deficient quail by 4 weeks. Enteropathy of the small intestine was more severe after 6 weeks of cadmium feeding than after 4 weeks. Cadmium caused decreased granules in the adrenal medullary cells at both 4 and 6 weeks of age. Conditions that were less severe at 6 than at 4 weeks of cadmium ingestion were: testicular development, anemia, and periodicmore » acid-Schiff reactivity of esophageal mucus glands. Ascorbic acid added to the cadmium containing diet significantly alleviated or prevented almost all aspects of cadmium toxicity in quail at 4 and/or 6 weeks of age. It protected against some changes that were not observed in either zinc- or iron-deficient birds. 40 references, 22 figures, 4 tables.« less
TL;DR: Histological changes in the liver and increased liver weights were observed in adult rats exposed to the higher levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and reproduction in rats exposed through two generations was not affected.
TL;DR: The luciferin-luciferase proved to be stable for hours when kept chilled and retained 80% of its activity for at least 1 mo when frozen, and investigation of the stability of frozen ATP standards revealed no losses in activity for months.
TL;DR: Eye discomfort, cough, and chest discomfort all increased with maximum hourly oxidant levels and increased when symptoms were adjusted for intercurrent morbidity, according to student nurses in Los Angeles.
Abstract: Student nurses in Los Angeles completed daily symptom diaries throughout the period of their training. Average daily symptom rates were compared to daily pollutant data recorded at a nearby monitoring station. Eye discomfort, cough, and chest discomfort all increased with maximum hourly oxidant levels. Headache also increased when symptoms were adjusted for intercurrent morbidity. The relative increase of adjusted symptoms on highest oxidant days ( ≥ 0.40 ppm) ranged from 1.4 for headache to 6.1 for eye discomfort. Temperature, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide did not explain these associations. Nor were cigarette smoking, a history of allergies or bias in symptom reporting likely confounding factors. Headache and eye discomfort frequently interfere with work and personal habits. Excess cough and chest discomfort attributable to oxidant exposure may easily impose additional physiologic hardships upon high-risk population subgroups.
TL;DR: Eggshead minnow fry were more susceptible to Aroclor 1254 than were embryos, juveniles, or adults and significantly fewer embryos developed in the 10.0 μg/liter concentration, and fewer fry survived in concentrations greater than 0.1 μg/Liter.
Abstract: Eggs of the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) were artificially fertilized and maintained at temperatures from 15 to 35 C and in salinities from 0 to 35‰ to determine efficient culture conditions. Fertilization was not affected by temperature or salinity ranges chosen, but hatching success was greatest (x2; α = 0.01) at a temperature range of 24 to 35 C and a salinity range of 15 to 30‰. Artificially fertilized sheepshead minnow eggs were exposed to logarithmic concentrations of Aroclor 1254 (10.0 to 0.1 μg/liter) in seawater averaging 30 C and 24‰ in a flow-through bioassay. Fertilization was not affected but significantly fewer embryos developed in the 10.0 μg/liter concentration, and fewer fry survived in concentrations greater than 0.1 μg/liter. Fry were more susceptible to Aroclor 1254 than were embryos, juveniles, or adults.
TL;DR: Continuous-flow and static bioassays were conducted at 18 C, with survival and reproduction as measures of relative toxicity of eight PCB's, Aroclor 1221 (A-1221), A-1232, A- 1232, a-1242, A
Abstract: Continuous-flow and static bioassays were conducted at 18 C, with survival and reproduction as measures of relative toxicity of eight PCB's, Aroclor 1221 (A-1221), A-1232, A-1242, A-1248, A-1254, A-1260, A-1262, and A-1268. Three PCB-mixture bioassays were also conducted. Aroclor 1248 was the most toxic to Daphnia magna of the eight Aroclors tested in static tests; the 3-wk LC50 was 25 μg/liter. Aroclor 1254 was the most toxic PCB to Daphnia under continuous-flow conditions with a 3-wk LC50 of 1.3 μg/liter. Ninety-six-hr LC50 values for A-1242, and A-1248 on Gammarus pseudolimnaeus in continuous-flow tests were 73 and 20 μg/liter. Survival after 60 days was 52% at 8.7 μg/liter 1242 and 53% at 5.1 μg/liter A-1248. Reproduction and survival of young were good at 2.8 μg/liter A-1242 and 2.2 μg/liter A-1248. The midge Tanytarsus dissimilis, in continuous-flow tests, did not emerge in abundance above 5.1 μg/liter A-1248 or 3.5 μg/liter A-1254. The 3-wk LC50 for Aroclor 1254 was 0.65 μg/liter for larva...
TL;DR: The lowest concentration of methylmercuric chloride (MMC) and mercuric chloride added to Lake Superior water that caused a significant increase in cough frequency in brook trout was 3 μg Hg/liter as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The lowest concentration of methylmercuric chloride (MMC) and mercuric chloride added to Lake Superior water that caused a significant increase in cough frequency in brook trout was 3 μg Hg/liter. Cough frequency is a good short-term indicator of the long-term effects of MMC. The response can be used to predict the safe concentration of mercuric chloride since the long-term effects of this compound are not known. Increases in cough frequency were proportional to the concentration (from 3 to 12 μg Hg/liter) of both compounds at pH 7.5. The fish were more responsive to MMC when the pH of the test water was lowered to 6.0; response to mercuric chloride was not changed by lowered pH. Fish exposed to MMC at pH 6.0 contained more total mercury in their gills and red blood cells than fish tested at pH 9.0. The uptake of mercury by brook trout exposed to mercuric chloride did not differ significantly at pH 6.0 and 9.0.
TL;DR: Tissue alterations, such as severe vacuolation in the pancreatic exocrine tissue surrounding the portal veins, occurred in pinfish exposed to 32 μg/liter of Aroclor 1016 for 42 days.
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: The yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), is an important sport, commercial, and forage fish species indigenous to the eastern part of the United States and Canada and available data on its thermal requirements consist of thermal tolerance and preference of juveniles.
Abstract: The yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), is an important sport, commercial, and forage fish species indigenous to the eastern part of the United States and Canada. Available data on its thermal requirements consist of thermal tolerance and preference of juveniles. Hart (1947) reported that the ultimate upper incipient lethal temperature of yellow perch was 29.7°C when acclimated to 25°C. The final preferendum of young yellow perch was 24.2°C; older perch preferred 21°C (Ferguson, 1958). Mansueti (1964) described the egg strands of the yellow perch and the morphology and anatomy of embryonic, larval, and juvenile stages and noted the coincidence during development with the Eurasian yellow perch, Perca fluviatilis (Linnaeus). Swift (1965) published a table of percentage mortality and average time to hatch for P. fluviatilis at various temperatures. Kokurewicz (1969) also described the effect of constant temperature on developmental rate of P. fluviatilis up to the time of hatch.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the mercury from inorganic chemicals can be methylated by aquatic organisms and also, enzymatically, by extracts of methanogenic bacteria, and possible organo-mercury compound formation in soils contaminated with an inorganic mercury compound is investigated.
Abstract: WOOD et al.1 demonstrated that the mercury from inorganic chemicals can be methylated by aquatic organisms and also, enzymatically, by extracts of methanogenic bacteria. Since the organic forms of mercury are reported to be more biologically available, these methylation processes in aquatic or sedimentary environments, together with the tendency of methylated mercury to accumulate in biota, are a major reason for bioconcentration of mercury in fish and other organisms found in lakes, streams and bodies of seawater that are contaminated with mercury. As methanogenic bacteria also occur in terrestrial environments, we have investigated possible organo-mercury compound formation in soils contaminated with an inorganic mercury compound.
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: The enigma of the disease is further deepened by the occurrence of a few non-swimming-associated cases of less fulminating and longer clinical course, and with distinctly different pathological changes.
Abstract: Swimming-associated, primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, though a rare disease, has received much attention for its high fatality rate, novel mode of transmission, and its cause—an amoeba which is morphologically indistinguishable from the free-living amoeba Naegleria gruberi commonly found in soil (Sandon, 1927; Singh, 1952), water, and sewage effluent (Chang, 1971, 1972). The enigma of the disease is further deepened by the occurrence of a few non-swimming-associated cases of less fulminating and longer clinical course, and with distinctly different pathological changes (Patras and Andujar, 1966; Jager and Stamm, 1972; Rorke et al., 1971). Even more puzzling is the report of four cases of swimming-associated, fulminating meningoencephalitis caused by mycetamoeba (Mandel et al., 1970). Duma (1972) however, indicated in his personal communication with Dr. P. K. C. Austwick, that the causative agent of these cases was identified as Naegleria.
TL;DR: In this article, the magnetic digital tapes of the imagery obtained by ERTS-A on September 23, 1972, have been analyzed for selected areas of the Potomac River.
TL;DR: Loss in whole body radioactivity over a post-treatment interval of 180 days in cadmium-free seawater was about 90%, with gallbladder and especially liver most influential in the excretion processes; this pattern was unchanged by the level of stable Cd2+ present in the medium during uptake.
Abstract: Mummichogs, Fundulus heteroclitus (L.) accumulated Cd 115m (NO3)2 from synthetic seawater solutions during a period of 25 days, but the rate of whole body accumulation decreased with increasing concentrations of stable Cd2+ in the medium. Viscera were the major repository of Cd 115m during uptake, especially gastrointestinal tract and to a lesser extent liver. Loss in whole body radioactivity over a post-treatment interval of 180 days in cadmium-free seawater was about 90%, with gallbladder and especially liver most influential in the excretion processes; this pattern was unchanged by the level of stable Cd2+ present in the medium during uptake. The significance of this and other observations in terms of field monitoring of cadmium utilizing teleosts as indicators is discussed.
TL;DR: Tissue mercury levels were elevated in both patients, and levels from 21 areas within the brain ranged from 105μg to 0.13μg/gm, and highest levels were in the inferior olive, red nucleus, and choroid plexus.
Abstract: Two patients developed dementia, erethism, colitis, and renal failure following the chronic ingestion of a laxative containing calomel (mercurous chloride). Brains of both patients were small and showed loss of cerebellar granular cells. Histochemical stains demonstrated mercury granules within the cytoplasm of neurons, particularly those of the inferior olive and dentate nucleus, and in the choroid plexus. Electron microscopy showed ultradense particles in the basement membrane of the choroid plexus; these were similar to but smaller than those in the kidney that electron diffraction analysis showed to be β-mercuric sulfide. Tissue mercury levels were elevated in both cases. In patient 1, the kidney level was 421μg/gm, and levels from 21 areas within the brain ranged from 105μg to 0.13μg/gm. Highest levels were in the inferior olive, red nucleus, and choroid plexus.
TL;DR: Hexachlorobenzene blood residues were found in 19 of 20 vegetable spraymen exposed to HCB-contaminated dimethyl-1-2, 3, 5, 6-tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA) and a positive correlation was found for HCB levels and δ-aminolevulinic acid excretion but this was interpreted skeptically.
Abstract: Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) blood residues were found in 19 of 20 vegetable spraymen exposed to HCB-contaminated dimethyl-1-2, 3, 5, 6-tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA). The mean level was 40 ± 63 parts per billion (ppb) with a range of 0 to 310 ppb. No definite physical or biochemical effects of this exposure were discovered. Specifically there was no evidence of cutaneous porphyria or abnormalities of uroporphyrin or coproporphyrin excretion. A positive correlation (P<.05) was found for HCB levels and δ-aminolevulinic acid excretion but this was interpreted skeptically.
01 Jan 1974
TL;DR: Beagles were exposed 16 hours daily for 61 months to raw and photochemically reacted auto exhaust, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, alone and in combination, and Irradiated auto exhaust produced pulmonary hyperinflation and increased expiratory resistance.
Abstract: Beagles were exposed 16 hours daily for 61 months to raw and photochemically reacted auto exhaust, oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, alone and in combination. Exposure to oxides of nitrogen reduced diffusion capacity and peak expiratory flow. Raw exhaust and raw exhaust plus oxides of sulfur produced pulmonary hyperinflation. Irradiated auto exhaust, alone and in combination with oxides of sulfur, produced increased expiratory resistance. Irradiated auto exhaust also impaired ventilatory distribution. Lung volumes, compliances, and maximum breathing capacity were not impaired by the experimental atmospheres. Such chronic pulmonary changes resulting from long-term, low-level exposure to ubiquitous urban air pollutants denote potential, serious adverse health hazards.
TL;DR: Histopathological changes were found in the lungs, liver and kidney and Concentrations of Mn in selected tissues were elevated in animals dying from exposure and at 14 days post ingestion, the Mn concentrations had fallen to approximately normal values.