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Showing papers by "United States Environmental Protection Agency published in 1976"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The measurement of stress ethylene appeared to be a fast, reliable, sensitive and reproducible technique to measure ozone stress on plants.

163 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between coliform and streptococcus density in waste discharges and receiving waters, and found that coliforms were denser in discharge discharges than in receiving waters.
Abstract: (1976). Fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus density relationships in waste discharges and receiving waters. C R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 349-369.

153 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is indicated that kidney, liver, and gill tissue accumulated the greatest amounts of cadmium at each water exposure concentration, and that the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for brook trout exposed to Cadmium in Lake Superior water lies between 1.7 and 3.4 μg Cd/liter.
Abstract: Three generations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to several concentrations of total cadmium (0.06–6.4 μg Cd/liter). Significant numbers of first- and second-generation adult males died during spawning at 3.4 μg Cd/liter. This concentration also significantly retarded growth of juvenile second- and third-generation offspring. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for brook trout exposed to cadmium in Lake Superior water (hardness 44 mg/liter as CaCO 3, pH 7–8) lies between 1.7 and 3.4 μg Cd/liter. Cadmium-residue analyses of kidney, liver, gill, gonad, spleen, muscle, and red blood cells frown first- and second- generation trout indicated that kidney, liver, and gill tissue accumulated the greatest amounts of cadmium at each water exposure concentration. No significant increases in cadmium were measured in edible muscle at any of the cadmium water concentrations tested. Cadmium residues in kidney, liver, and gill tissue of fish frown all exposure concentrations ...

150 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The first successful application of ion chromatography (IC) to the analysis of total water soluble sulfate and nitrate in ambient aerosols was described in this article, where conditions and data on sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy and repeatability were described.
Abstract: Ion exchange has been known to provide excellent separation of ions since 1850, and ion exchange chromatography has been in use since 1940. However, ion exchange chromatography has not been widely used for the automated analysis of eluted ions because of the background produced by the electrolyte used for elution. H. Small, T. S. Stevens, and W. C. Bauman, (Anal. Chem., 47, 1801 (1975)) recently developed a technique whereby the background is reduced to a minimum with eluant suppression. Eluant suppression allows the use of ion exchange chromatography with conductimetric detection as a sensitive and selective means for the analysis of practically all ionic species. This communication describes the first successful application of ion chromatography (IC) to the analysis of total water soluble sulfate and nitrate in ambient aerosols. Analytical conditions and data on sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy and repeatability are described. The application of this technique to the analysis of atniospheric ...

108 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Investigation of the effects of effluent discharged into the Blue River by a manufacturer of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides showed substantial amounts of AChE-inhibiting pesticides in the effluent relative to their toxicities, indicating effluent is a contributing factor in the reduced brain-AChE activity of Missouri River fishes.

74 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for brook and rainbow trout exposed to Cr(VI) in water with a hardness of 45 mg l−1 (as CaCO3) and a pH range of 7-8 lies between 0.003 and 0.006.

70 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In general, enzyme activity was strongly reduced by heavy metal inorganic cations; less strongly by organometallic cations, some anions, and certain pesticides; and weakly inhibited by light metal cations and Organometallic and organic compounds.

67 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, bottom samples were collected in Lake Ontario during the International Field Year for the Great Lakes (IFYGL) in November 1972 and several approaches were used to evaluate trophic conditions in the lake - the indicator species approach, the oligochaete-density index, a modified Goodnight-Whitley index, and the Brinkhurst % L. hoffmeisteri index.

66 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Even simple chlorinated benzenes can induce the metabolism of foreign organic compounds, and 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene was found to be a more potent inducer with cytochrome c reductase and cy tochrome P-450 being elevated and remaining so through the 30-day recovery period.

66 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Field-centrifuged, packed sperm volumes provide quick, reliable estimates of sperm concentrations in salmonid semen.
Abstract: Field-centrifuged, packed sperm volumes provide quick, reliable estimates of sperm concentrations in salmonid semen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Tests conducted with the fathead minnow and copper used as the source of dilution water a natural stream to which a sewage treatment plant upstream contributed a variety of materials known to affect acute copper toxicity found the maximum acceptable toxicant concentration was between 0.066 and 0.118 mg l−1.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Octachlorostyrene was prepared by two independent synthetic routes, and GC retention time data as well as a mass spectrum of the standard were obtained, and mass spectral data indicated the presence of several hepta and hexachlorOSTyrene isomers in these fish.
Abstract: Octachlorostyrene was prepared by two independent synthetic routes, and GC retention time data as well as a mass spectrum of the standard were obtained. A comparison of these data with those observed for a component in fish from Lake Huron, Lake Ontario, and the lower Detroit River indicates that octachlorostyrene is present in fish residues from these sources. In addition, mass spectral data indicated the presence of several hepta and hexachlorostyrene isomers in these fish. Further studies should be concerned with quantification of OCS and evaluation of possible sources of these compounds, such as impurities in products produced by exhaustive chlorination or as by-products in the electrolytic production of chlorine.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fetal toxicity was produced in both rats and mice at doses which caused significant reductions in maternal weight gains during gestation and increased liver/body weight ratios and fetotoxicity only occurred in the highest dose group and was manifested by increased fetal mortality and clubfoot.

Journal ArticleDOI
03 Jun 1976-Nature
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported that oysters reared in seawater containing 0.005 p.p.m. accumulated up to 10.75 p.m in 40 weeks.
Abstract: CADMIUM is a major environmental pollutant potentially harmful to health, and if the sea becomes polluted with this metal there could be a reduction in extensive sources of food1. Seafoods constitute a source of cadmium in the human diet2 and in view of abundant evidence that shellfish accumulate trace metals3–6, it is important to investigate cadmium pollution. People have become ill from cadmium poisoning after ingesting foods containing concentrations of 13–15 µg g−1 (13–15 p.p.m., ref. 7). We now report that adult oysters reared in seawater containing 0.005 p.p.m. cadmium accumulated up to 10.75 p.p.m. in 40 weeks. This accumulation, plus cadmium naturally present, brought the concentration of cadmium to 13 p.p.m. in the soft tissue, which represents a potential health hazard if oysters constitute a major item of the diet.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Neither fertilization success nor embryo survival was affected by the concentrations of chlordane to which these life stages were exposed, however, sheepshead minnow fry did not survive for more than 10 days inChlordane concentrations greater than 7.1 mug/liter.
Abstract: Dynamic marine toxicity tests were performed with technical grade chlordane and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus), and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides). The 96‐hr LC 50 s (and 95% confidence limits) based on measured concentrations of chlordane (in μg/liter) are: pink shrimp, 0.4 (0.3–0.6); grass shrimp, 4.8 (4.0–6.0); sheepshead minnows, 24.5 (19.9–28.6); and pinfish, 6.4 (5.0–7.3). The 96‐hr EC 50 for eastern oysters was 6.2 (4.8–7.9). In a flow‐through test, embryos and fry of sheepshead minnows were exposed to average measured concentrations of chlordane from 1.3 to 36.0 μg/liter for 28 days. Neither fertilization success nor embryo survival was affected by the concentrations of chlordane to which these life stages were exposed. However, sheepshead minnow fry did not survive for more than 10 days in chlordane concentrations greater than 7.1 μg/liter.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The loss of infectivity of poliovirus 1 in marine water from the Gulf of Mexico was studied and it was suggested that this LOI was not a result of container adsorption or virion aggregation: nor was a resistant component within the stock virus found that would have explained the two-component curves often observed with the virus loss.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: More persistent pesticides or their degradative products capable of forming N-nitroso derivatives should be investigated and pathways of degradation, both chemical and biological, should be elucidated.
Abstract: Previous studies have focused on N-nitroso derivatives of relatively non-persistent pesticides or pesticides that form unstable N-nitroso derivatives. We feel that more persistent pesticides or their degradative products capable of forming N-nitroso derivatives should be investigated. Also pathways of degradation, both chemical and biological, should be elucidated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Treating the diffusion equation as a stochastic differential equation, the time series of pollutant concentration data from diffusion phenomena is shown to have a distribution best approximated by the censored, 3-parameter lognormal probability model (LN3C).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The extent of protonation of organic bases in clay-water systems depends upon the adsorptive properties of the organo-clay species involved, and upon the structure and degree of hydration of the clay system.
Abstract: The extent of protonation of organic bases in clay—water systems depends upon the adsorptive properties of the organo-clay species involved, and upon the structure and degree of hydration of the clay system. Organic molecules that can disperse cationic charge over two or more condensed aromatic rings give rise to greater surface-induced protonation than do single-ring organic molecules with similar solution pKa. Protonation in clay suspensions is frequently far in excess of that predicted on the basis of electrolytic suspension pH and solution pKa of the organic base. For a given organic base, protonation in a clay film exceeds that in the suspended clay system. Protonation in an organo-clay film increases as the film moisture content decreases. The extent of protonation in organo—clay systems varies with cationic species, cationic saturation, and clay type.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Alfalfa plants were hydroponically grown in environmental growth chambers in which they were continually exposed to tritium throughout growth as mentioned in this paper, and they were found to have a higher concentration (about 1·8%) of trithium in the leaves than in the stems and rooting solution.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the ground water contamination from uranium mining and milling results from the infiltration of mine, mill, and ion exchange plant effluents containing elevated concentrations of radium, selenium, and nitrate.
Abstract: Ground-water contamination from uranium mining and milling results from the infiltration of mine, mill, and ion-exchange plant effluents containing elevated concentrations of radium, selenium, and nitrate. Available data indicate that radium concentrations in the discharge waters of a producing mine tend to increase substantially as the ore body is developed. Whereas natural background radium concentrations are generally about several picocuries/liter (pCi/l), 100 to 150 pCi/l appear in the effluents of operating mines. The discharge of such highly contaminated mine effluents to streams and seepage from tailings ponds, creates a long-lived source of ground-water contamination. Seepage of mill tailings at two active mills ranges from 126,000 to 491,000 m3/yr and, to date, has contributed an estimated 2400 Curies of uranium, radium, and thorium to the ground-water reservoir. The shallow aquifer in use and downgradient from another mill has been grossly contaminated with selenium, attributable to excessive seepage from a nearby tailings pond. Radium, selenium, nitrate and, to a lesser extent, uranium, are of most value as indicators of ground-water contamination. Gross alpha results are not consistent indicators of radium or uranium in water, although uranium does appear to be the principal contributor of alpha activity. Accurate radium-s226 analyses yield the most information for radiological evaluation of drinking water. To date, no adverse impacts on municipal groundwater supplies have been observed. However, industry-sponsored environmental monitoring programs are inadequately designed and implemented, and may not define the full, long-term impact of mining and milling operations on the ground-water quality of the study area.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data suggest that the differential sensitivity of these two cultivars to ozone could be based on the differential ozone induced activation of the enzymes involved in the lesion formation process.
Abstract: Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars Dare and Hood were exposed to ozone (980 μg/m3) for 2 h to determine if differences in cultivar sensitivity were associated with differential activation of selected enzymes. The first trifoliate leaves of the cultivars were in similar stages of development (14 days from sowing) when exposed. The ozone treatment increased the activities of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase above the control in both cultivars within 30 h after exposure. However, the activity of all these enzymes increased several hours sooner in Dare (sensitive) than in Hood (tolerant). Our data suggest that the differential sensitivity of these two cultivars to ozone could be based on the differential ozone induced activation of the enzymes involved in the lesion formation process.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Viruses seeded into a 50,000 gal day−1 three-stage activated sludge pilot plant were effectively reduced in the treatment process, and no direct relationship was evident between the numbers of coliphages and enteroviruses present in the primary effluent.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An alteration of predator-prey interaction due to mirex was manifested by a significant difference in survival of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes vulgaris, in control and treated tanks after one, two, or three days of predation by pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides.
Abstract: Tests of 14- to 16-days duration were conducted to determine the distribution and sublethal effects of mirex in an experimental estuarine ecosystem. The insecticide was translocated from water at concentrations of 0.011 to 0.13 μg/liter to sand, plant, and animal components. An alteration of predator-prey interaction due to mirex was manifested by a significant difference (X2 test, α = 0.05) in survival of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes vulgaris, in control and treated tanks after one, two, or three days of predation by pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is indicated that dietary fibre such as pectin or the plant fibre in Purina Lab Chow can significantly affect the metabolism of xenobiotics in mammals.