Showing papers by "Universidade Federal de Pelotas published in 1998"
TL;DR: Outbreaks of infection by BHV-5 represent 5% of the total number of bovine cases submitted for diagnosis to the Clinical Hospital of the University of Mato Grosso do Sul and the need for its differentiation from other diseases which affect the nervous system is indicated.
Abstract: Fifteen outbreaks of bovine herpesvirus-type 5 (BHV-5) infection were diagnosed from August 1993 to December 1996. Fourteen outbreaks occurred in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul and one in the State of Sao Paulo. Cattle 6 to 60 months old were affected. Morbidity reached 0.05% to 5% and case fatality rate was nearly 100%. The disease occurred in different municipalities and at different times of the year. Clinical signs were exclusively nervous, and the clinical course varied from 1 to 15 days. The main histologic lesions were meningitis, diffuse encephalitis and necrosis of the cerebral cortex with intranuclear inclusion bodies in astrocytes and neurons. BHV-5 was isolated from 11 out of 12 brains of infected animals inoculated in calf testis cells and MDBK cells. The virus was identified by immunoperoxidase staining with use of monoclonal specific antibodies. Outbreaks of infection by BHV-5 represent 5% of the total number of bovine cases submitted for diagnosis to the Clinical Hospital of the University of Mato Grosso do Sul. These results indicate the importance of the disease in Mato Grosso do Sul and the need for its differentiation from other diseases which affect the nervous system.
124 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the infancy portion of the NCHS reference does not adequately reflect the growth of either breast-fed or artificially fed infants and the development of an improved international growth reference that reflects the normal infant growth pattern is indicated.
Abstract: The current international growth reference, the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference, is widely used to compare the nutritional status of populations and to assess the growth of individual children throughout the world. Recently, concerns were raised regarding the adequacy of this reference for assessing the growth of breast-fed infants. We used the NCHS reference to evaluate infant growth in one of the most developed areas of Brazil. Infants who were exclusively or predominantly breast-fed for the first 4-6 mo, and partially breast-fed thereafter, grew more rapidly than the NCHS reference in weight and length during the first 3 mo, but appeared to falter thereafter. The average growth of all infants, regardless of feeding pattern, was faster than the NCHS reference until approximately 6 mo, after which their growth became slower than that of the NCHS sample. To substantiate this finding, the NCHS growth curves were then compared with growth data of breast-fed infants in developed countries from pooled published studies, formula-fed North American and European infants and predominantly bottle-fed U.S. infants monitored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Pediatric Surveillance System. In all three cases, weights showed the same pattern as the Brazilian infants-higher than NCHS in the early months but an apparent decline thereafter. The pattern for length gain was similar but less marked. Breast-fed infants showed more pronounced declines than those who were predominantly bottle-fed. These findings suggest that the infancy portion of the NCHS reference does not adequately reflect the growth of either breast-fed or artificially fed infants. This probably results from characteristics of the original sample and from inadequate curve-fitting procedures. The development of an improved international growth reference that reflects the normal infant growth pattern is indicated.
119 citations
TL;DR: Probiotic CenBiot was as effective as Furazolidone, reducing the prevalence of diarrhoea to half that in the control group, and significantly improved feed conversion, daily weight gain and total weight gain in pigs in the nursery phase.
Abstract: The production and testing of a probiotic formulated with a strain of Bacillus cereus (Probiotic CenBiot) is reported. The strain was grown in fed batch fermenters, desiccated, and mixed with cornflour. To test the effect of the probiotic in controlling piglet diarrhoea, two groups of sows and their respective litters received feed supplemented with probiotic CenBiot or Furazolidone; the control group received the same basic feed but not supplemented. Probiotic CenBiot was as effective as Furazolidone, reducing the prevalence of diarrhoea to half that in the control group. It also significantly improved feed conversion, daily weight gain and total weight gain in pigs in the nursery phase. Feed conversion ratios of weaned pigs were 1.904, 2.146 and 2.099 for the groups that received Probiotic CenBiot, a commercial probiotic, and basic feed, respectively. In terms of food consumption, the Probiotic CenBiot group consumed 12.6% less than the commercial probiotic group, and 10% less than the control group, to achieve the same weight.
98 citations
TL;DR: Main risk factors for perinatal mortality: low socioeconomic level, maternal age above 35 years and male sex, and among multigravidae women, the fetal mortality rate was significantly increased for mothers with a previously low birthweight and a previous stillbirth.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Although there was a considerable reduction in infant mortality in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul in the last decade, its perinatal causes were reduced only by 28%. The associated factors of these causes were analised. MATERIAL AND METHOD: All hospital births and perinatal deaths were assessed by daily visits to all the maternity hospitals in the city, throughout 1993 and including the first week of 1994. RESULTS: The perinatal mortality rate was 22.1 per thousand births. The multivariate analysis showed the following risk factors: low socioeconomic level, male sex and maternal age above 35 years . Among multigravidae women, the fetal mortality rate was significantly increased for mothers with a previously low birthweight and a previous stillbirth. For early neonatal mortality the risk was significantly increased by a smaller number of antenatal visits than 5 and low birthweight. CONCLUSIONS: Main risk factors for perinatal mortality: low socioeconomic level, maternal age above 35 years and male sex. For early neonatal mortality the risk was significantly increased by a smaller number of antenatal visits than 5 and low birthweight.
89 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the first of a series dealing with the development of a methodology for assessing quality of ambulatory care, a sample of 270 outpatients from the same health center were presented with a list of 12 questions.
Abstract: In this paper, the first of a series dealing with the development of a methodology for assessing quality of ambulatory care, a sample of 270 outpatients from the same health center were presented with a list of 12 questions. Although different versions of the questionnaire were tested, we found a high degree of agreement between the results. The findings indicate that the parameter "satisfaction" lends itself readily to measurement, thus becoming a useful instrument for guiding active intervention.
86 citations
TL;DR: Crude analyses showed no effect of caffeine on low birth weight, preterm births or intrauterine growth retardation, and the results did not change after allowing for confounders.
Abstract: The authors conducted a matched case-control study to investigate the effects of caffeine intake during pregnancy on birth weight. From January to November 1992, in the first 24 hours after delivery, 1,205 mothers (401 cases and 804 controls) were interviewed and their newborns were examined to assess birth weight and gestational age by means of the method of Capurro et al. (J Pediatr 1978;93:120-2). The cases were children with birth weight or = 28 weeks. Cases and controls were matched for time of birth and hospital of delivery and were recruited from the four maternity hospitals in Pelotas, southern Brazil. Daily maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy for each trimester was estimated. To assess caffeine intake, 10% of the mothers were reinterviewed at their households and samples of reported information on drip coffee and mate (a caffeine-containing drink widely used in South America) were collected and sent to the laboratory for caffeine determination through liquid chromatography. When instant coffee was reported, the weight of powder was measured using a portable scale, and caffeine intake was estimated from a reference table. Caffeine intake from tea, chocolate, soft drinks, and medicines was estimated from a reference table. Analyses were performed by conditional logistic regression. Crude analyses showed no effect of caffeine on low birth weight, preterm births or intrauterine growth retardation. The results did not change after allowing for confounders.
79 citations
TL;DR: Birth length was strongly associated with development at 12 months, but only infants born both short and thin were at increased risk of mortality and hospitalizations, and the combination of the two measures provides a useful classification of the anthropometric status of the newborn.
Abstract: A prospective study of all 5249 live births in Pelotas Brazil in 1993 examined interactions between health and development in infancy. The 5160 infants who had length and weight measurements taken at birth were classified into tertiles of length-for-age Z score and ponderal index--a measure of soft tissue growth. There was no association between these two measures. After adjustments for gestational age infants in the lower tertiles of both length and ponderal index had a 3.8 times greater risk of mortality from day 8 to 365 and a 2.5 times higher risk of hospitalization than infants in the high tertile. However infants born short but not thin or thin but not short were not at increased risk of either mortality or hospitalization. Suspected developmental delay at 12 months was associated with shorter stature at birth and less strongly with a lower ponderal index but there was no synergism between the two measures. Infants in the middle and upper tertiles of ponderal index at birth became markedly thinner in the first year of life while length changes were less strongly associated with initial status. Overall these findings suggest that the combination of length and ponderal index at birth may provide a functionally relevant means of classifying the newborns anthropometric status since the two measures are relatively independent of each other at the level of the individual and appear to affect different aspects of the infants subsequent health and development.
75 citations
TL;DR: There is the need for improvement in the quality of prenatal care with special attention for mothers with high gestational risk, as well as utilization of health care, in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil in 1993.
Abstract: All 5304 births in the hospitals of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil in 1993 were studied. Neonates were examined and their mothers were interviewed regarding sociodemographic conditions, family income, reproductive health, and medical care during pregnancy. Ninety-five per cent of women received prenatal care. The mean number of physician visits during pregnancy was 7 and the majority of the women (84.7%) began visits before the fifth month of pregnancy. Women who did not receive prenatal care were from the lowest socioeconomic stratum and were mostly adolescents or over 40 years of age. Incidence of low birth weight in this group was 2.5 times that of the group with more than five visits (p>0.001). Perinatal mortality rate was 50.6/1000 in the group without prenatal care and 15.8/1000 in the group with more than five visits. With regard to utilization of health care, the study shows that twenty-five per cent of women with high gestational risk received inadequate prenatal care. The rate was less than 10% in the group of women with low gestational risk. These results suggest the need for improvement in the quality of prenatal care with special attention for mothers with high gestational risk.
73 citations
TL;DR: This work examined the variability in linear and soft tissue growth of infants according to their feeding patterns, emphasizing differences between exclusively and predominantly (breast milk plus fluids) breast-fed infants.
72 citations
TL;DR: Recomenda-se aos servicos de saude atencao especial a lactantes submetidas a cesarianas eletivas, para que seja promovido o aleitamento desde as primeiras semanas, evitando a interrupcao precoce.
Abstract: OBJETIVO: Comparar a incidencia de amamentacao conforme o tipo de parto. MATERIAL E METODO: Estudo de coorte prospectivo de base populacional com 655 criancas brasileiras nascidas no ano de 1993 e acompanhadas durante o primeiro trimestre de vida, atraves de duas visitas domiciliares. RESULTADOS: A duracao da amamentacao foi similar entre os nascidos por parto vaginal e cesariana emergencial. Os nascidos por cesariana eletiva apresentaram um risco tres vezes maior de interromper a lactacao no primeiro mes de vida, apos controle de fatores de confusao (razao de odds=3,09; 95% IC 1,3-7,2). Este aumento de risco nao persitiu ate o terceiro mes de vida. CONCLUSOES: Recomenda-se aos servicos de saude atencao especial a lactantes submetidas a cesarianas eletivas, para que seja promovido o aleitamento desde as primeiras semanas, evitando a interrupcao precoce.
57 citations
TL;DR: The method of weighed diet records was sufficiently accurate for assessing protein intake in this sample of type 2 diabetes patients, and protein intake recorded by the patients was evaluated on the basis of 24-h nitrogen output.
TL;DR: There is no significant association between noncompliance and employment status for head-of-family, age, gender, alcoholism, or presence of symptoms, while the only risk factor significantly associated with noncompliance was non-white skin color.
Abstract: This study assesses risk factors for treatment noncompliance by patients registered with the Tuberculosis Control Program who live in the urban area of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State. The study lasted from June 1994 to December 1995. All new cases diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis in the 20-80-year age bracket were monitored by the Tuberculosis Unit, hub of the tuberculosis control program in Pelotas. All patients was monitored from time of diagnosis through end of treatment, six months later. Patients answered a standard questionnaire. From June 1994 to June 1995, 152 cases were recorded, with some 20% treatment noncompliance. We observed no significant association between noncompliance and employment status for head-of-family, age, gender, alcoholism, or presence of symptoms, while the only risk factor significantly associated with noncompliance was non-white skin color, probably due to the study's weak power as a function of sample size.
TL;DR: O estudo conclui that a cobertura do exame citopatologico para mulheres entre 20 e 69 anos em Pelotas e superior aCobertura encontrada em outras partes do pais e do mundo.
Abstract: Em 1995, o câncer de colo de utero foi a quarta causa de morte mais prevalente para o sexo feminino no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Tendo em vista que nao existem estudos disponiveis sobre a cobertura do exame citopatologico na cidade de Pelotas -- a principal cidade da regiao sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul -- , em 1992 realizou-se uma pesquisa transversal, de base populacional, entre mulheres de 20 a 69 anos residentes na zona urbana da cidade de Pelotas. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a realizacao do exame citopatologico nos 3 anos anteriores a pesquisa; determinar o indice de cobertura deste exame na cidade de Pelotas; e identificar fatores associados a realizacao do exame. A classe social foi definida como variavel sobredeterminante. Na operacionalizacao de classe social duas classificacoes foram utilizadas: a classificacao de Bronfman e a classificacao preconizada pela Associacao Brasileira de Institutos de Pesquisa de Mercado. Das 934 mulheres entrevistadas, 606 (65%) haviam feito o exame citopatologico nos 3 anos que antecederam a pesquisa. A analise multivariada revelou diferencas quanto a realizacao do exame citopatologico em relacao a classe social, idade e frequencia anual de consultas. Nao foram encontradas diferencas em relacao a escolaridade, tipo de servico de saude utilizado e hospitalizacoes no ano anterior a pesquisa. O estudo conclui que a cobertura do exame citopatologico para mulheres entre 20 e 69 anos em Pelotas e superior a cobertura encontrada em outras partes do pais e do mundo. No entanto, nas classes mais baixas, o indice de cobertura ficou entre 52 e 56%. Estes dados podem contribuir para a elaboracao de medidas que visem ao aumento da cobertura para setores especificos.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: A "biological" restoration technique using dental fragments and adhesive materials is described, obtained from extracted human teeth which had been previously sterilized and stored in a tooth bank.
Abstract: A "biological" restoration technique using dental fragments and adhesive materials is described. These fragments were obtained from extracted human teeth which had been previously sterilized and stored in a tooth bank. The advantages are: the use of extracted teeth as restorative material, esthetics, and treatment cost. The positive sensation of having back the missing tooth was the most mentioned comment among patients. The disadvantages are: the difficulty of obtaining teeth with the needed characteristics, problems of making an indirect restoration, matching the original color, and the non-acceptance by some patients who consider it strange to have other people's teeth placed in their mouths.
TL;DR: Conclui-se that a incidencia de tuberculose em Pelotas e muito elevada e that a maioria dos fatores de risco sao passiveis of prevencao ou reducao e that as variaveis historia de diabete e moradia proxima a pedreiras nao se mostraram associadas com tuberculOSE.
Abstract: Objetivou-se medir a incidencia e avaliar fatores de risco para tuberculose, em adultos de Pelotas. Os casos foram detectados na "Secretaria Municipal da Saude e Bem Estar" (Centro de Saude), no periodo de junho de 1994 a junho de 1995. Concomitante, controles populacionais, pareados por sexo e idade, eram sorteados e aplicado o mesmo questionario aos casos e controles. A incidencia notificada de tuberculose foi de 72,4/100.000 habitantes. A analise estatistica bruta mostrou os seguintes odds ratios: 10,8 (classe social E), 5,4 (renda familiar < 1 salario minimo) e 6,6 (analfabetos). O risco em pessoas de cor nao branca foi de 4,7; aglomeracao e contato com tuberculose apresentaram respectivamente riscos de 3,1 e 5,3. Alcoolismo mostrou um risco de 4,3 e os portadores de doencas associadas a tuberculose um risco de 3,6; as variaveis historia de diabete e moradia proxima a pedreiras nao se mostraram associadas com tuberculose. Os trabalhadores de pedreiras apresentaram um risco de 4,0. Na analise por regressao logistica condicional, as seguintes variaveis permaneceram, apos ajuste para fatores de confusao, significativamente associadas com tuberculose: contato com tuberculose (OR=8,2), alcoolismo (OR=4,0), trabalho em pedreira (OR=4,7) e cor nao branca (OR=3,1). Conclui-se que a incidencia de tuberculose em Pelotas e muito elevada e que a maioria dos fatores de risco sao passiveis de prevencao ou reducao.
TL;DR: The prevalence of infection was higher in March, August, September, October and November, which coincided with the higher temperatures and pluvial precipitation observed the month before the outbreaks, stressing the importance of these two factors for the survival of leptospira in the environment.
Abstract: During the year of 1995 we examined 425 serum samples from dogs in the area of influence of the Center for Zoonosis Control, performing the microscopic agglutination test for diagnosis of leptospirosis. Of these, 148 (34.8%) gave positive reactions with titers equal or higher than 1:100, for the following serovars: L. canicola (58.1%), L. icterohaemorrhagiae (20.9%), L. copenhageni (11.4%), L. grippotiphosa and L. castellonis (2.7%) L. andamana and L. autumnalis and L. pyrogenes with (1.4%). The prevalence of infection was higher in March, August, September, October and November, which coincided, with the higher temperatures and pluvial precipitation observed the month before the outbreaks. This observation stress the importance of these two factors for the survival of leptospira in the environment.
TL;DR: Combined analysis of mean birth weight study results showed a significant decrease in birth weight among newborns of the heaviest caffeine-consuming mothers, indicating that a pooled estimate should not be taken as an adequate measure.
Abstract: Epidemiological publications on the relationship of caffeine to birth weight and duration of human pregnancy, from 1966 to 1995, were searched through Medline. Each study was treated as the stratification variable, and its weight in the weighted average was proportional to the inverse of its variance. Twenty-six studies were located. Among the twenty-two studies on birth weight, eleven were on mean birth weight, nine on low birth weight (LBW), and four on intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Combined analysis of mean birth weigh study results showed a significant decrease in birth weight of nearly 43g among newborns of the heaviest caffeine-consuming mothers. LBW, IUGR, and preterm delivery displayed significant homogeneity in the test results, indicating that a pooled estimate should not be taken as an adequate measure. The high heterogeneity of the available literature on the effects of caffeine on LBW, IUGR, and preterm delivery prevents estimation of reliable pooled estimates through meta-analysis. Further assessment of caffeine intake during pregnancy is needed in future research.
TL;DR: The main epidemiological, clinical and pathologic aspects of the diseases of the nervous system in cattle in Southern Rio Grande do Sul are described, including cerebellar abiotrophy and spinal syndrome.
Abstract: The main epidemiological, clinical and pathologic aspects of the diseases of the nervous system in cattle in Southern Rio Grande do Sul are described, including, the following conditions: cerebellar abiotrophy; cerebellar hypoplasia; congenital hypermetria; arthrogryposis; congenital hypomyelinogenesis; brain abscess; listeriose; tetanus; botulism; focal symmetrical encephalomalacia; rabies; leucosis; encephalitis by Herpesvirus Bovine-5; bovino malignant catarrh; intoxications by Solanum fastigiatum, Claviceps paspali, Halimium brasiliense, Diplodia maydis, and Ramaria flavo-brunnescens; hepatoencephalopaty caused by Senecio spp. and Echium plantagineum; ketosis; coenurosis; and spinal syndrome.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Three outbreaks of Xanthium cavanillesii intoxication occurred in the spring in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, and the lethal dose of cotyledons divided in 5 daily doses was not toxic for cattle and sheep, demonstrating the non-cumulative effect of the plant.
Abstract: Three outbreaks of Xanthium cavanillesii intoxication occurred in the spring in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. All outbreaks were observed in paddocks with sandy soils in flood plains along water streams. The paddocks had been under water, and after water withdrawal cattle were introduced to those areas which had seedlings of X cavanillesii and shortage of other forage. Mortality varied between 3 and 58%. Most animals were found dead or died a few hours after observation of clinical signs. The main lesion was a swollen liver with acute diffuse centrilobular necrosis. The disease was produced experimentally by feeding cotyledons at 0.75 and 1% bw in calves, and at 1.5 and 2% bw in sheep. Clinical signs and gross and microscopic lesions were similar to those observed in field cases. X cavanillesii in the 4-leaf stage with the attached cotyledons was also toxic for cattle and sheep, but the same plant without cotyledons lost its liver toxicity. The lethal dose of cotyledons divided in 5 daily doses was not toxic for cattle and sheep, demonstrating the non-cumulative effect of the plant.
TL;DR: O consumo oficiais de medicamentos no primeiro mes foi 64% menor para as criancas que tinham tres ou mais irmaos menores do que para primogenitos, na analise ajustada.
Abstract: INTRODUCAO: Os poucos estudos existentes apontam para o consumo abusivo de medicamentos em criancas, sendo os medicos os principais responsaveis pela indicacao. Para conhecer melhor os padroes de consumo de medicamentos, foi feito estudo em criancas no primeiro trimestre de vida, segundo variaveis sociais, biologicas, padroes alimentares e ultilizacao de servicos de saude. METODO: Estudou-se uma amostra de 655 criancas nascidas em 1993, residentes na zona urbana de Pelotas, Brasil. Informacoes sobre o consumo de medicamentos na quinzena precedente a entrevista foram coletadas ao final do primeiro e do terceiro mes. RESULTADOS: Com um mes, 65% das criancas consumiam medicamentos e com tres meses, 69%. Tres ou mais medicamentos foram consumidos por 17% das criancas em cada acompanhamento. Combinacoes de tres ou mais farmacos (um indicador de ma qualidade do medicamento) foram usadas por 14% no primeiro mes e por 19% no terceiro mes. Aos tres meses, 20% das criancas consumiam medicamentos cronicamente. Com um mes, os medicamentos mais consumidos foram Cloreto de Benzalconio + Soro Fisiologico, Dimeticona + Homatropina e Nistatina solucao. Aos tres meses foram Acido Acetil Salicilico, Cloreto de Benzalconio + Soro Fisiologico e Dimeticona + Homatropina. O principal problema referido como motivo de uso foi colica no primeiro acompanhamento e resfriado, no segundo. Na analise ajustada, o consumo de medicamentos no primeiro mes foi 64% menor para as criancas que tinham tres ou mais irmaos menores do que para primogenitos. Criancas nao amamentadas ao final do primeiro mes apresentaram um risco 75% maior de haver consumido medicamentos. Resultados semelhantes foram observados para o consumo no terceiro mes. CONCLUSAO: Desde a mais tenra idade, as criancas sao habituadas a conviver com uma medicalizacao exagerada de sintomas corriqueiros. Nao estaria assim sendo preparado o terreno para futuras dependencias de medicamentos ou outras drogas?
TL;DR: Supporting mothers in breast-feeding is beneficial to both mothers and children and can lead to a better quality of life.
Abstract: This paper relates the success of a study that helped enhance breast-feeding by means of a support group in Southern Brazil The International Multicenter Growth Reference Study was designed to help WHO develop new growth charts to measure nutritional status of populations and to evaluate individual growth Southern Brazil was one of the sites selected for the study and an ongoing data collection for the longitudinal component of the study (based on children aged 0-24 months) began in July 1997 The new growth reference will be based on the growth of children with the following characteristics: gestational age at birth between 37 and 42 full weeks single birth lack of significant perinatal morbidity absence of maternal smoking no economic constraints on growth and being breast-fed for at least 1 full year and given no other foods during the first 4-6 months Since few mothers in Brazil follow this recommendation a lactation support group was trained to help mothers breast-feed their babies It was found that the breast-feeding support group really made a difference at least with regard to the duration of breast-feeding Mothers who had support breast-fed longer and waited longer to introduce other foods into their childrens diet compared to those who had no support The factors that contributed to increased breast-feeding duration are enumerated In conclusion supporting mothers in breast-feeding is beneficial to both mothers and children and can lead to a better quality of life
TL;DR: Comparison with the impact of diseases prevented by breast- feeding shows that concern with hemorrhagic disease should not affect breast-feeding promotion efforts, although strategies for supplementing breast-fed infants must be explored.
Abstract: Vitamin K prophylaxis prevents hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. The present review estimates the potential magnitude of this problem in less developed countries, assessing the need for prophylaxis, along with its cost-effectiveness and feasibility. Late hemorrhagic disease, occurring between 2 and 12 weeks, often leads to death or permanent disability. Its median incidence in developed countries is 7 per 100,000 births. Incidences in less developed countries may be much higher. Three incidence scenarios are proposed and the corresponding losses of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) calculated. Under the intermediate scenario, late hemorrhagic disease accounts for 0.1% to 0.2% of DALYs lost to children less than 5 years of age. Assuming a cost of +1.00 per injection, each DALY saved would cost +133. Decisions on prophylaxis must be made on a national basis, considering mortality levels and causes, health budgets, and feasibility. Comparison with the impact of diseases prevented by breast-feeding shows that concern with hemorrhagic disease should not affect breast-feeding promotion efforts, although strategies for supplementing breast-fed infants must be explored.
TL;DR: In this paper, an analise foi realizada a partir das correlacoes entre as prevalencias de deficits of altura/idade and peso/idades definidas.
Abstract: INTRODUCAO: A antropometria e amplamente utilizada para avaliacao nutricional de individuos e de grupos populacionais. Em anos recentes, diagnosticos comunitarios tem sido realizados por profissionais dos servicos de saude em diversas regioes brasileiras, com o objetivo de complementar os dados obtidos atraves de vigilância nutricional. Um obstaculo importante a realizacao destes diagnosticos e a dificil mensuracao da altura em inqueritos domiciliares. METODO: Foram identificados 38 inqueritos antropometricos com criancas de 0 a 5 anos de idade, realizados no Brasil, que utilizaram o padrao de referencia NCHS e o percentual de criancas abaixo de -2 escore Z para definicao da prevalencia de deficit de peso/idade e altura/idade. A analise foi realizada a partir das correlacoes entre as prevalencias de deficits de altura/idade e peso/idade definidas. RESULTADOS: A analise mostrou que devido a baixa prevalencia de deficits de peso/altura ha forte correlacao entre peso/idade e altura/idade, em nivel populacional. Cerca de 90% da variabilidade de altura/idade (A/I) e explicada pelo peso/idade (P/I). CONCLUSAO: Atraves da equacao (Prev. A/I) = 0,74 + 2,34 (Prev. P/I) - 0,03 (Prev. P/I)2, e possivel estimar os deficits de altura, desde que se conheca os deficits de peso. Espera-se que os resultados possam contribuir para a simplificacao dos inqueritos antropometricos realizados no âmbito dos servicos e favorecer sua disseminacao.
TL;DR: The demonstrated structural complexity of the enteric nervous system (ENS) reflects the functional complexity ofThe ruminant forestomach and indicates the relatively high degree of autonomy in coordinating the different motility patterns required for the processing of the ingesta.
Abstract: Summary The specific motility pattterns of the foresto-mach of ruminants, composed of three structurally distinct compartments (rumen, reticulum, omasum), require an elaborate intramural innervation. To demonstrate the complex structure of the enteric nervous system (ENS), whole mount preparations obtained from different sites of the bovine forestomach were submitted to immunohistochemical procedures in which neuronal (protein gene product 9.5, neurofilament 200) and glial (protein S-100, glial fibrillary acid protein) markers were applied. Immunohistochemistry performed on whole mounts allowed a detailed two-dimensional assessment of the architecture of the intramural nerve networks. Generally, the myenteric and submucosal plexus layers were composed of ganglia and interconnecting nerve fiber strands, whereas the mucosal plexus consisted of an aganglionated nerve network. However, the texture of the ENS showed considerable regional differences concerning the ganglionic size, shape and density and the arrangement of nerve fiber strands. The myenteric plexus of the ruminai wall, showing a low ganglionic density and wide polygonal meshes, contrasted with the nerve network within the ruminai pillar which consisted of ropeladder-like nerve fiber strands and parallel orientated ganglia. The highest ganglionic density was observed at the reticular groove, the most prominent ganglia were found within the omasal wall. Branches of the vagal nerve frequently ramified within the myenteric plexus layers. The submucosal plexus of the rumen was divided into an external and internal layer; the reticular submucosal plexus followed the cristae and cellulae reticuli, the omasal submucosal (sub- laminar) plexus showed intra- and parafascicular ganglia apart from ganglia located at the junctions of the nerve network. The mucosal plexus of the rumen consisted of thin nerve fascicles ramifying between the ruminai papillae, and reticular mucosal nerve fibers passed throughout the base of the cellulae reticuli. The highly specialised nerve network of the intralaminar omasal plexus showed radial and transverse trajectories reflecting the spatial arrangement of the intralaminar musculature. The demonstrated structural complexity of the ENS reflects the functional complexity of the ruminant forestomach and indicates the relatively high degree of autonomy in coordinating the different motility patterns required for the processing of the ingesta.
TL;DR: A co-cromatografia dos padroes e amostras, no sistema desenvolvimento, proporcionou boa separacao e diferenciacao colorimetrica of monossacarideos and seus acidos derivados, possibilitando a identificacao dos componentes majoritarios dos biopolimeros analisados as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Metodo simplificado foi desenvolvido para deteccao de monossacarideos e seus acidos derivados que fazem parte da composicao de biopolimeros bacterianos obtidos por fermentacao. Biopolimeros foram hidrolisados com acido cloridrico 2N [3:100 (m/v)] em tubo fechado a 80°C por 16h, seguindo-se concentracao em evaporador rotatorio a 50oC e ressuspensao do concentrado em metanol. Esse material, apos evaporacao expontânea em capela de exaustao por 24h, foi cromatografado no sistema cloroformio:metanol:acido acetico:agua 40:40:10:10 (v/v/v/v) e gel de silica F254, utilizando-se anizaldeido sulfurico como revelador. A co-cromatografia dos padroes e amostras (gelanaâ, xantanaâ e clairana), no sistema desenvolvido, proporcionou boa separacao e diferenciacao colorimetrica dos monossacarideos e seus acidos derivados, possibilitando a identificacao dos componentes majoritarios dos biopolimeros analisados. O sistema mostrou-se capaz de detectar a presenca da maioria dos acucares comuns aos biopolimeros bacterianos.
TL;DR: The findings are discussed in terms of the overreliance on anorectics as aids to dieting, the dangers of polypharmacy, and the risks of long-term use.
Abstract: In 1994 a cross-sectional survey was undertaken in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, to assess the prevalence of amphetamine-like appetite suppressant use. 1,277 adults were interviewed, and the prevalence of anorectic drug use was 1.3% (95% CI = 0.7-1.9): 15 women and one man, mainly from higher socioeconomic groups. Most of the users (81%) had a medical prescription. Forty-one different drugs had been prescribed. Mean length of use was 8.7 months. These findings are discussed in terms of the overreliance on anorectics as aids to dieting, the dangers of polypharmacy, and the risks of long-term use.
TL;DR: Examination of carcass weight and fat content, as well as carcass regional composition and leg and shoulder tissue composition, showed that, with exception of rib weight and shoulderfat content, breed differences were significant (P 0.05).
Abstract: O trabalho foi realizado no Centro de Pesquisa de Pecuaria dos Campos Sulbrasileiros - CPPSUL/EMBRAPA, Bage, RS (fase de campo) e no Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPEL, Pelotas, RS (fase laboratorial), durante os anos de 1994/95. Utilizaram-se cordeiros das racas Texel, Romney Marsh, Corriedale, Ideal e Merino (10 animais por raca), criados em pastagem nativa (predominância de Paspalum notatum Flugge e Axonopus affinis Chase), recebendo, do desmame as 10 semanas ate o abate aos 7,5 meses de idade, 200g/cab/dia de um concentrado com 17% de PB e 75% de NDT, que incluia residuos da agroindustria em sua formulacao. Objetivou-se avaliar o peso de carcaca fria, gordura de cobertura e estado de engraxamento, bem como a composicao regional da carcaca (peso dos principais cortes) e tecidual do quarto e paleta (percentual de osso, musculo e gordura na peca). Os resultados mostraram que, com excessao do peso da costela e percentagem de gordura da paleta, as diferencas raciais influenciaram significativamente tanto o peso de carcaca fria e seu estado de engraxamento, quanto as composicoes regional e tecidual. Houve maior peso de carcaca dos cordeiros Texel, seguido pelos Romney. As carcacas das demais racas foram mais leves e semelhantes em peso (P>0,05). Os cordeiros Merino apresentaram maior percentagem de paleta, as quais foram semelhantes para as demais racas. Os cordeiros Texel apresentaram significativamente menor percentagem de pescoco do que os cordeiros Merino. Quanto a percentagem de quarto, somente os cordeiros Merino mostraram significativamente (P 0,05) para o percentual de costela entre os genotipos. As carcacas dos cordeiros Romney, Corriedale e Merino apresentaram menor gordura de cobertura e obtiveram mais baixos escores de estado geral de engraxamento. Quanto a composicao tecidual, os cordeiros Texel e Ideal apresentaram menor percentual de osso no quarto, porem, os primeiros com maior percentagem de musculo. Isto ocorreu associado a menor quantidade de gordura da raca Texel nesta peca. Os cordeiros Texel tiveram menor percentagem de osso e maior percentagem de musculo (P 0,05). Entre os diferentes genotipos, nao houve diferenca (P>0,05) em termos de gordura na paleta.
TL;DR: During observations, during observations a child had a lower probability of receiving an antibiotic or antidiarrheal drug prescription, which indicates that other variables than technical skills are involved in doctor's prescribing behaviour, and efforts to improve the quality of case management of diarrhoea are needed.
TL;DR: In this article, Malassezia pachydermatis (Pityrosporum canis) is found in the whole skin microflora and it seems to occur as a consequence of changes in the local microenvironment, such as moist increase, temperature or substrate enhancement, generating a raising on cell quantity, which brings the transition from commensal form to parasitism.
Abstract: The Malassezia pachydermatis ( Pityrosporum canis) is found in the whole skin microflora. It seems to occur as a consequence of changes in the local microenvironment, such as moist increase, temperature or substrate enhancement, generating a raising on cell quantity, which brings the transition from commensal form to parasitism. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the prevalence of M. pachydermatis infection and other infectious agents in external otitis and dog dermatitis as well. We also examined 78 samples of dogs suffering from otitis, 36 samples of dogs having normal auditive tube and 24 having dermatitis. All samples were submitted to direct microscopic examination. They were cultured in blood agar, also in Sabouraud agar dextrose with cloranfenicol and cicloheximide. By direct examination showed that 50% of the samples on dogs with otitis and dermatitis 16.6% showed several cels resembling M. pachydermatis. However from healthy ear sample 83.3% did not present cells with this form. M. pachydermatis was isolated on 80.7% of otitis samples, on 25% of normal auditive tube samples and finally, 37.5% of dog dermatitis samples. It was isolated Staphylococcus intermedius, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus sp, Streptococcus sp and Otodectes cynotis from samples of animals with otitis. Cases of dermatites allowed also the isolation of Staphylococcus intermedius, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Microsporum canis, M. gypseum, Trychophyton mentagophytes and Demodex canis. M. pachydermatis was the most prevalent agent in cases of external otitis and dermatitis, being an opportunistic agent, that cause otitis and dermatitis when thereis a change in the microenvironment
TL;DR: The perinatal mortality rate was 22.1 per thousand births in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul in the last decade as mentioned in this paper and the associated factors of these causes were analised.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Although there was a considerable reduction in infant mortality in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul in the last decade, its perinatal causes were reduced only by 28%. The associated factors of these causes were analised. MATERIAL AND METHOD: All hospital births and perinatal deaths were assessed by daily visits to all the maternity hospitals in the city, throughout 1993 and including the first week of 1994. RESULTS: The perinatal mortality rate was 22.1 per thousand births. The multivariate analysis showed the following risk factors: low socioeconomic level, male sex and maternal age above 35 years . Among multigravidae women, the fetal mortality rate was significantly increased for mothers with a previously low birthweight and a previous stillbirth. For early neonatal mortality the risk was significantly increased by a smaller number of antenatal visits than 5 and low birthweight. CONCLUSIONS: Main risk factors for perinatal mortality: low socioeconomic level, maternal age above 35 years and male sex. For early neonatal mortality the risk was significantly increased by a smaller number of antenatal visits than 5 and low birthweight.