Showing papers by "Universidade Federal de Pelotas published in 2007"
TL;DR: This worldwide study showed higher levels and more advanced staging of spirometrically confirmed COPD than have typically been reported and variations in disease prevalence-other factors also seem to be important.
2,038 citations
International Agency for Research on Cancer1, French Institute of Health and Medical Research2, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center3, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul4, National Institutes of Health5, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation6, University of Milan7, Pennsylvania State University8, University of Lausanne9, University of Buenos Aires10, Universidade Federal de Pelotas11, University of São Paulo12, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill13, University of Iowa14, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center15, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine16, Russian Academy17, University of California, Los Angeles18
TL;DR: The results represent the most precise estimates available of the independent association of each of the two main risk factors of head and neck cancer, and they exemplify the strengths of large-scale consortia in cancer epidemiology.
Abstract: Background At least 75% of head and neck cancers are attributable to a combination of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking. A precise understanding of the independent association of each of these factors in the absence of the other with the risk of head and neck cancer is needed to elucidate mechanisms of head and neck carcinogenesis and to assess the efficacy of interventions aimed at controlling either risk factor. Methods We examined the extent to which head and neck cancer is associated with cigarette smoking among never drinkers and with alcohol drinking among never users of tobacco. We pooled individual-level data from 15 case – control studies that included 10 244 head and neck cancer case subjects and 15 227 control subjects, of whom 1072 case subjects and 5775 control subjects were never users of tobacco and 1598 case subjects and 4051 control subjects were never drinkers of alcohol. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression models. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results Among never drinkers, cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of head and neck cancer (OR for ever versus never smoking = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.52 to 2.98), and there were clear dose – response relationships for the frequency, duration, and number of pack-years of cigarette smoking. Approximately 24% (95% CI = 16% to 31%) of head and neck cancer cases among nondrinkers in this study would have been prevented if these individuals had not smoked cigarettes. Among never users of tobacco, alcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk of head and neck cancer only when alcohol was consumed at high frequency (OR for three or more drinks per day versus never drinking = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.29 to 3.21). The association with high-frequency alcohol intake was limited to cancers of the oropharynx/hypopharynx and larynx. Conclusions Our results represent the most precise estimates available of the independent association of each of the two main risk factors of head and neck cancer, and they exemplify the strengths of large-scale consortia in cancer epidemiology. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99: 777 – 89
849 citations
TL;DR: The prevalence of most of the personal barriers studied was higher in this population than those levels observed in high-income (developed) countries, and perceiving 5 of the 8 barriers investigated was inversely associated with leisure-time physical activity level.
Abstract: Objectives. We sought to identify perceived personal barriers to physical activity and examine the potential association between these barriers and sociodemographic and behavioral variables, including participation in leisure-time physical activity.Methods. In 2003, we conducted a population-based study in Pelotas, Brazil. Participants aged 20 years and older were selected according to a multistage sampling strategy. Participants responded to both the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and a standardized questionnaire investigating 8 perceived personal barriers.Results. Only 26.8% of participants achieved 150 minutes per week of leisure-time physical activity. Lack of money (40.3%) and feeling too tired (38.1%) were the most frequently reported barriers to physical activity. A dose–response group association was observed between number of perceived barriers and level of physical activity. In the multivariable analysis, lack of time, dislike of exercising, feeling too tired, lack of company, and...
468 citations
TL;DR: Because men and women have different levels of physical activity, and the variables associated with activity levels are not consistent across the genders, interventions promoting physical activity should take these differences into account.
Abstract: To explore the association between gender and leisure-time physical activity in a population-based sample of adults living in Brazil. To study a variety of variables possibly associated with physical activity levels. A multistage sampling of households was undertaken in Pelotas, a medium-sized Southern Brazilian city. Leisure-time physical activity was measured using the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Data on potential predictors of leisure-time physical activity behavior were collected using a standardized questionnaire. 1 344 men and 1 756 women were interviewed. Several definitions of moderate and vigorous-intensity physical activity were used. Regardless of the guideline used, males were more active than women. Socioeconomic level was positively associated with leisure-time physical activity in both genders. A positive dose-response between age and inactivity was found in men, but not among women. Because men and women have different levels of physical activity, and the variables associated with activity levels are not consistent across the genders, interventions promoting physical activity should take these differences into account.
443 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that periodontal disease (as indicated by poor condition of the mouth and missing teeth) and daily mouthwash use may be independent causes of cancers of the head, neck, and esophagus.
Abstract: Poor oral health has been reported as a risk factor in the etiology of head and neck cancer. Data on oral health were ascertained as part of two multicenter case-control studies comprising 924 cases and 928 controls in central Europe and 2,286 cases and 1,824 controls in Latin America. Incident cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (oral cavity, pharynx, larynx) and esophagus, as well as age (in quinquennia)- and sex frequency-matched controls, were enrolled from 1998 to 2003. Poor condition of the mouth (central Europe: odds ratio (OR) = 2.89, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.74, 4.81; Latin America: OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.47, 2.42), lack of toothbrush use (Latin America: OR = 2.36, 95% CI: 1.28, 4.36), and daily mouthwash use (Latin America: OR = 3.40, 95% CI: 1.96, 5.89) emerged as risk factors for head and neck cancer, independent of tobacco use and alcohol consumption. Missing between six and 15 teeth was an independent risk factor for esophageal cancer (central Europe: OR = 2.84, 95% CI: 1.26, 6.41; Latin America: OR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.04, 4.59). These results indicate that periodontal disease (as indicated by poor condition of the mouth and missing teeth) and daily mouthwash use may be independent causes of cancers of the head, neck, and esophagus.
344 citations
TL;DR: The prevalence of falls among elderly could be reduced through actions targeting their needs in health care units, especially regarding preventable associated factors.
Abstract: OBJETIVO: O aumento da expectativa de vida e consequente crescimento da populacao de idosos tem gerado modificacoes em seu perfil de morbimortalidade. Das doencas cronico-degenerativas, as quedas sao agravos prevalentes entre aqueles passiveis de prevencao. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a prevalencia de quedas em idosos e a influencia de variaveis a elas associadas. METODOS: Estudo transversal com amostra composta por 4.003 idosos (65 anos ou mais) cuja coleta de dados foi realizada em 2005. Os idosos residiam na area de abrangencia de unidades basicas de saude de 41 municipios, com mais de 100 mil habitantes, de sete estados do Brasil. Para calculo do nivel de significância dos dados foi usado o teste de Wald para heterogeneidade e tendencia linear. A analise ajustada foi realizada por regressao de Poisson, com calculo de razoes de prevalencia ajustadas. RESULTADOS: A prevalencia de quedas entre os idosos foi de 34,8%, significativamente maior nas mulheres (40,1%). Entre os que sofreram quedas, 12,1% tiveram fratura como consequencia. A prevalencia de quedas associou-se com idade avancada, sedentarismo, autopercepcao de saude como sendo ruim e maior numero de medicacoes referidas para uso continuo. Nao houve diferenca na ocorrencia de quedas entre os idosos das diferentes modalidades da atencao (unidade de saude tradicional e Programa Saude da Familia). CONCLUSOES: A prevalencia de quedas entre os idosos poderia ser diminuida com o planejamento de acoes voltadas as suas necessidades nas unidades de saude, especialmente em relacao aos fatores associados passiveis de prevencao.
307 citations
TL;DR: Promoting physical activity in school age may be a successful intervention against the epidemic of adult inactivity and the effect of this experience on adult behavior was stronger in women than in men.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between regular physical activity in adolescence and leisure-time physical activity in adulthood, with emphasis on gender differences. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 2003. A representative sample of households was selected in multiple stages and subjects aged 20-59 years were interviewed. Leisure-time physical activity was evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Data on adolescent physical activity were based on subjects' recall. RESULTS: Of 2,577 subjects interviewed, 27.5% were classified as adequately active, and 54.9% reported regular physical activity in adolescence. Subjects who engaged in regular physical activity during adolescence were more likely to be adequately active in adulthood (adjusted prevalence ratio 1.42; 95% CI: 1.23; 1.65). This effect was stronger in women (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.22; 1.86) than men (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.10; 1.67). CONCLUSIONS: Promoting physical activity in school age may be a successful intervention against the epidemic of adult inactivity. Although women were less likely to report regular physical activity in adolescence, the effect of this experience on adult behavior was stronger than in men.
259 citations
TL;DR: Increasing poverty and non-white race was associated with elevated CRP levels among adults and most analyses in the literature are underestimating the true effects of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic factors due to adjustment for mediating factors.
Abstract: Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic factors strongly influence cardiovascular disease outcomes and risk factors. C-reactive protein (CRP), a non-specific marker of inflammation, is associated with cardiovascular risk, and knowledge about its distribution in the population may help direct preventive efforts. A systematic review was undertaken to critically assess CRP levels according to socioeconomic and racial/ethnic factors. Medline was searched through December 2006 for population-based studies examining CRP levels among adults with respect to indicators of socioeconomic position (SEP) and/or race/ethnicity. Bibliographies from located studies were scanned and 26 experts in the field were contacted for unpublished work. Thirty-two relevant articles were located. Cross-sectional (n = 20) and cohort studies (n = 11) were included, as was the control group of one trial. CRP levels were examined with respect to SEP and race/ethnicity in 25 and 15 analyses, respectively. Of 20 studies that were unadjusted or adjusted for demographic variables, 19 found inverse associations between CRP levels and SEP. Of 15 similar studies, 14 found differences between racial/ethnic groups such that whites had the lowest while blacks, Hispanics and South Asians had the highest CRP levels. Most studies also included adjustment for potential mediating variables in the causal chain between SEP or race/ethnicity and CRP. Most of these studies showed attenuated but still significant associations. Increasing poverty and non-white race was associated with elevated CRP levels among adults. Most analyses in the literature are underestimating the true effects of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic factors due to adjustment for mediating factors.
248 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that learning is facilitated if feedback is provided after good rather than poor trials, and this is interpreted as evidence for a motivational function of feedback.
Abstract: Recent studies (Chiviacowsky & Wulf, 2002, 2005) have shown that learners prefer to receive feedback after they believe they had a “good” rather than “poor”trial. The present study followed up on this finding and examined whether learning would benefit if individuals received feedback after good relative to poor trials. Participants practiced a task that required them to throw beanbags at a target with their nondominant arm. Vision was prevented during and after the throws. All participants received knowledge of results (KR) on three trials in each 6-trial block. While one group (KR good) received KR for the three most effective trials in each block, another (KR poor) received feedback for the three least effective trials in each block. There were no group differences in practice. However, the KR good group showed learning advantages on a delayed retention test (without KR). These results demonstrated that learning is facilitated if feedback is provided after good rather than poor trials. The findings are...
244 citations
TL;DR: EPDS was valid only for prevalence of postpartum depression in the 20-25% range, with 60% PPV for the > 13 cutoff point (59.5% sensitivity; 88.4% specificity); the specificities and PPVs for all cutoff points were below those reported by other authors.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for screening and diagnosis of postpartum depression. Three months after delivery, EPDS was administered to 378 mothers from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Up to 15 days later, mothers were re-interviewed by mental health care professionals using a semi-structured interview based on ICD-10 (gold standard). We calculated the sensitivity and specificity of each cutoff point, and values were plotted as a receiver operator characteristic curve. The best cutoff point for screening postpartum depression was > 10, with 82.6% (75.3-89.9%) sensitivity and 65.4% (59.8-71.1%) specificity. For screening moderate and severe cases, the best cutoff point was > 11, with 83.8% (73.4-91.3%) sensitivity and 74.7% (69.4-79.5%) specificity. For diagnosis, EPDS was valid only for prevalence of postpartum depression in the 20-25% range, with 60% PPV for the > 13 cutoff point (59.5% sensitivity; 88.4% specificity). The specificities and PPVs for all cutoff points were below those reported by other authors. Small numbers and the calculation of PPV in samples with overrepresentation of cases in the majority of studies appear to account for these differences.
234 citations
TL;DR: History of tuberculosis is associated with airflow obstruction in Latin American middle-aged and older adults, and males with a medical history of tuberculosis were four times more likely to present airflow obstruction than those without such a diagnosis.
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between history of tuberculosis and airflow obstruction. A population-based, multicentre study was carried out and included 5,571 subjects aged o40 yrs living in one of five Latin American metropolitan areas: Sao Paulo (Brazil); Montevideo (Uruguay); Mexico City (Mexico); Santiago (Chile); and Caracas (Venezuela). Subjects performed pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry and were asked whether they had ever been diagnosed with tuberculosis by a physician. The overall prevalence of airflow obstruction (forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity post-bronchodilator ,0.7) was 30.7% among those with a history of tuberculosis, compared with 13.9% among those without a history. Males with a medical history of tuberculosis were 4.1 times more likely to present airflow obstruction than those without such a diagnosis. This remained unchanged after adjustment for confounding by age, sex, schooling, ethnicity, smoking, exposure to dust and smoke, respiratory morbidity in childhood and current morbidity. Among females, the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were 2.3 and 1.7, respectively. In conclusion, history of tuberculosis is associated with airflow obstruction in Latin American middle-aged and older adults.
TL;DR: Older patients (50+ years), those with highest level of education, absence of self-reported chronic diseases and lack of social support were more likely to engage in higher inappropriate ER use, and efforts should be made to redirect inappropriate ER demand.
Abstract: The inappropriate use of emergency room (ER) service by patients with non-urgent health problems is a worldwide problem. Inappropriate ER use makes it difficult to guarantee access for real emergency cases, decreases readiness for care, produces negative spillover effects on the quality of emergency services, and raises overall costs. We conducted a cross-sectional study in a medium-sized city in southern Brazil. The urgency of the presenting complaint was defined according to the Hospital Urgencies Appropriateness Protocol (HUAP). Multivariable Poisson regression was carried out to examine factors associated with inappropriate ER use. The study interviewed 1,647 patients over a consecutive 13-day sampling period. The prevalence of inappropriate ER use was 24.2% (95% CI 22.1–26.3). Inappropriate ER use was inversely associated with age (P = 0.001), longer stay in the waiting room, longer duration of symptoms and morning shift. However, the determinants of inappropriate ER use differed according age groups (P value for interaction = 0.04). Within the younger age-group (15–49 years), inappropriate ER use was higher among females, patients who reported visiting the ER because there was no other place to go, patients reporting that the doctor at the regular place of care refused to attend to them without a prior appointment, and individuals who reported that the PHC clinic which they use is open for shorter periods during the day. Among older patients (50+ years), those with highest level of education, absence of self-reported chronic diseases and lack of social support were more likely to engage in higher inappropriate ER use. Efforts should be made to redirect inappropriate ER demand. Besides expanding access to, and improving the quality of primary and secondary care, it is important to mobilize social support for older patients, to enhance the relationship between different levels of care, as well as to develop campaigns to educate the public about the appropriate use of medical services.
TL;DR: Data suggest that T. gondii isolates are highly diverse and genetically distinct between the two different regions in Brazil that are 3500 km apart.
TL;DR: In this paper, a selecao dos artigos teve como criterios de inclusao: amostra representativa de alguma populacao definida; tamanho da amostras de pelo menos 500 individuos; coleta de dados realizada no Brasil; mensuracao de atividade fisica and relato dos resultados com base nessa variavel.
Abstract: OBJETIVO: Descrever a evolucao da pesquisa epidemiologica em atividade fisica no Brasil. METODOS: Revisao sistematica da literatura, realizada em bases de dados eletronicas (Medline/PubMed, Lilacs, Ovid, Science Direct, BioMed Central e High Wire), em periodicos nacionais nao indexados, por busca especifica por autores e contato com pesquisadores. A selecao dos artigos teve como criterios de inclusao: amostra representativa de alguma populacao definida; tamanho da amostra de pelo menos 500 individuos; coleta de dados realizada no Brasil; mensuracao de atividade fisica e relato dos resultados com base nessa variavel. RESULTADOS: Foram incluidos 42 estudos. O primeiro artigo foi publicado em 1990, observando-se tendencia de aumento de publicacoes a partir de 2000. Foi detectada disparidade regional nas publicacoes, com concentracao de estudos nas regioes Sudeste e Sul. A maioria dos estudos (93%) utilizou questionarios como instrumentos de pesquisa, cujos conteudos variaram, assim como as definicoes operacionais de sedentarismo, dificultando a comparacao dos resultados. CONCLUSOES: Embora a literatura em epidemiologia da atividade fisica venha crescendo quantitativamente no Brasil, limitacoes metodologicas dificultam a comparacao entre os estudos, tornando a padronizacao de instrumentos e definicoes essenciais para o avanco cientifico da area.
TL;DR: The findings indicate that the carboxy-terminal portion of LigA is an immunoprotective domain and may serve as a vaccine candidate for human and veterinary leptospirosis.
TL;DR: Poverty in at least one stage of the lifespan has a harmful effect on dental caries, oral behaviours and dental services use, and belonging to upwardly mobile families between childhood and adolescence only contributed to improved dental care.
Abstract: Objectives: To investigate the influence of family socioeconomic trajectories from childhood to adolescence on dental caries and associated behaviours. Design: Population-based birth cohort. Setting: Representative sample of the population of subjects born in 1982 in Pelotas, Brazil. Participants: Adolescents (n = 888) aged 15 years old were dentally examined and interviewed. Main outcome measures: Dental caries index (DMFT), care index (F/DMFT), tooth brushing, flossing and pattern of dental services use. Main results: Adolescents who were always poor showed, in general, a worse pattern of dental caries, whereas adolescents who never were poor had a better pattern of dental caries. Adolescents who had moved from poverty in childhood to non-poverty in adolescence and those who had moved from non-poverty in childhood to poverty in adolescence had similar dental pattern to those who were always poor except for the pattern of dental services use, which was higher in the first group. In all groups girls had fewer carious teeth, better oral hygiene habits and higher dental services use than boys. Conclusion: Poverty in at least one stage of the lifespan has a harmful effect on dental caries, oral behaviours and dental services use. Belonging to upwardly mobile families between childhood and adolescence only contributed to improved dental care.
TL;DR: In this paper, a cross-sectional study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of malocclusion and to examine the effects of breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits on dentition in six-year-old children.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of malocclusion and to examine the effects of breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits on dentition in six-year-old children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out nested into a birth cohort conducted in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 1999. A sample of 359 children was dentally examined and their mothers interviewed. Anterior open bite and posterior cross bite were recorded using the Foster & Hamilton criteria. Information regarding breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits was collected at birth, in the first, third, sixth and 12th months of life, and at six years of age. Control variables included maternal schooling and child's birthweight, cephalic perimeter, and sex. Data were analyzed by Poisson regression. RESULTS: Prevalence of anterior open bite was 46.2%, and that of posterior cross bite was 18.2%. Non-nutritive sucking habits between 12 months and four years of age and digital sucking at age six years were the main risk factors for anterior open bite. Breastfeeding for less than nine months and regular use of pacifier between age 12 months and four years were risk factors for posterior cross bite. Interaction between duration of breastfeeding and the use of pacifier was identified for posterior cross bite. CONCLUSIONS: Given that breastfeeding is a protective factor for other diseases of infancy, our findings indicate that the common risks approach is the most appropriate for the prevention of posterior cross bite in primary or initial mixed dentition.
TL;DR: It could be concluded that the filler content significantly interfered in the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of the composites tested.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to test whether the filler composition of resin composites influences their flexural strength and modulus of elasticity. Flexural strength and modulus of elasticity were obtained through a three-point bending test. Twelve bar shaped specimens of 5 commercially available composites - Supreme (3M/ESPE), a universal nanofilled composite; Esthet-X (Dentsply), Z-250 (3M/ESPE), Charisma (Heraeus Kulzer), universal hybrid composites; and Helio Fill (Vigodent), a microfine composite - were confectioned according to the ISO 4049/2000 specifications. The test was performed after a 7-days storage time using a universal test machine with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The filler weight content was determined by the ashing technique. The data obtained on the mechanical properties were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test (p < 0.05). Pearson's correlation test was used to determine the correlation between the filler content and the mechanical properties. A weak but significant correlation between the mechanical properties evaluated and the filler weight content was observed (p < 0.000). The microfine composite presented the lowest filler weight and the lowest mechanical properties. Statistically different flexural strength and modulus of elasticity results were observed among the universal hybrid composites. The nanofilled composite presented intermediary results. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it could be concluded that the filler content significantly interfered in the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of the composites tested.
TL;DR: A review of published articles in Brazil shows a quantitative and qualitative increase of studies in this area with many different approaches, and one of the main gaps concerns exposure information: the only official source (the Agronomic Prescriptions) has many limitations and is not available for research.
Abstract: Brazil is one of the world leaders in pesticide consumption and exposed workers are numerous and diversified. Acute poisonings are just the most visible aspect of pesticide impact on human health. An assessment of many official information systems that notify pesticide poisoning concluded that none of them performed appropriately the role of a surveillance system. Only acute and severe cases are notified. One of the main gaps concerns exposure information: the only official source (the Agronomic Prescriptions) has many limitations and is not available for research. A review of published articles in Brazil shows a quantitative and qualitative increase of studies in this area with many different approaches. The impact of such a high chemical burden and the huge numbers of workers exposed are two important reasons for the development of an epidemiological research on pesticide poisoning, an issue that has still a vast field to cover in Brazil.
TL;DR: O estudo etnografico mostrou that os meninos tem mais apoio social e familiar para a realizacao de atividades fisicas na adolescencia e that muitos pais atribuem o mau desempenho escolar ao tempo gasto na rua.
Abstract: OBJETIVO: Descrever o nivel de atividade fisica de adolescentes nascidos em 1993 em Pelotas (Brasil) e avaliar o efeito de variaveis socioculturais sobre o nivel de atividade fisica. METODOS: Utilizamos uma combinacao de duas abordagens metodologicas, a epidemiologica e a etnografica. No estudo epidemiologico, 4 452 adolescentes nascidos em 1993 foram entrevistados. O nivel de atividade fisica foi avaliado atraves de questionario. Foram classificados como sedentarios os adolescentes com menos de 300 minutos por semana de atividade fisica. O estudo etnografico incluiu 69 adolescentes, selecionados aleatoriamente entre todos os participantes da coorte. Foram realizadas, em media, tres entrevistas aprofundadas (uma a cada 6 meses), separadamente com as maes e os adolescentes. RESULTADOS: A prevalencia de sedentarismo foi de 48,7% (IC95%: 46,5 a 50,8) nos meninos e 67,5% (IC95%: 65,6 a 69,5) nas meninas (P < 0,001). A variavel independente que apresentou a associacao mais forte com o nivel de atividade fisica foi o numero de vezes por semana que o adolescente encontrava amigos fora do ambiente escolar. O estudo etnografico mostrou que os meninos tem mais apoio social e familiar para a realizacao de atividades fisicas na adolescencia e que muitos pais atribuem o mau desempenho escolar ao tempo gasto na rua. CONCLUSOES: Este estudo sugere que a atividade fisica e muitas vezes considerada como concorrente dos valores familiares na adolescencia. E importante que essa nocao seja foco de estudos adicionais e que seja trabalhada junto as familias para que a atividade fisica possa ser adotada como um habito cultural.
TL;DR: Compared with a similar study undertaken in 1992, hypertension prevalence increased, particularly in the younger groups, and the following variables remained statistically significant in the final model: family income, age, skin color, gender, family history of hypertension, extra salt intake, and body mass index.
Abstract: OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalencia de hipertensao arterial sistemica e os fatores associados a sua ocorrencia. METODOS: Realizou-se um estudo transversal, de base populacional, na populacao de 20 a 69 anos residente na zona urbana de Pelotas-RS. A variavel dependente hipertensao arterial sistemica foi definida como pressao arterial >160 x 95 mmHg (media de duas medidas) ou o uso atual de medicacao anti-hipertensiva. RESULTADOS: Entre as 1.968 pessoas incluidas no estudo, foi encontrada uma prevalencia de 23,6% (IC95% 21,6 a 25,3) de hipertensao arterial. Os fatores de confusao foram controlados atraves da regressao de Poisson. Foram mantidas no modelo final com significância estatistica as variaveis: renda familiar, idade, cor da pele, sexo, historia familiar de hipertensao, consumo adicional de sal e indice de massa corporal. CONCLUSAO: Observou-se um aumento da prevalencia de hipertensao em comparacao com estudo semelhante realizado em 1992. O maior aumento percentual de prevalencia ocorreu nos grupos mais jovens.
TL;DR: Inaccurate diagnostic labeling of COPD represents an important health problem in Latin America and one possible explanation is the low rate of spirometry for COPD diagnosis.
TL;DR: The tested cements have similar components, which supports the possible clinical use of Portland as an option to MTA, and also supports the means of the chemical elements found in each material.
Abstract: Portland cement has been analyzed and compared to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) because of their chemical similarity. The possibility of using this material as a less expensive alternative to MTA in dental practice should be considered. In view of this, the present study compared the components of a Portland cement (Votoran) to two commercial brands of MTA (Pro-Root and MTA-Angelus). Twelve specimens of each material were fabricated and examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to obtain their percentage of chemical elements. The means of the chemical elements found in each material was compared by descriptive statistics. Bismuth was present only in MTA cements to provide radiopacity. In conclusion, the tested cements have similar components, which supports, as far as composition is concerned, the possible clinical use of Portland as an option to MTA.
TL;DR: Characterize the microstructure, composition and some physical properties of a glass-infiltrated alumina/zirconia-reinforced ceramic (IZ) and the effect of surface treatment on topography and the increase in the surface concentration of silica, which may enhance bonding to resin via silane coupling.
TL;DR: The SC-treated IZ ceramic presented a significant increase in mean bond strengthvalues for both test methods, confirming the study hypothesis that silica coating produces higher bond strength values than other ceramic surface treatments.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the tensile (st) and shear bond strength (ss) of a glass-infiltrated alumina-based zirconia-reinforced ceramic (IZ - Vita In-Ceram Zirconia) to a composite resin, testing the hypothesis that silica coating (SC - Cojet, 3M-Espe) produces higher bond strength values than other ceramic surface treatments. Specimens were fabricated and tested according to the manufacturers' instructions, and to ISO6872 and ISO11405 specifications. Sixty IZ disk specimens were polished through 1 µm and divided into 3 groups (n = 20) according to the following surface treatments: HF - 9.5% hydrofluoric acid (Ultradent) for 1 min; SB - sandblasting with 25-µm aluminum oxide particles for 10 s; SC - silica coating for 10 s. Silane (3M-Espe), adhesive (Single Bond, 3M-Espe) and a composite resin cylinder (Z100, 3M-Espe) were applied and polymerized to the treated bonding area (3.5 mm in diameter). Ten specimens from each group (n = 10) were tested for st and ten specimens were tested for ss, using a universal testing machine (EMIC DL 2000) at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests (a = 0.05). The mean and standard deviation values (MPa) and statistical groupings for st were: HF - 3.5 ± 1.0a; SB - 7.6 ± 1.2b; and SC - 10.4 ± 1.8c. For ss, the values were: HF - 10.4 ± 3.1A; SB - 13.9 ± 3.1B; and SC - 21.6 ± 1.7C (p < 0.05). The groups presented the same statistical ranking of mean values for both test methods. The SC-treated IZ ceramic presented a significant increase in mean bond strength values for both test methods, confirming the study hypothesis.
TL;DR: Although physical activity is not perceived as being pregnancy-threatening, and current guidelines recommend it, this population's behavior does not seem to be changing and active lifestyle for both pregnant women and future mothers should be encouraged.
Abstract: OBJETIVO: A atividade fisica durante a gestacao e pouco estudada em nivel populacional. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a duracao, tipo e frequencia de atividade fisica de lazer durante a gravidez e explorar fatores associados. METODOS: Estudo de base populacional, realizado durante o ano de 2004 em Pelotas, RS, Brasil. Logo apos o parto, 4.471 maes foram entrevistadas. Utilizou-se questionario, desenvolvido para o estudo, para verificar a atividade fisica de lazer. Os resultados foram obtidos por regressao de Poisson. RESULTADOS: Antes da gravidez, 14,8% das mulheres relataram algum tipo de atividade fisica de lazer e durante, 12,9%. No primeiro trimestre, 10,4% de todas as maes fizeram alguma atividade fisica de lazer; no segundo, 8,5% e no terceiro, 6,5%. Apenas 194 maes (4,3%) foram ativas durante toda a gestacao. Na analise ajustada, atividade fisica de lazer esteve positivamente associada com escolaridade, aconselhamento para atividade fisica durante o pre-natal e renda familiar (p<0,001), estar empregada durante a gestacao (p=0,05) e o numero de gestacoes (p=0,02). A caminhada foi a atividade mais frequente. CONCLUSOES: A prevalencia de atividade fisica de lazer e baixa entre as gravidas brasileiras. Embora a atividade fisica nao seja percebida como prejudicial a gravidez, e as diretrizes atuais recomendem-na, a populacao parece nao mudar de comportamento. Deve-se encorajar que mulheres gravidas e as que pretendem engravidar tenham estilo de vida ativo.
TL;DR: Results do not support the hypothesis of association observed in previous studies after appropriate controlling for confounding variables, and negative peri-natal outcomes are better explained by determinants other than periodontal health.
Abstract: Aim: Our aim was to measure the association of maternal periodontitis with low birth weight (LBW), pre-term LBW, and intra-uterine growth restriction.
Material and Methods: An inclusive case–control design including subjects examined for periodontitis through attachment loss, information on perinatal outcomes and general health. Data were analysed through conditional logistic regression.
Results: Cases (n=304) and controls (n=611) had similar prevalence and severity of periodontitis, defined as at least three sites, in different teeth, with loss of three or more millimetres of clinical attachment level. Several factors were associated with the outcome, but the crude odds ratio for periodontitis was not significant. Odds ratio were 0.93 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63–1.41] for LBW and 0.92 (95% CI:0.54–1.57) for pre-term LBW in the presence of periodontitis, after adjustment for maternal age, previous pregnancies, pre-natal care, smoking, previous low birth or premature birth and other medical conditions, on a hierarchical model.
Conclusions: Results do not support the hypothesis of association observed in previous studies after appropriate controlling for confounding variables. Negative peri-natal outcomes are better explained by determinants other than periodontal health. This study adds to the growing body of literature on the relationship between periodontal diseases and systemic health.
TL;DR: Extruded and pressed thermal insulators were obtained with the utilization of rice husk ashes, which is a residue from the beneficiation process of rice with high silica content as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: O trabalho materno foi fator de protecao para internacao por doenca respiratoria aguda por meio de regressao logistica para avaliacao dos fatores de risco sobre o desfecho de interesse.
Abstract: OBJETIVO: Avaliar fatores de risco para hospitalizacao por doenca respiratoria aguda em criancas ate um ano de idade. METODOS: Estudo de casos e controles na cidade de Pelotas, RS. Os casos foram criancas de ate um ano de idade, que se hospitalizaram por doenca respiratoria aguda, de agosto de 1997 a julho de 1998. Os controles foram criancas da comunidade, da mesma idade, sem hospitalizacao previa por essa doenca. Um questionario investigando exposicao a fatores de risco foi aplicado as maes de casos e controles. Os dados foram submetidos a analise univariada, bivariada e multivariada por meio de regressao logistica para avaliacao dos fatores de risco sobre o desfecho de interesse. RESULTADOS: Foram analisadas 777 criancas, sendo 625 casos e 152 controles. Na analise bruta, os fatores de risco associados ao desfecho foram: sexo masculino, faixa etaria menor de seis meses, aglomeracao familiar, escolaridade materna, renda familiar, condicoes habitacionais inadequadas, desmame precoce, tabagismo materno, uso de bico, historia de hospitalizacao e antecedentes de sintomas respiratorios. O trabalho materno foi fator de protecao para internacao por doenca respiratoria aguda. Na analise multivariada, permaneceram associadas: ausencia de ou baixa escolaridade materna (OR=12,5), historia pregressa de sibilância (OR=7,7), desmame precoce (OR=2,3), uso de bico (OR=1,9), mae fumante (OR=1,7), idade abaixo de seis meses (OR=1,7) e sexo masculino (OR=1,5). CONCLUSOES: Os resultados mostraram a importância dos aspectos sociais e comportamentais da familia, assim como morbidade respiratoria anterior da crianca como fatores de risco para hospitalizacao por doenca respiratoria aguda.