Showing papers by "Université catholique de Louvain published in 1974"
TL;DR: The series introduced by this paper reports the results of a detailed analysis of the microsomal fraction from rat liver by density gradient centrifugation.
Abstract: Isopycnic equilibration and sedimentation rate studies of rat liver microsomes led previously to the assignment of microsomal constituents into group a1 (monoamine oxidase), group a2 (5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphodiesterase I, alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol), group a3 (galactosyltransferase), group b (NADH cytochrome c reductase, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, aminopyrine demethylase, cytochrome b 5 and P 450), and group c (glucose 6-phosphatase, esterase, nucleoside diphosphatase, s-glucuronidase and glucuronyltransferase).
Confirmation and extension of the assignment into groups has been obtained by studying the differential effect of the reagents digitonin, EDTA, and PPi. Digitonin specifically affected the equilibrium density only of the group a2 and (to a lesser extent) group a3 , and not of groups b and c under conditions which preserved the structure-linked latency of nucleoside diphosphatase and galactosyltransferase. Within experimental error the rate of sedimentation of all microsomal constituents was unaffected. The morphological appearance under the electron microscope was indistinguishable from that of nondigitonin-treated microsomes, except that a few smooth membranes (< 10%) exhibited broken-looking profiles.
Treatment of microsomes with EDTA or PPi detached a substantial part of RNA and released protein in excess over the amount accountable for by detachment of ribosome constituents. This detachment was confirmed by electron microscopy. EDTA and PPi decreased markedly the equilibrium density and the density dispersion of groups b and c , due mainly to the uncoating of rough elements. EDTA and PPi shifted slightly the distribution profiles of groups a towards lower densities, possibly as a result of the release of adsorbed proteins. The combination of EDTA and digitonin, used subsequently, rendered the average equilibrium density of group a2 higher than that of groups b and c . Dense subfractions were thus enriched in constituents of group a2 and showed mainly broken-looking vesicles under the electron microscope. The import of our results on the biochemical and enzymic properties of the subcellular components of the microsome fractions is discussed.
815 citations
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TL;DR: Heidegger's reply in letter form to the question posed by Jean Beaufret (Paris), how it would be at all possible, given these new perspectives, to restore a meaning to the word "humanism", represents, despite the occasional nature of its motivation and the informality of its tone, a culminating moment in his development as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Heidegger’s reply in letter form to the question posed by Jean Beaufret (Paris), how it would be at all possible, given these new perspectives, to restore a meaning to the word “humanism,” represents, despite the occasional nature of its motivation and the informality of its tone, a culminating moment in his development. Without any doubt, the “Letter on Humanism” is the most important of his writings since EM, not so much for what it offers that is new but for a crystallization of the entire development we have seen him undergo.1 The letter in its published form dates from 1947. Since 1945, Heidegger had been living in enforced retirement, and Beaufret’s query gave him the opportunity (probably a welcome one) to expose in fuller scope the mise au point suggested in WM: Ep, bringing into clearer focus the relation between Heidegger I and Heidegger II. It is especially valuable, therefore, for the author’s self-interpretation, although this aspect of the letter is less important for us who, thanks to subsequent publication of several works from the 1929–1947 period, are more familiar with the course of his development than his readers could be at that time.
802 citations
TL;DR: Rat liver microsomal fractions have been equilibrated in various types of linear density gradients and four groups of constituents have been classified, in the order of increasing median density, into four groups labeled a, b, c, and d.
Abstract: Rat liver microsomal fractions have been equilibrated in various types of linear density gradients. 15 fractions were collected and assayed for 27 constituents. As a result of this analysis microsomal constituents have been classified, in the order of increasing median density, into four groups labeled a, b, c, and d. Group a includes: monoamine oxidase, galactosyltransferase, 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphodiesterase I, alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol; group b: NADH cytochrome c reductase, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, aminopyrine demethylase, cytochrome b(5), and cytochrome P 450; group c: glucose 6-phosphatase, nucleoside diphosphatase, esterase, beta-glucuronidase, and glucuronyltransferase; group d: RNA, membrane-bound ribosomes, and some enzymes probably adsorbed on ribosomes: fumarase, aldolase, and glutamine synthetase. Analysis of the microsomal fraction by differential centrifugation in density gradient has further dissociated group a into constituents which sediment more slowly (monoamine oxidase and galactosyltransferase) than those of groups b and c, and 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphodiesterase I, alkaline phosphatase, and the bulk of cholesterol which sediment more rapidly (group a2). The microsomal monoamine oxidase is attributed, at least partially, to detached fragments of external mitochondrial membrane. Galactosyltransferase belongs to the Golgi complex. Group a2 constituents are related to plasma membranes. Constituents of groups b and c and RNA belong to microsomal vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. These latter exhibit a noticeable biochemical heterogeneity and represent at the most 80% of microsomal protein, the rest being accounted for by particles bearing the constituents of groups a and some contaminating mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Attention is called to the operational meaning of microsomal subfractions and to their cytological complexity.
366 citations
TL;DR: Liver homogenates have been submitted to quantitative fractionation by differential centrifugation and a final supernate (S) have been obtained, and the biochemical composition of the microsomal fraction has been established from the assay and distribution pattern of 25 enzymatic and chemical constituents.
Abstract: Liver homogenates have been submitted to quantitative fractionation by differential centrifugation. Three particulate fractions: N (nuclear), ML (large granules), and P (microsomes), and a final supernate (S) have been obtained. The biochemical composition of the microsomal fraction has been established from the assay and distribution pattern of 25 enzymatic and chemical constituents. These included marker enzymes for mitochondria (cytochrome oxidase), lysosomes (acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase), and peroxisomes (catalase). The microsomal preparations were characterized by a moderate contamination with large cytoplasmic granules (only 6.2% of microsomal protein) and by a high yield in microsomal components. Enzymes such as glucose 6-phosphatase, nucleoside diphosphatase, esterase, glucuronyltransferase, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, aminopyrine demethylase, and galactosyltransferase were recovered in the microsomes to the extent of 70% or more. Another typical behavior was shown by 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphatase, alkaline phosphodiesterase I, and cholesterol, which exhibited a "nucleomicrosomal" distribution. Other complex distributions were obtained for several constituents recovered in significant amount in the microsomes and in the ML or in the S fraction.
309 citations
TL;DR: The theory of equilibrium and efficiency of resource allocation, initially developed for a world of certainty, has been reinterpreted for the world of uncertainty, thanks to a suggestion made by Arrow [1] and pursued further by Debreu [7] as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The theory of equilibrium and efficiency of resource allocation, initially developed for a world of certainty, has been reinterpreted for a world of uncertainty, thanks to a suggestion made by Arrow [1] and pursued further by Debreu [7].2
212 citations
TL;DR: The results on the biochemical and enzymic properties of the subcellular components of the microsome fractions is discussed and the combination of EDTA and digitonin, used subsequently, rendered the average equilibrium density of group a2 higher than that of groups b and c.
Abstract: Isopycnic equilibration and sedimentation rate studies of rat liver microsomes led previously to the assignment of microsomal constituents into group a1 (monoamine oxidase), group a2 (5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphodiesterase I, alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol), group a3 (galactosyltransferase), group b (NADH cytochrome c reductase, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, aminopyrine demethylase, cytochrome b5 and P 450), and group c (glucose 6-phosphatase, esterase, nucleoside diphosphatase, β-glucuronidase and glucuronyltransferase). Confirmation and extension of the assignment into groups has been obtained by studying the differential effect of the reagents digitonin, EDTA, and PPi. Digitonin specifically affected the equilibrium density only of the group a2 and (to a lesser extent) group a3, and not of groups b and c under conditions which preserved the structure-linked latency of nucleoside diphosphatase and galactosyltransferase. Within experimental error the rate of sedimentation of all microsomal constituents was unaffected. The morphological appearance under the electron microscope was indistinguishable from that of nondigitonin-treated microsomes, except that a few smooth membranes (< 10%) exhibited broken-looking profiles. Treatment of microsomes with EDTA or PPi detached a substantial part of RNA and released protein in excess over the amount accountable for by detachment of ribosome constituents. This detachment was confirmed by electron microscopy. EDTA and PPi decreased markedly the equilibrium density and the density dispersion of groups b and c, due mainly to the uncoating of rough elements. EDTA and PPi shifted slightly the distribution profiles of groups a towards lower densities, possibly as a result of the release of adsorbed proteins. The combination of EDTA and digitonin, used subsequently, rendered the average equilibrium density of group a2 higher than that of groups b and c. Dense subfractions were thus enriched in constituents of group a2 and showed mainly broken-looking vesicles under the electron microscope. The import of our results on the biochemical and enzymic properties of the subcellular components of the microsome fractions is discussed.
202 citations
TL;DR: In some experiments, insulin caused a partial inactivation of phosphorylase in the liver of rats but more often was without effect, whereas a subsequent load of glucose caused the usual precipitous response, demonstrating that this effect of glucose was not mediated by insulin.
Abstract: The use of anesthetized animals and of quick-freezing techniques has allowed to obtain a reliable estimation of the level of phosphorylase a in the liver. A striking inverse relationship was observed between the levels of phosphorylase a and of synthetase a in the liver of fed mice; this observation is in agreement with the hypothesis that the inactivation of phosphorylase is a prerequisite to the activation of glycogen synthetase. Accordingly, the administration of glucose to fed rats caused an extensive inactivation of liver phosphorylase which was usually terminated within two minutes; glycogen synthetase became activated only when and if the level of phosphorylase a had been taken down below a threshold value equal to approximately 10% of the total phosphorylase. This threshold is of the same magnitude in mice. Glucose also caused a slight decrease in the activity of liver phosphorylase when the animals had been previously treated with glucagon. These observations are adequately explained by the previously described stimulation of the phosphorylase phosphatase reaction by glucose and inhibition of synthetase phosphatase by phosphorylase a. In some experiments, insulin caused a partial inactivation of phosphorylase in the liver of rats but more often was without effect, whereas a subsequent load of glucose caused the usual precipitous response, demonstrating that this effect of glucose was not mediated by insulin.
190 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a chemical extraction procedure was proposed to purify commercial synthetic zeolites without altering their crystallographic structure. But this method requires the removal of precipitated iron and Fe 3+ counterions from the zeolite.
132 citations
TL;DR: In differential and isopycnic centrifugation, the latent hydrolases, cytochrome oxidase and catalase dissociate largely from each other; this suggests the occurrence of lysosomes and peroxisome-like structures besides mitochondria.
Abstract: Homogenates of cultured rat embryo fibroblasts have been assayed for acid phosphatase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, cathepsin D, acid deoxyribonuclease, cytochrome oxidase, NADH cytochrome c reductase, 5'-nucleotidase, inosine diphosphatase, acid pyrophosphatase, neutral pyrophosphatase, esterase, catalase, cholesterol, and RNA. The validity of the assay conditions was checked. Neutral pyrophosphatase is a readily soluble enzyme. Acid hydrolases, except acid pyrophosphatase, are particle-bound enzymes, which exhibit a high degree of structural latency. They are activated and solubilized in a parallel fashion by mechanical treatments and tensio-active agents. Catalase is also particle-bound and latent; activating conditions stronger than those for hydrolases are required to activate the enzyme. Acid pyrophosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase and inosine diphosphatase are firmly particle-bound, but not latent; they are not easily solubilized. In differential and isopycnic centrifugation, the latent hydrolases, cytochrome oxidase and catalase dissociate largely from each other; this suggests the occurrence of lysosomes and peroxisome-like structures besides mitochondria. The distribution patterns of 5'-nucleotidase and cholesterol are largely similar; digitonin influences their equilibrium density to the same extent; these two constituents are thought to be related to the plasma membrane. Inosine diphosphatase and acid pyrophosphatase are also partially associated with the plasma membrane, although some part of these enzymic activities probably belongs to other structures. NADH cytochrome c reductase is associated partly with the endoplasmic reticulum, partly with mitochondria.
131 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the existence of periodic solutions for some nonautonomous neutral functional differential equations is examined, and the results are nontrivial extensions to the neutral case of existence theorems for periodic solutions.
100 citations
TL;DR: This enzyme is almost entirely in the inactive form in the foetal liver under normal conditions and the accumulation of glycogen in the liver during late pregnancy may be explained by a relatively slow rate of synthesis and a nearly total absence of degradation.
Abstract: 1. The glycogen present in the liver of rat foetuses was labelled by injecting a trace amount of [6-3H]glucose into the mother at 19.5 days of gestation. The radioactivity incorporated in the glycogen 4h after the administration of the label was still present 38h later. A large proportion of this radioactivity was on the outer chains of the polysaccharide. These results indicate that there is normally almost no glycogen degradation in the foetal liver. In contrast, glycogen breakdown occurs very rapidly in the livers of foetuses whose mother is anaesthetized. 2. Glycogen synthetase is present in the liver at day 16 of gestation at a concentration as high as 30% of that in the adult, but essentially as an inactive (b) enzyme. The appearance of synthetase phosphatase between days 18 and 19 corresponds to that of synthetase a and to the beginning of glycogen synthesis. From day 19 to 21.5 the amount of synthetase a present in the foetal liver is just sufficient to account for the actual rate of glycogen deposition. 3. The content of total phosphorylase in the foetal liver increases continuously from day 16 to birth. However, a precise measurement of the a and b forms of the enzyme in the liver of non-anaesthetized foetuses is not possible. Taking the rate of glycogenolysis as an appropriate index of phosphorylase activity, we conclude that this enzyme is almost entirely in the inactive form in the foetal liver under normal conditions. 4. The accumulation of glycogen in the liver during late pregnancy may therefore be explained by a relatively slow rate of synthesis and a nearly total absence of degradation.
TL;DR: Adriamycin-DNA induces very high percentages of increase in life span in DBA 2 mice inoculated intravenously with L 1210 cells and allows a great proportion of mice to survive longer than 30 days and all these data are in favor of a lysosomotropic mode of action of adriamyin-DNA.
TL;DR: The use of polyethylene glycol 6000 to separate free and antibody-bound ligand has been applied to the radioimmunoassay of glucagon and appears to be easy and reliable, especially when large numbers of samples are routinely handled.
Abstract: The use of polyethylene glycol 6000 to separate free and antibody-bound ligand has been applied to the radioimmunoassay of glucagon. Equalization of protein content in all tubes before precipitation of the glucagon-antibody complex was required. Time between addition of the polymer and centrifugation had no detectable effect. Degradation of 131I-glucagon during incubation was best prevented by a combination of benzamidine (5mM) and Trasylol® (500KIE/tube). Sensitivity of the assay permitted discrimination of buffer or plasma samples (100 μl) whose glucagon contents differed from 25 pg/ml, under 100 pg/ml, and 35 pg/ml, under 200 pg/ml. Reproducibility was 9.5% (coefficient of variation) for plasmas with glucagon concentrations ranging from 100 to 300 pg/ml. Recovery of exogenous glucagon added to plasma was satisfactory. Measurement of glucagon was possible in fasting plasma samples diluted up to 1/8. The separation method described appears to be easy and reliable, especially when large numbers of samples are routinely handled.
TL;DR: It is indicated that hydrogen exchange in position 5 of fructose 6-phosphate can occur in the liver without conversion to fructose diphosphate by phosphofructokinase, being catalyzed by transaldolase and triose phosphate isomerase.
TL;DR: It was found that the major plasma proteins occurring in hepatic bile are entirely derived from the circulating plasma, except for part of the IgA which is of local origin.
Abstract: . The specific radioactivities in serum and bile were compared in patients recovering from biliary surgery after intravenous injection of 131I-labelled albumin, oroso-mucoid, transferrin and immunoglobulins IgA and IgG. It was found that the major plasma proteins occurring in hepatic bile are entirely derived from the circulating plasma, except for part of the IgA which is of local origin.–A comparative analysis of the concentrations of the different proteins in the two media further indicates that transfer from plasma to bile proceeds along two parallel pathways. One of these consists of bulk transport without distinction being made between the proteins; the other one involves a selection of the proteins as a function of their molecular size, revealing the existence of a semi-permeable barrier interposed between the plasma and the biliary compartments. To account for the observed sieve effect, the pores of this membrane ought to have a mean radius of about 127 A.
TL;DR: A review of the role of cobalt and molybdenum oxides in catalysts can be found in this paper, where the authors summarize the information which has been gained concerning the role that cobalt oxides have in catalytic and hydrotreating catalysts.
Abstract: Although originally in the form of cobalt and molybdenum oxides, the usual hydrodesulphurisation catalysts undergo extensive reduction and sulphurisation before and during the hydrodesulphurisation process. Many researches have been devoted to the study of the relationship between the properties of the oxides and the catalytic activity. Much less work has been concerned with the role of the sulphides. The purpose of the present review is to summarise the information which has been gained concerning the role of cobalt and molybdenum sulphides in hydrodesulphurisation and hydrotreating catalysts. We first briefly review the structure of the various cobalt or molybdenum sulphides and of the only compound sulphide, CoMo 2 S 4 , at present known. A second part is devoted to the results concerning the adsorption properties and the catalytic activity of the simple sulphides. Cobalt sulphides exhibit no significant activity. The discussion is centered on MoS 2 . A third part is concerned with the roie of mixed or compound sulphides in catalysis. The possible action of oxides or of oxygen containing phases present with the sulphides is first discussed. Some results suggest that the sulphides might be the only active phases in catalytic conditions. Catalysis by the sulphides should be explained by some promoting effect of cobalt on MoS 2 . The possible mechanisms for this promoting effect are reviewed. An extensive study of e.p.r. signals of hydrodesul-phurisation catalysts has been made. E.p.r. signals of cobalt-molybdenum sulphides are briefly discussed in this connection.
TL;DR: In this paper, the photostationary relative contraction of copolymer C increases with the relative elongation λ = L/L 0 at low stresses, passes through a maximum for λ ≥ 2.3, and then decreases.
Abstract: Poly(ethyl acrylates) crosslinked with 0.5-1 mole-% of photochromic bis-(spirobenzopyran dimethylacrylate) show in the solid state a photomechanical behaviour. On irradiation, contraction (more than two per cent) occurs in isothermal conditions, while in the dark, length-recovery takes place, the process being reversible. The dependence of this photocontractile behaviour under constant stress on temperature, and inversely at constant temperature, on increasing stress has been examined by plotting the relative shrinking δL/L as a function of time. This photomechanical effect is much more pronounced for samples swollen in benzene. The photostationary relative contraction of copolymer C increases with the relative elongation λ = L/L 0 at low stresses, passes through a maximum for λ = 2.3, and then decreases. This photomechanical shrinking is interpreted in terms of an increase of entropy of the polymer chains due to the isomerization of the rigid bis-spiro-structure into the planar merocyanine one. The photochromic behaviour of copolymer C, unstretched and stretched (50 per cent) has also been followed at different temperatures. Stretching causes a strong decrease of decoloration rate constants, being one-third of that in unoriented state. When, in contrast, poly(ethyl acrylate) is crosslinked with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and carries pendant similar photochromic groups (0.7 per cent), no effect on the photochrome and photomechanical behaviour can be shown. The involvement of the strained biphotochromes in the crosslinks is thus required.
TL;DR: In Drosophila melanogaster, a wild strain has been reproduced at both a young and an old age for ten generations, a mathematical model was elaborated which expresses the mean longevity of a given generation in function of general parameters—the parental and grand-parental mean longevities and the relative age at reproduction of the parental generation—and of parameters particular to the strains—optimal and minimal mean l Spongevities.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that f has no nontrivial T-periodic solution for the case of the vector retarded functional differential equation (VDFE) when the requirement upon the linear part is not satisfied.
TL;DR: Haploid hybrids between Salmonella typhimurium Hfr and Escherichia coli F exercise two additive types of restriction and modification (SA and SB) on phage γ to establish that the genes governing these systems are independent but linked and situated counter-clockwise of serB on the map.
Abstract: By screening 42 Salmonella strains with P3, a temperate bacteriophage with an unusually wide host range, five new DNA restriction and modification systems (R-M systems) were identified in five different serotypes in Kauffmann-White group C. One of these systems, SP, in a Pl-sensitive strain of S. potsdam, was analyzed genetically by Pl transduction methods in which SP was transferred into S. typhimurium and E. coli/S. typhimurium hybrids. It was found that the genes of the SP system were allelic and functionally homologous to the genes of the SB system of S. typhimurium.
TL;DR: It appears that the advantage of this recycling of glucose and glucose 6-phosphate in the liver is to allow large changes in the net flux of metabolites in one or the other direction, controlled by substrate concentration only.
TL;DR: The set of all equivalent inequalities is characterized, and methods to construct the equivalent inequality with smallest coefficients are described.
Abstract: For a given inequality with 0-1 variables, there are many other "equivalent" inequalities with exactly the same 0-1 feasible solutions. The set of all equivalent inequalities is character- ized, and methods to construct the equivalent inequality with smallest coefficients are des- cribed.
TL;DR: The striking increase in total number of adipose cells observed during HGH administration in hypopituitary patients tends to prove that the adipose tissue organogenesis is not limited to a finite period ending after the 1st year of life.
Abstract: Extract: This study was undertaken to evaluate adipose cell size and number and subcutaneous fat and blood lipids composition in hypopituitary patients before and daring treatment with human growth hormone (HGH). The investigations were performed in 14 prepubertal children 6–17 11/12 years of age, with idiopathic hypopituitarism. Human growth hormone was administered successfully to 6 of these 14 patients for at least 1 year. Before HGH treatment there was a significant reduction of adipose tissue cell number according to chronologic age and to skeletal age. The average adipose cell size was significantly larger than normal. A significant correlation between subcutaneous adipose cell mean weight and tricipital and subscapular skin fold thickness, similar to that observed in normal children, was observed. The distribution of fatty acids in the subcutaneous fat and in the blood lipid composition was normal. During the 1st and 2nd year of HGH treatment, the total number of adipose cells increased rapidly. There was also a highly significant reduction of the average adipose cell size after the 1st year. A significant reduction of the fatty acids unsaturated fraction was observed after the 1st year without further changes after the 2nd year of treatment. The blood lipid composition did not change significantly after either 1 or 2 years of HGH treatment. Speculation: The striking increase in total number of adipose cells observed during HGH administration in hypopituitary patients tends to prove that the adipose tissue organogenesis is not limited to a finite period ending after the 1st year of life. The modifications in composition of adipose tissue triglycerides induced by long term treatment with HGH would mean that the several components of the fatty acid pool are differentially liberated.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the glucagon stimulation test is a safe, easy, and reliable test to study pituitary GH reserve in children.
TL;DR: In this paper, the synthesis, physico-chemical propperties and crystal structure of two new isomorphous π-allyldicarbonyl trifluoroacetates, solvated by 1,2-dimethoxyethane, are reported.
TL;DR: It was concluded that the molecular sieve process was completed by the time the plasma proteins reached the interstitial fluid, and the sieving membrane was assigned anatomically to the vascular walls, which were found to have the properties of an isoporous membrane with a pore radius of 102 Å.
Abstract: . In the dog, as shown before in the human, the major plasma proteins in hepatic bile (albumin, orosomucoid, transferrin and immunoglobulin IgG), with the exception of immunoglobulin IgA, were found to be derived entirely from the plasma. Biliary IgA was shown to have two sources, the plasma and local biosynthesis. These conclusions were based on comparisons on specific radioactivities of different proteins in plasma and bile, after intravenous injection of canine plasma whose proteins had been labelled biosynthetically with tritium. – The transfer of plasma proteins from blood to bile was found to proceed along two parallel pathways, one involving bulk transfer of unmodified plasma, and one based on molecular sieving favouring the transfer of plasma proteins of low molecular weight. – From a comparative study of hepatic lymph and plasma, it was concluded that the molecular sieve process was completed by the time the plasma proteins reached the interstitial fluid. The sieving membrane was therefore assigned anatomically to the vascular walls, which were found to have the properties of an isoporous membrane with a pore radius of 102 A. No further molecular sieving was found to take place during the crossing of the second barrier between blood and bile, viz. the epithelial sheet separating interstitial fluid from the bile.
TL;DR: The reaction of 2-dimethylamino with carboxylic acids 2a-e at room temperature in inert solvents generates rearranged 1:1 adducts in 65-92% yields.
TL;DR: The simplest model of a productive economy is based on the following assumptions: agents live only for one period, they take input and output prices as given, and production involves no risks as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The simplest model of a productive economy is based on the following assumptions: agents live only for one period, they take input and output prices as given, and production involves no risks.