Showing papers by "Université du Québec à Montréal published in 2006"
TL;DR: This article used new data sources, enhanced spatial resolution, and new analytical approaches to provide new estimates of the global abundance of surface-water bodies and showed that the global extent of natural lakes is twice as large as previously known.
Abstract: One of the major impediments to the integration of lentic ecosystems into global environmental analyses has been fragmentary data on the extent and size distribution of lakes, ponds, and impoundments. We use new data sources, enhanced spatial resolution, and new analytical approaches to provide new estimates of the global abundance of surface-water bodies. A global model based on the Pareto distribution shows that the global extent of natural lakes is twice as large as previously known (304 million lakes; 4.2 million km2 in area) and is dominated in area by millions of water bodies smaller than 1 km2. Similar analyses of impoundments based on inventories of large, engineered dams show that impounded waters cover approximately 0.26 million km 2 . However, construction of low-tech farm impoundments is estimated to be between 0.1% and 6% of farm area worldwide, dependent upon precipitation, and represents .77,000 km 2 globally, at present. Overall, about 4.6 million km2 of the earth’s continental ‘‘land’’ surface (.3%) is covered by water. These analyses underscore the importance of explicitly considering lakes, ponds, and impoundments, especially small ones, in global analyses of rates and processes.
1,560 citations
TL;DR: A modified Riemann-Liouville definition is proposed, which is fully consistent with the fractional difference definition and avoids any reference to the derivative of order greater than the considered one's.
Abstract: The paper gives some results and improves the derivation of the fractional Taylor's series of nondifferentiable functions obtained recently in the form f (@g + h) = E"@a (h^@aD"@g^@a)f(@g), 0 @a @? 1, where E"@a is the Mittag-Leffier function. Here, one defines fractional derivative as the limit of fractional difference, and by this way one can circumvent the problem which arises with the definition of the fractional derivative of constant using Riemann-Liouville definition. As a result, a modified Riemann-Liouville definition is proposed, which is fully consistent with the fractional difference definition and avoids any reference to the derivative of order greater than the considered one's. In order to support this F-Taylor series, one shows how its first term can be obtained directly in the form of a mean value formula. The fractional derivative of the Dirac delta function is obtained together with the fractional Taylor's series of multivariate functions. The relation with irreversibility of time and symmetry breaking is exhibited, and to some extent, this F-Taylor's series generalizes the fractional mean value formula obtained a few years ago by Kolwantar.
912 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the emergence of low-frequency, high-amplitude, quasi-periodic (∼100-kyr) glacial variability during the middle Pleistocene in the absence of any significant change in orbital forcing indicates a fundamental change internal to the climate system.
860 citations
TL;DR: Results demonstrate that niche and neutrality form ends of a continuum from competitive to stochastic exclusion, and whether the relative importance of niche vs. neutral processes in controlling community dynamics will vary depending on community species richness, niche overlap and dispersal capabilities of species.
Abstract: In this study, we ask if instead of being fundamentally opposed, niche and neutral theories could simply be located at the extremes of a continuum. First, we present a model of recruitment probabilities that combines both niche and neutral processes. From this model, we predict and test whether the relative importance of niche vs. neutral processes in controlling community dynamics will vary depending on community species richness, niche overlap and dispersal capabilities of species (both local and long distance). Results demonstrate that niche and neutrality form ends of a continuum from competitive to stochastic exclusion. In the absence of immigration, competitive exclusion tends to create a regular spacing of niches. However, immigration prevents the establishment of a limiting similarity. The equilibrium community consists of a set of complementary and redundant species, with their abundance determined, respectively, by the distribution of environmental conditions and the amount of immigration.
677 citations
TL;DR: The capacitance of the crystallized materials is clearly dependent upon the crystalline structure, especially with the size of the tunnels able to provide limited cations intercalation as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Manganese dioxide compounds with various structures were synthesized and tested as "bulk" composite electrodes for electrochemical capacitors. The capacitance of the set of MnO 2 compounds having Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas larger than 125 in 2 g -1 reached a maximum value of about 150 F g -1 . The capacitance of all amorphous compounds (except one) is due to faradaic processes localized at the surface and subsurface regions of the electrode. Further increasing the surface area does not provide additional capacitance. The capacitance of the crystallized materials is clearly dependent upon the crystalline structure, especially with the size of the tunnels able to provide limited cations intercalation. Thus, the 2D structure of birnessite materials gives an advantage to obtain relatively high capacitance values (110 F g -1 ) considering their moderate BET surface area (17 m 2 g -1 ). ID tunnel structure such as γ or β-MnO 2 is characterized by only a pseudofaradic surface capacitance and therefore relies on the BET surface area of the crystalline materials. 3D tunnel structure such as λ-MnO 2 shows some intermediate behavior between bimessite and ID tunnel structures.
623 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the research carried out in our laboratories with low-cost transition metal oxides (manganese dioxide, iron oxide and vanadium oxide) as active electrode materials for aqueous electrochemical supercapacitors.
Abstract: In this paper, we wish to present an overview of the research carried out in our laboratories with low-cost transition metal oxides (manganese dioxide, iron oxide and vanadium oxide) as active electrode materials for aqueous electrochemical supercapacitors. More specifically, the paper focuses on the approaches that have been used to increase the capacitance of the metal oxides and the cell voltage of the supercapacitor. It is shown that the cell voltage of an electrochemical supercapacitor can be increased significantly with the use of hybrid systems. The most relevant associations are Fe3O4 or activated carbon as the negative electrode and MnO2 as the positive. The cell voltage of the Fe3O4/MnO2 device is 1.8 V and this value was increased to 2.2 V by using activated carbon instead of Fe3O4. These two systems have shown superior behavior compared to a symmetric MnO2/MnO2 device which only works within a 1 V potential window in aqueous K2SO4. Furthermore, the activated carbon/MnO2 hybrid device exhibits a real power density of 605 W/kg (maximum power density =19.0 kW/kg) with an energy density of 17.3 Wh/kg. These values compete well with those of standard electrochemical double layer capacitors working in organic electrolytes.
564 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that crustacean zooplankton and fish are more constrained by dispersal and therefore more likely to operate as a metacommunity than are bacteria and phytoplankon within this studied landscape.
Abstract: We assessed the relative roles of local environmental conditions and dispersal on community structure in a landscape of lakes for the major trophic groups. We use taxonomic presence-absence and abundance data for bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish from 18 lakes in southern Quebec, Canada. The question of interest was whether communities composed of organisms with more limited dispersal abilities, because of size and life history (zooplankton and fish) would show a different effect of lake distribution than communities composed of good dispersers (bacteria and phytoplankton). We examine the variation in structure attributable to local environmental (i.e., lake chemical and physical variables) vs. dispersal predictors (i.e., overland and watercourse distances between lakes) using variation partitioning techniques. Overall, we show that less motile species (crustacean zooplankton and fish) are better predicted by spatial factors than by local environmental ones. Furthermore, we show that for zooplankton abundances, both overland and watercourse dispersal pathways are equally strong, though they may select for different components of the community, while for fish, only watercourses are relevant dispersal pathways. These results suggest that crustacean zooplankton and fish are more constrained by dispersal and therefore more likely to operate as a metacommunity than are bacteria and phytoplankton within this studied landscape.
477 citations
TL;DR: An integer-valued analogue of the classical GARCH model with Poisson deviates and a condition for the existence of such a process is given in this paper, where an application of the model to a real time series with a numerical example is given.
Abstract: An integer-valued analogue of the classical GARCH$(p,q)$ model with Poisson deviates is proposed and a condition for the existence of such a process is given. For the case $p=1$, $q=1$, it is explicitly shown that an integer-valued GARCH process is a standard ARMA$(1, 1)$ process. The problem of maximum likelihood estimation of parameters is treated. An application of the model to a real time series with a numerical example is given.
432 citations
TL;DR: There is a 20 to 25% overrepresentation of English-language journals in Thomson Scientific's databases compared to the list of journals presented in Ulrich, which means Thomson Scientific databases cannot be used in isolation to benchmark the output of countries in the SSH.
Abstract: The goal of this paper is to examine the impact of linguistic coverage of databases used by bibliometricians on the capacity to effectively benchmark the work of researchers in social sciences and humanities. We examine the strong link between bibliometrics and the Thomson Scientific's database and review the differences in the production and diffusion of knowledge in the social sciences and humanities (SSH) and the natural sciences and engineering (NSE). This leads to a re-examination of the debate on the coverage of these databases, more specifically in the SSH. The methods section explains how we have compared the coverage of Thomson Scientific databases in the NSE and SSH to the Ulrich extensive database of journals. Our results show that there is a 20 to 25% overrepresentation of English-language journals in Thomson Scientific's databases compared to the list of journals presented in Ulrich. This paper concludes that because of this bias, Thomson Scientific databases cannot be used in isolation to benchmark the output of countries in the SSH.
404 citations
TL;DR: The hypothesis that greater exposure to Mn via drinking water would be reflected in higher Mn content in hair which, in turn, would be associated with increased level of hyperactive behaviors is tested.
Abstract: BackgroundNeurotoxic effects are known to occur with inhalation of manganese particulates, but very few data are available on exposure to Mn in water. We undertook a pilot study in a community in Q...
343 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a sequence involving the determinants and affective experiences associated with two types of passion (harmonious and obsessive) toward sport was proposed and tested and results of three studies conducted with recreational and competitive athletes involved in individual and team sports provided support for the proposed integrative sequence.
Abstract: Based on the Dualistic Model of Passion (Vallerand et al., 2003), a sequence involving the determinants and affective experiences associated with two types of passion (harmonious and obsessive) toward sport was proposed and tested. This sequence posits that high levels of sport valuation and an autonomous personality orientation lead to harmonious passion, whereas high levels of sport valuation and a controlled personality orientation facilitate obsessive passion. In turn, harmonious passion is expected to lead to positive affective experiences in sport but to be either negatively related or unrelated to negative affective experiences. Conversely, obsessive passion is hypothesized to be positively related to negative affective experiences in sport but to be either negatively related or unrelated to positive affective experiences. Results of three studies conducted with recreational and competitive athletes involved in individual and team sports provided support for the proposed integrative sequence. These...
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TL;DR: In this article, a robot trawls the Web for full-texts using reference metadata ISI citation data (signal detectability d'=2.45; bias = 0.52).
Abstract: Lawrence (2001)found computer science articles that were openly accessible (OA) on the Web were cited more. We replicated this in physics. We tested 1,307,038 articles published across 12 years (1992-2003) in 10 disciplines (Biology, Psychology, Sociology, Health, Political Science, Economics, Education, Law, Business, Management). A robot trawls the Web for full-texts using reference metadata ISI citation data (signal detectability d'=2.45; bias = 0.52). Percentage OA (relative to total OA + NOA) articles varies from 5%-16% (depending on discipline, year and country) and is slowly climbing annually (correlation r=.76, sample size N=12, probability p .90, N=12, p < .0005) and the effect is greater with the more highly cited articles (r = .98, N=6, p < .005). Causality cannot be determined from these data, but our prior finding of a similar pattern in physics, where percent OA is much higher (and even approaches 100% in some subfields), makes it unlikely that the OA citation advantage is merely or mostly a self-selection bias (for making only one's better articles OA). Further research will analyze the effect's timing, causal components and relation to other variables.
TL;DR: In this article, a new definition of QWL is suggested, inspired by the research on a related concept, general Quality of Life (QOL), which has faced the same conceptualization and definition problems.
Abstract: Purpose: Ever since the concept of Quality of Work Life (QWL) was first used over 30 years ago, a range of definitions and theoretical constructs have succeeded each other with the aim of mitigating the many problems facing the concept. A historical overview of the concept of QWL is presented here. Given the lack of consensus concerning the solutions that have been developed to date, a new definition of QWL is suggested, inspired by the research on a related concept, general Quality of Life (QOL) which, as the literature shows, has faced the same conceptualization and definition problems as QWL. Based on the suggested definition of QOL, a definition of QWL is provided and the measuring instrument that results therefrom (the Quality of Working Life Systemic Inventory – QWLSI) is presented. Finally, the solutions that this model and measuring instrument provide for the above-mentioned problems are discussed.
11 Sep 2006
TL;DR: A simple way to apply the double cut and join operation to the most general type of genomes with a mixed collection of linear and circular chromosomes is shown and a graph structure is described that allows simplifying the theory and distance computation considerably, as neither capping nor concatenation of the linear chromosomes are necessary.
Abstract: Genome rearrangements have been modeled by a variety of operations such as inversions, translocations, fissions, fusions, transpositions and block interchanges. The double cut and join operation, introduced by Yancopoulos et al., allows to model all the classical operations while simplifying the algorithms. In this paper we show a simple way to apply this operation to the most general type of genomes with a mixed collection of linear and circular chromosomes. We also describe a graph structure that allows simplifying the theory and distance computation considerably, as neither capping nor concatenation of the linear chromosomes are necessary.
TL;DR: It is argued that animal temperament is an important concept for wildlife conservation and knowledge about temperament may also provide a useful tool to optimize captive reproduction and to increase reintroduction success, and consideration of temperaments could strengthen both captive and wild conservation efforts.
Abstract: We argue that animal temperament is an important concept for wildlife conservation
science and review causes and consequences of evolutionary changes in temperament traits that may occur in captive-breeding programmes. An evolutionary perspective is valid because temperament traits are heritable, linked to fitness and potentially subject to intense selection in captivity. Natural, sexual and artificial selection can cause permanent shifts in temperament, reducing the diversity of temperament traits, diversity that may be critical to reintroduction success. Breeding programmes that ignore temperament risk leading the captive population towards domestication. Furthermore, shifts in temperament may
involve alterations in linked morphological and physiological traits, and selection
may even change functional relationships between traits. Captive-breeding programmes
can reduce changes in temperaments by closely monitoring temperament traits, equalizing reproductive success between temperament morphs and using environmental enrichment to reduce captive stress. Under certain circumstances, knowledge about temperament may also provide a useful tool to optimize captive reproduction and to increase reintroduction success. Outside reintroduction programmes, temperament can mediate responses to human contact, hunting,
exploitation, habitat fragmentation and disease transmission. Consideration of
temperaments could strengthen both captive and wild conservation efforts.
TL;DR: Insects dominated the PIN database, with the orders Homoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera collectively accounting for over 75% of the insect records, while plant pathogens, weeds and mollusks accounted for 13, 7 and 1% of all pest records, respectively.
Abstract: Despite the substantial impacts of nonindigenous plant pests and weeds, relatively little is known about the pathways by which these organisms arrive in the U.S. One source of such information is the Port Information Network (PIN) database, maintained by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) since 1984. The PIN database is comprised of records of pests intercepted by APHIS personnel during inspections of travelers’ baggage, cargo, conveyances and related items arriving at U.S. ports of entry and border crossings. Each record typically includes the taxonomic identify of the pest, its country of origin, and information related to the commodity and interception site. We summarized more than 725,000 pest interceptions recorded in PIN from 1984 to 2000 to examine origins, interception sites and modes of transport for nonindigenous insects, mites, mollusks, nematodes, plant pathogens and weeds. Roughly 62% of intercepted pests were associated with baggage, 30% were associated with cargo and 7% were associated with plant propagative material. Pest interceptions occurred most commonly at airports (73%), U.S.-Mexico land border crossings (13%) and marine ports (9%). Insects dominated the database, comprising 73 to 84% of the records annually, with the orders Homoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera collectively accounting for over 75% of the insect records. Plant pathogens, weeds and mollusks accounted for 13, 7 and 1.5% of all pest records, respectively, while mites and nematodes comprised less than 1% of the records. Pests were intercepted from at least 259 different locations. Common origins included Mexico, Central and South American countries, the Caribbean and Asia. Within specific commodity pathways, richness of the pest taxa generally increased linearly with the number of interceptions. Application of PIN data for statistically robust predictions is limited by nonrandom sampling protocols, but the data provide a valuable historical record of the array of nonindigenous organisms transported to the U.S. through international trade and travel.
TL;DR: In this paper, the cognitive uncertainty surrounding the means and ends of corporate environmental reporting (CER) implies that its appropriateness is likely to be derived through social comparison processes.
TL;DR: The various processes by which social support is linked to PTSD are outlined, to review the most relevant research in the field, and to suggest potential future research.
Abstract: Social support after a traumatic event is linked to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, little is known about the ways in which social support influences the adaptation to trauma and development of PTSD. The aim of the present article is threefold: to outline the various processes by which social support is linked to PTSD, to review the most relevant research in the field, and to suggest potential future research.
TL;DR: Aminophenyl groups were electrochemically grafted at the surface of a gold electrode by reduction of in situ generated aminophenyl monodiazonium cations.
Abstract: Aminophenyl groups were electrochemically grafted at the surface of a gold electrode by reduction of in situ generated aminophenyl monodiazonium cations. The in situ aminophenyl monodiazonium cations were generated by reaction of 1 equiv of p-phenylenediamine with 1 equiv of sodium nitrite in 0.5 M HCl, and their formation was confirmed by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry. The presence of aminophenyl groups at the surface of the gold electrode was demonstrated by electrochemistry and infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. The formation of an inhomogeneous multilayered film was also evidenced by atomic force microscopy. Furthermore, grafted aminophenyl groups present at the gold electrode surface reacted with trifluoroacetic acid anhydride in dry tetrahydrofuran with a reaction yield of about 75% for the trifluoroacetylation of the amine groups.
TL;DR: The results show that journal literature is increasingly important in the natural and social sciences, but that its role in the humanities is stagnant and has even tended to diminish slightly in the 1990s.
Abstract: Journal articles constitute the core documents for the diffusion of knowledge in the natural sciences. It has been argued that the same is not true for the social sciences and humanities where knowledge is more often disseminated in monographs that are not indexed in the journal-based databases used for bibliometric analysis. Previous studies have made only partial assessments of the role played by both serials and other types of literature. The importance of journal literature in the various scientific fields has therefore not been systematically characterized. The authors address this issue by providing a systematic measurement of the role played by journal literature in the building of knowledge in both the natural sciences and engineering and the social sciences and humanities. Using citation data from the CD-ROM versions of the Science Citation Index (SCI), Social Science Citation Index (SSCI), and Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI) databases from 1981 to 2000 (Thomson ISI, Philadelphia, PA), the authors quantify the share of citations to both serials and other types of literature. Variations in time and between fields are also analyzed. The results show that journal literature is increasingly important in the natural and social sciences, but that its role in the humanities is stagnant and has even tended to diminish slightly in the 1990s. Journal literature accounts for less than 50% of the citations in several disciplines of the social sciences and humanities; hence, special care should be used when using bibliometric indicators that rely only on journal literature.
TL;DR: The global efficiency, robustness to disconnections and cost of these graphs is studied and their possible origins analyzed, finding a wide range of patterns, from tree-like settlements to meshed urban patterns.
Abstract: Many urban settlements result from a spatially distributed, decentralized building process. Here we analyze the topological patterns of organization of a large collection of such settlements using the approach of complex networks. The global efficiency (based on the inverse of shortest-path lengths), robustness to disconnections and cost (in terms of length) of these graphs is studied and their possible origins analyzed. A wide range of patterns is found, from tree-like settlements (highly vulnerable to random failures) to meshed urban patterns. The latter are shown to be more robust and efficient.
TL;DR: The last deglaciation and its climatic events such as the Bolling-Allerod (BA) and the Younger Dryas (YD) have been clearly recorded in the δ 13 C profiles of three stalagmites from caves from Southern France to Northern Tunisia.
TL;DR: Results suggest that DDs and ADs are associated with worse asthma-related quality of life, but only DDs are responsible for worse asthma control, and physicians may want to consider the differential impact of negative mood states when assessing levels of asthma control andquality of life.
University of Washington1, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland2, University of Alaska Fairbanks3, University of Massachusetts Amherst4, Bates College5, University of Southampton6, Université du Québec à Montréal7, University of Copenhagen8, Geological Survey of Canada9, University of Calgary10, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research11, University of California, Los Angeles12, University of Colorado Boulder13, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research14, United States Geological Survey15, National Center for Atmospheric Research16, University of Bergen17, Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences18, Open University19, Russian Academy of Sciences20
TL;DR: The warmest millennia of at least the past 250,000 years occurred during the Last Interglaciation, when global ice volumes were similar to or smaller than today and systematic variations in Earth's orbital parameters aligned to produce a strong positive summer insolation anomaly throughout the Northern Hemisphere as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: Assessment of BMI in a Canadian sample of asthma outpatients identified higher BMI and obesity as potential behavioral factors related to worse asthma control and quality of life, but not asthma severity, and suggest important avenues for asthma management and control initiatives.
TL;DR: Although many alterations occurring during cold acclimation influence the cryobehaviour of the plasma membrane comprehensively, recent advances in functional genomics approaches provide interesting information on the function of specific proteins for plasma membrane behaviour under freezing conditions.
Abstract: The plasma membrane is considered to be the primary site of injury when plant cells are subjected to extracellular freezing. In order for plants or plant cells to acquire freezing tolerance, it is, thus, necessary that the plasma membrane increases its cryostability during freeze-thaw excursion. During cold acclimation both under natural and artificial conditions, there are compositional, structural and functional changes occurring in the plasma membrane, many, if not all, of which ultimately contribute to increased stability of the plasma membrane under freezing conditions. In addition, changes in the cytosol or intracellular compartments also affect the cryobehaviour of the plasma membrane during freeze-induced dehydration. Although many alterations occurring during cold acclimation influence the cryobehaviour of the plasma membrane comprehensively, recent advances in functional genomics approaches provide interesting information on the function of specific proteins for plasma membrane behaviour under freezing conditions.
TL;DR: The capacity to document and assess the types as well as the severity of aggressive behaviour is critical, not only to better understand the correlates of various types of behaviours but also to orient intervention programmes whether they be prevention, assessment, monitoring or management ofaggressive behaviour.
Abstract: Background Aggressive behaviours represent major obstacles to the integration into society of individuals with intellectual disability (ID) and pose significant management issues for carers.
Methods The present study assessed the prevalence and severity of five types of aggressive behaviours in 3165 adult men and women with ID receiving services from three rehabilitation agencies in Quebec by surveying their carers using the Modified Overt Aggressive Scale.
Results The 12-month prevalence of aggressive behaviour was 51.8%: 24% property damage, 37.6% verbal, 24.4% self-oriented and 24.4% physical aggression, and 9.8% sexually aggressive behaviour, most of which being mild in severity. Only 4.9% of individuals displayed aggressive behaviour leading to injury of the victim. Few gender differences were observed.
Conclusions The capacity to document and assess the types as well as the severity of aggressive behaviour is thus critical, not only to better understand the correlates of various types of behaviours but also to orient intervention programmes whether they be prevention, assessment, monitoring or management of aggressive behaviour.
TL;DR: Comparing collaboration patterns in the SSH to those in the NSE shows that, contrary to a widely held belief, researchers in the social sciences and the humanities do not form a homogeneous category.
Abstract: A basic dichotomy is generally made between publication practices in the natural sciences and engineering (NSE) on the one hand and social sciences and humanities (SSH) on the other. However, while researchers in the NSE share some common practices with researchers in SSH, the spectrum of practices is broader in the latter. Drawing on data from the CD-ROM versions of the Science Citation Index, Social
Sciences Citation Index and the Arts & Humanities Citation Index from 1980 to 2002, this paper compares collaboration patterns in the SSH to those in the NSE. We show that, contrary to a widely held belief, researchers in the social sciences and the humanities do not form a homogeneous category. In fact, collaborative activities of researchers in the social sciences are more comparable to those of researchers in the NSE than in the humanities. Also, we see that language and geographical proximity influences the choice of collaborators in the SSH, but also in the NSE. This empirical analysis, which sheds a new light on the collaborative activities of researchers in the NSE compared to those in the SSH, may have policy implications as granting councils in these fields have a tendency to imitate programs developed for the NSE, without always taking into account the specificity of the humanities.
TL;DR: In this paper, the negative environmental impacts of land use change while maintaining economic viability and social acceptability is an major challenge for most developing countries in Asia, where more than 50% of Asian land area is under agriculture.
Abstract: Viewed within a historical context, Asia has experienced dramatic land transformations, and currently more than 50% of Asian land area is under agriculture. The consequences of this transformation are manifold. Southeast Asia has the highest deforestation rate of any major tropical region. Many of the world’s large rivers and lakes in Asia have been heavily degraded. About 11 of 19 world megacities with more than 10 million inhabitants are in Asia. These land use activities have resulted in substantial negative ecological consequences, including increased anthropogenic CO2 emissions, deteriorated air and water quality, alteration of regional climate, an increase of disease and a loss of biodiversity. Although land use occurs at the local level, it has the potential to cause ecological impact across local, regional and global scales. Reducing the negative environmental impacts of land use change while maintaining economic viability and social acceptability is an major challenge for most developing countries in Asia.
TL;DR: This paper examined workplace bullying through a self-report survey of a sample of 180 adults from diverse occupations and industries in Canada and found that bullying by others would lead to counteraggressive/bullying behaviours and certain coping responses.
Abstract: This study examined workplace bullying through a self-report survey of a sample of 180 adults from diverse occupations and industries in Canada. It was predicted that bullying by others would lead to counteraggressive/bullying behaviours and certain coping responses. In turn, coping with bullying was predicted to impact burnout and well-being. Three different forms of bullying were identified: verbal abuse, work being undermined, and belittlement. The results of the structural relations analyses reveal that both verbal abuse and work being undermined were related to reciprocal forms of bullying. In addition, whereas verbal abuse was related to problem solving as a way of coping with bullying, belittlement was related to self-doubt, indirect/passive coping, and ignoring the bully. Self-doubt was, in turn, related to burnout and symptoms of ill-health.