Showing papers by "Université libre de Bruxelles published in 1986"
TL;DR: The idea that a sensory input can give rise to semantic activation without concomitant conscious identification was the central thesis of the controversial research in subliminal perception as discussed by the authors, which can be demonstrated by the ability of a person to perform discriminations on the basis of the meaning of the stimulus.
Abstract: When the stored representation of the meaning of a stimulus is accessed through the processing of a sensory input it is maintained in an activated state for a certain amount of time that allows for further processing. This semantic activation is generally accompanied by conscious identification, which can be demonstrated by the ability of a person to perform discriminations on the basis of the meaning of the stimulus. The idea that a sensory input can give rise to semantic activation without concomitant conscious identification was the central thesis of the controversial research in subliminal perception. Recently, new claims for the existence of such phenomena have arisen from studies in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual pattern masking. Because of the fundamental role played by these types of experiments in cognitive psychology, the new assertions have raised widespread interest.The purpose of this paper is to show that this enthusiasm may be premature. Analysis of the three new lines of evidence for semantic activation without conscious identification leads to the following conclusions. (1) Dichotic listening cannot provide the conditions needed to demonstrate the phenomenon. These conditions are better fulfilled in parafoveal vision and are realized ideally in pattern masking. (2) Evidence for the phenomenon is very scanty for parafoveal vision, but several tentative demonstrations have been reported for pattern masking. It can be shown, however, that none of these studies has included the requisite controls to ensure that semantic activation was not accompanied by conscious identification of the stimulus at the time of presentation. (3) On the basis of current evidence it is most likely that these stimuli were indeed consciously identified.
1,143 citations
TL;DR: In a picture memory task, the illiterates showed a phonological similarity effect, which is consistent with other results suggesting that the use of phonological codes for short-term retention does not require explicit phonetic analysis.
489 citations
TL;DR: A review of the method of constraints, devised to carry out Molecular Dynamics simulations of complex molecular systems with some internal degrees of freedom frozen, in terms of atomic Cartesian coordinates, and deriving the statistical-mechanical formalism for these systems.
408 citations
TL;DR: Cisplatin nephrotoxicity is clearly dose-related and used to be considered dose limiting; hyperhydration with mannitol-induced saline diuresis may allow administration of high doses and thus circumvent the dose-limiting effect of cisplatin-induced renal toxicity.
292 citations
TL;DR: DHEA(S) may constitute a mechanism by which these androgens stimulate cancer growth and a rationale (besides suppression of estrogen precursors) for medical or surgical adrenalectomy in hormone sensitive metastatic mammary cancer.
250 citations
TL;DR: The genome of the human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III/LAV) has the potential to encode at least three polypeptides in addition to those encoded by the gag, pol, and env genes, and in this study the product of the sor (short open reading frame) region was found to be a protein with a molecular weight of 23,000.
Abstract: The genome of the human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III/LAV) has the potential to encode at least three polypeptides in addition to those encoded by the gag, pol, and env genes. In this study, the product of the sor (short open reading frame) region, which overlaps the 3' end of the pol gene, was found to be a protein with a molecular weight of 23,000. An assay was developed for testing the ability of cloned HTLV-III proviruses to produce viruses cytopathic for T4+ lymphocytes. In the cell line used, C8166, neither the HTLV-III sor gene product nor the complete 3'-orf gene product were necessary for the replication or cytopathic effects of the HTLV-III.
219 citations
01 Jul 1986
TL;DR: Five distinct segmental patterns are described, corresponding to the prothorax, the other two thoracic segments, the first seven abdominal segments, (4) the eighth and (5) the ninth (and possibly the tenth) abdominal segments.
Abstract: The thoracic and abdominal segments of the Drosophila embryo contain 373 neurons innervating external sensory structures and 162 neurons innervating chordotonal organs. These neurons are arranged in ventral, lateral and dorsal clusters within each segment, in a highly invariant pattern. Two fascicles are formed in each segment as the sensory axons grow ventrally towards the CNS and meet motor axons growing dorsally from the CNS. In all but the last segment, the anterior fascicle is contributed by the dorsal and lateral neurons, while the posterior one is formed by the ventral neurons. Five distinct segmental patterns are described, corresponding to (1) the prothorax, (2) the other two thoracic segments, (3) the first seven abdominal segments, (4) the eighth and (5) the ninth (and possibly the tenth) abdominal segments.
174 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that T. b.b. gambiense stands out as a real subspecies that has undergone a distinct evolution relative to the 'non-gambiense' group, and domestic animals like pig, dog and sheep constitute a potential reservoir for T.b.'s gamiense.
Abstract: The nuclear DNAs of 71 trypanosome stocks from different African countries, representative of the three Trypanosoma brucei subspecies, and one T. evansi stock, have been analysed by the combined use of restriction endonuclease digestion, gel electrophoresis and molecular hybridization with both trypanosome surface-antigen-specific and undefined genomic DNA probes. In contrast with T. brucei brucei and T. brucei rhodesiense stocks, all the T. b. gambiense stocks are characterized by a conserved, specific DNA band pattern, regardless of the probe. This allows T. b. gambiense to be non-ambiguously identified. On the contrary, T.b. brucei and T. b. rhodesiense, which could not be discriminated by the same criteria, both yield highly variable DNA band patterns. Our data confirm that domestic animals like pig, dog and sheep constitute a potential reservoir for T.b. gambiense. Using a numerical analysis of the DNA hybridization patterns we have measured the degree of similarity between the 72 trypanosome stocks. This investigation shows that all T.b. gambiense stocks are included in the same homogeneous population, while the stocks from the two other subspecies seem to be distributed in several heterogeneous groups, some of these showing correlation with the geographical origin of the trypanosomes. It is concluded that (i) T.b. gambiense stands out as a real subspecies that has undergone a distinct evolution relative to the 'non-gambiense' group, (ii) the alleged T.b. rhodesiense subspecies does not fit with any of the groups evidenced by our cladistic analysis and hence does not appear as a distinct subspecies and (iii) 'non-gambiense' trypanosomes are probably evolving much more rapidly than T.b. gambiense. Different aspects of trypanosome relationships and evolution are discussed.
128 citations
TL;DR: Two major types of foraging organisation in ants are described and compared, being illustrated with experimental data and mathematical models, and the first is discussed in relation to spatial specialisation, foraging density, individual learning and genetic programming.
123 citations
TL;DR: The results answer a question raised by Roberts, and provide in a very general setting various formalizations for the notion of probabilistic consistency of a subject in a binary choice process.
123 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the capacity of preliterate children to learn explicit phonetic segmentation was investigated and it was found that children as young as 4 years can learn new segmentation games quite rapidly.
TL;DR: It is concluded that contractile potentiation observed during nonlinear summation of contractions, is associated with a potentiation of intracellular Ca2+ movements, which interact to regulate the cytosolic Ca2- concentration during contraction.
Abstract: Nonlinear summation of contractions is studied in single barnacle (Balanus nubilus) muscle fibres, loaded with the photoprotein aequorin. The results indicate that nonlinear summation of aequorin transients is indeed present and for short interpulse intervals (25–250 ms), a more-than-linear summation of transients, which suggest an increase of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in the second response, is observed. This augmented Ca2+ concentration is not merely due to summation with the preceding conditioning transient, but to an enlargement of the second transient in its own right. Furthermore, the enlargement of the second Ca2+ response is not the result of prolonged release, or slowing of re-uptake by intracellular organelles. On the contrary, Ca2+ release is found to be enhanced and for short depolarizations (20 ms), its time to half re-uptake is reduced. The intensified Ca2+ release, triggered by the second standard depolarization, is related to the level of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration reached in the conditioning response and, for example, appears to be larger in the presence of Dantrolene-sodium, which is known to reduce Ca2+ movements in a single twitch. It is concluded that contractile potentiation observed during nonlinear summation of contractions, is associated with a potentiation of intracellular Ca2+ movements, which interact to regulate the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration during contraction.
TL;DR: Chemical defense in chrysomelid larvae (subtribe Chrysomelina and Phyllodectina) is reviewed and the secretion of salicylaldehyde by different species is considered to be chemical mimicry reinforcing visual aposematic signals.
Abstract: Chemical defense in chrysomelid larvae (subtribe Chrysomelina and Phyllodectina) is reviewed. Most species secrete autogenous monoterpenes. The diversity of their secretion is interpreted as a mechanism to reduce adaptation by predacious arthropods. The consequences of a host plant shift to the Salicacae are explored. Salicin from these host plants is used as a precursor for the salicylaldehyde secreted by the larvae of many species. This offers several advantages. It provides the larvae with an inexpensive and efficient defense. The recovery of the glucose moiety of the salicin contributes significantly to the larval energy budget. Adults sequester salicin in the eggs at concentrations which are toxic to ants. Owing to this maternal provisioning, neonate larvae produce salicylaldehyde from hatching onwards, whereas other species secreting monoterpenes are not protected at hatching. The secretion of salicylaldehyde by different species is considered to be chemical mimicry reinforcing visual aposematic signals.
TL;DR: In this article, the annealing time dependence of enthalpy relaxation of a sample of polycarbonate pre-annealed at various temperatures close to the glass transition temperature, Tg, is investigated over an extended range to check the consequences implied by a previous treatment.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the acetylcholinesterase-like domain of thyroglobulin is involved in the binding and would provide a rationale for the demonstration of immunoreactive thyrogLobulin in neurons and the pathogenesis of Grave's ophthalmopathy.
TL;DR: In this article, consistent closed superstrings are contained in the 26-dimensional bosonic closed string theory, and the states, operators and interaction vertices of superstrings emerge in this way.
TL;DR: In this article, a class of Markov chains for which the stationary probability vector, when it exists, is of the matrix-geometric form is considered, and two general cases for which that matrix is explicitly determined are considered.
Abstract: We consider a class of Markov chains for which the stationary probability vector, when it exists, is of the matrix-geometric form. The essential step in the computational algorithm usually is the evaluation of a matrixR. We consider two general cases for which that matrix is explicitly determined.
In der Bedienungstheorie treten Markovketten auf, deren Ubergangsmatrizen blocktridiagonal sind. Die stationaren Verteilungen lassen sich unter zusatzlichen Voraussetzungen mit Hilfe einer ResolventenmatrixR ausdrucken. Sie ist im allgemeinen als Losung einer inR quadratischen Matrixgleichung erhaltlich. Wir beweisen, daβ in zwei Sonderfallen die MatrixR jeweils einer linearen Gleichung genugt und leiten diese Gleichung her. Damit wird die ResolventenmatrixR leichter zuganglich. In beiden Fallen wird zugelassen, daβ die MatrizenR keine endliche Reihenanzahl haben. Das Auftreten beider Sonderfalle wird durch Beispiele aus der Bedienungstheorie belegt.
01 May 1986
TL;DR: The description of the sense organs accounts for all the sensory neurons that have been identified in the embryo, and it is believed that this description is accurate and complete, except in the terminal segment, where some sense organs remain to be identified.
Abstract: Various types of sense organs are arranged in a highly reproducible pattern on the thoracic and abdominal segments ofDrosophila embryos and larvae. We describe this pattern and identify the neurons that innervate each sense organ. This identification is confirmed by the analysis of partial deficiencies for the scute region, which delete specifically some of the sense organs and their innervating neurons. Since our description of the sense organs accounts for all the sensory neurons that have been identified in the embryo, we believe that this description is accurate and complete, except in the terminal segment, where some sense organs remain to be identified.
TL;DR: It is shown that judicious choice of the weights can provide both an adequate response and exact adaptation to step increases in stimuli.
TL;DR: The DNA sequence of the ARGRII gene is reported, one of the three regulatory genes involved in controlling the anabolism and catabolism of arginine in yeast, which encodes a protein of 880 amino acids with a deduced molecular mass of about 100 kDa.
Abstract: We report here the DNA sequence of the ARGRII gene, one of the three regulatory genes involved in controlling the anabolism and catabolism of arginine in yeast. This gene encodes a protein of 880 amino acids with a deduced molecular mass of about 100 kDa. The ARGRII protein shows significant homology with two other regulatory proteins of yeast, PPRI and GAL4.
TL;DR: A tutorial examination of recent developments important to understand current research on reading acquisition is offered, putting the accent on the interrelations between studies of skilled adult performance, of effects of neurological damage and of early reading.
TL;DR: A generalization of gauge theory in which the gauge potential1-form is replaced by a p-form was studied in this article, and it was shown that this extension is compatible with space-time locality only if the gauge group is U(1).
Abstract: A generalization of gauge theory in which the gauge potential1-form is replaced by a p-form is studied. Charged particles are then replaced by elementary extended objects of dimension p−1. It is shown that this extension is compatible with space-time locality only if the gauge group is U(1). A source which is a closed p−1 surface has zero total charge and corresponds to a particle-antiparticle pair. Its quantum rate of production in an external uniform field is evaluated semiclassically. The analog of the Dirac magnetic pole is constructed. It is another extended object, of dimension n−p−3, where n is the dimension of space-time. The “electric” and “magnetic” charges obey the Dirac quantization condition. This condition is derived in two different ways. One method makes use of local gauge patches and the other brings in singular gauge transformations. A topological mass term is introduced and it is shown that it can coexist with a magnetic pole when n=2p+1, provided the topological mass is quantized.
TL;DR: In this paper, the generic behavior of vacuum inhomogeneous Kaluza-Klein cosmologies is studied in the vicinity of the cosmological singularity and the collision law for the Kasner exponents is calculated in any number of spatial dimensions d.
TL;DR: Eggs and neonate larvae of chrysomelid beetles (sub‐tribes Chrysomelina and Phyllodectina) were investigated for the presence of defensive substances.
Abstract: . Eggs and neonate larvae of chrysomelid beetles (sub‐tribes Chrysomelina and Phyllodectina) were investigated for the presence of defensive substances. The two isoxazolinone glucosides (compounds 1 and 2), characteristic of the adult defence secretion, were detected in the eggs of all studied species. Compound 2, containing a nitropropionate, is always present in concentrations (above 10‐2 M), which are highly deterrent to the ant Myrmica rubra. This compound is not at all or only slightly toxic to ants at 10‐2 M. Compound 1, devoid of nitropropionate, is a minor constituent, and is neither deterrent nor toxic to ants. The five Chrysomela species studied and Phratora vitellinae also sequester salicin in their eggs in amounts highly deterrent and toxic to ants. A single Chrysomela egg often contains enough salicin to kill an ant. While the isoxazolinones are discarded with the egg shells, salicin is used by neonate larvae as a precursor for the production of salicylaldehyde in the thoracic defence glands, already functional at hatching. No salicin could be detected in the eggs of those species whose larvae produce cyclopentanoid monoterpenes, even if they feed on Salicaceae. No larva of any species seems to be able to produce detectable amounts of monoterpenes at birth. A very early defence, possible only in those species using salicin as the precursor for their defensive secretion, could be highly advantageous in protecting the clustered larvae during the long process of hatching and in avoiding cannibalism between siblings. Only trace amounts of oleic acid were found in the eggs of Gastrophysa viridula, in contrast to previous reports on its presence in large quantities in the American G. cyanea. Copyright © 1986, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: A method for partitioning very large data sets of the order O(n), where n is the number of objects, is proposed and the computer program CLARA is described.
Abstract: In this paper a method is proposed for partitioning very large data sets. The number of calculations and memory requirements are of the order O(n), where n is the number of objects. The computer program CLARA is described, and some possible extensions are mentioned.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated here that complex I-III of bovine heart mitochondrial membrane is inhibited by adriamycin derivatives, and conformational analysis of the antibiotic-cardiolipin complexes suggests that plane-plane interactions between the antibiotics aromatic moieties stabilize this complex formation.
TL;DR: This analysis of the existing literature on multicriteria decision-aid is essentially devoted to the research in Europe, even if some comments are concerned with the American literature.
TL;DR: It is concluded that androgen deprivation in young and old animals leads to a modified bone architecture, independent of the androgen impact on bone growth.
Abstract: We have shown that orchidectomy in postpubertal 55-day-old rats led beyond 2 months to a decrease in bone growth and loss of weight. At 1 month postorchidectomy, we observed a threefold increase in bone blood flow, an increase in calcium accretion rate, and an increase in the number of osteoclasts in the metaphysis. In the present experimental study, orchidectomy was performed in 1-year-old rats when bone growth in length was no longer measurable. In the tibia and femur we observed a decrease in bone volume, a still more rapid decrease of bone calcium during the first postoperative month, a thinning of the cortical width, an initial increase in calcium accretion rate (+20% when compared to 31 days controls) followed by a decrease at 120 days (−22% and−11% when compared to controls for tibia and femur respectively), a 29% increase in bone blood flow, and an increase in the number of osteoclasts. We conclude that androgen deprivation in young and old animals leads to a modified bone architecture, independent of the androgen impact on bone growth.
01 Jun 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the optimal location of post boxes in an urban or in a rural environment is investigated, which consists of selecting sites for post boxes which will maximize an appropriate linear combination of user convenience and postal service efficiency.
Abstract: This paper deals with the optimal location of post boxesin an urban or ina rural environment. The problem consists of selecting sites for post boxes which will maximize an appropriate linear combination of user convenience and postal service efficiency. Several variants of the problem are considered and appropriate models and algorithms are developed.
TL;DR: To understand the molecular basis of the regulation of this protein and of its mRNA, and to understand its biological function and its possible contribution to the various antiviral and non-antiviral actions exerted by interferons, a full-length cDNA copy of the 1.8-1.9 X 10(3)-base 56-kDa-protein mRNA was cloned and its sequence was determined.
Abstract: Among the various proteins which are induced when human cells are treated with interferon, a predominant protein of unknown function, with molecular mass 56 kDa, has been observed. With the aim of exploring the molecular basis of the regulation of this protein and of its mRNA, in order to understand its biological function and its possible contribution to the various antiviral and non-antiviral actions exerted by interferons, we cloned a full-length cDNA copy of the 1.8 – 1.9 × 103-base 56-kDa-protein mRNA and determined its sequence. The cDNA contains 1662 nucleotides derived from the 56-kDa-protein mRNA, including a poly(A) tail of 20 residues. Primer extension experiments indicate that the 5′ end of this cDNA clone is probably located only 13 nucleotides downstream of the actual cap site of the 56-kDa-protein mRNA. It consists of a 64-nucleotide-long 5′-non-coding segment, a coding segment of 1434 nucleotides terminated by a TAG triplet and a 141-nucleotide 3′-non-coding segment. The encoded protein of 478 amino acid residues has a molecular mass of 55335 Da and a single potential site for N-glycosylation. The protein contains an excess of basic amino acids and most of them are localized in the carboxy-terminal half of the molecule. A single [35S]methoinine-labeled 56-kDa protein was obtained using an SP64 construction to allow the cell-free transcription and translation of the cloned cDNA. Microinjection of this labeled protein in Xenopus oocytes indicates that the 56-kDa protein is cytoplasmic.