Showing papers by "Universiti Teknologi Malaysia published in 1999"

Tuning of a neuro-fuzzy controller by genetic algorithm

Abstract: Due to their powerful optimization property, genetic algorithms (GAs) are currently being investigated for the development of adaptive or self-tuning fuzzy logic control systems. This paper presents a neuro-fuzzy logic controller (NFLC) where all of its parameters can be tuned simultaneously by GA. The structure of the controller is based on the radial basis function neural network (RBF) with Gaussian membership functions. The NFLC tuned by GA can somewhat eliminate laborious design steps such as manual tuning of the membership functions and selection of the fuzzy rules. The GA implementation incorporates dynamic crossover and mutation probabilistic rates for faster convergence. A flexible position coding strategy of the NFLC parameters is also implemented to obtain near optimal solutions. The performance of the proposed controller is compared with a conventional fuzzy controller and a PID controller tuned by GA. Simulation results show that the proposed controller offers encouraging advantages and has better performance.

Cation Exchange Membranes by Radiation-Induced Graft Copolymerization of Styrene onto PFA Copolymer Films. I. Preparation and Characterization of the Graft Copolymer

Abstract: PFA-g-polystyrene graft copolymers were prepared by simultaneous radiation- induced graft copolymerization of styrene onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluorovinyl ether) (PFA) films. The effects of grafting conditions such as monomer concentration, dose, and dose rate were investigated. Three solvents, i.e., methanol, benzene, and dichloromethane, were used as diluents in this grafting system. Of the three solvents employed, dichloromethane was found to greatly enhance the grafting process, and the degree of grafting increased with the increase of monomer concentration until it reached its highest value at a styrene concentration of 60 (vol %). The dependence of the initial rate of grafting on the monomer concentration was found to be of the order of 1.2. The degree of grafting was found to increase with the increase in irradiation dose, while it considerably decreased with the increase in dose rate. The formation of graft copolymers was confirmed by FTIR analysis. The structural investigation by X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the degree of crystallinity content of such graft copolymers decreases with the increase in grafting, and consequently, the mechanical properties of the graft copolymers were influenced to some extent. Both tensile strength and elongation percent decreased with the increase in the degree of grafting.

Rain rate statistical conversion for the prediction of rain attenuation in Malaysia

Abstract: The transformation of hourly rain rate data into equivalent one-minute statistics is very useful for microwave systems designers since the hourly rainfall data are more abundant and can be obtained at many locations. An empirical model is proposed for approximating the rain rate conversion factor from 1 h to 1 min integration time in Malaysia.

Development of 1 min rain rate contour maps for microwave applications in Malaysian Peninsula

Abstract: Knowledge of the 1 min rain rate distribution is important for the prediction of rain attenuation at any location. Owing to the lack of 1 min rain rate data in Malaysia and the availability of hourly and annual rainfall data, the authors have used rain rate conversion models and the refined Moupfouma model to convert the available data into 1 min rain rate statistics. Contour maps are drawn for the Malaysian Peninsula for rain rate statistics with 0.01% of the time.

Optical sensor configurations for process tomography

Abstract: This paper describes an investigation into the optimum design of optical fibre sensing arrays to be incorporated in an optical tomographic measurement system for on-line monitoring of particles and droplets Two approaches are considered to cover opaque and transparent materials; optical path length and optical attenuation Four flow models are investigated: single-pixel flow representing a single particle or droplet, two-pixel flow as a simple check on aliasing in the reconstructed image, half flow representing half the sensing cross section filled with material and full flow, where the whole sensing cross section is full of material Six projection geometries of the fibre sensors are considered For tomographic imaging, the forward problem, which assumes particles are placed in specific places in the measurement cross section and calculates voltage outputs for the individual sensors, is modelled The solutions from the forward problem are used to solve the inverse problem, which uses actual sensor voltage readings to estimate the spatial distribution of the material in the measurement cross section The solution of the inverse problem is used to derive the linear back projection (LBP) and filtered LBP algorithms In order to improve image quality, a hybrid reconstruction algorithm is implemented This algorithm first checks if any sensors read zero and sets (locks for this estimation) all pixels associated with them to zero (no material) The algorithm then proceeds as for the LBP

Finite element approach to dynamic modelling of a flexible robot manipulator: Performance evaluation and computational requirements

Abstract: This paper presents a performance evaluation and the computational requirements of using the finite element (FE) method for modelling flexible robot manipulators. A constrained planar single-link flexible manipulator is considered. Finite-dimensional simulation of the manipulator is developed using the FE method and is implemented on two computing domains. The simulation performance, on the basis of accuracy in characterizing the behaviour of the manipulator and computational efficiency, are assessed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Adaptive general regression neural network for modelling of dynamic plants

Abstract: This paper proposes an integrated general regression neural network (GRNN) adaptation scheme for dynamic plant modelling. The scheme can be used in a noisy and dynamic environment for on-line process control. It possesses several distinguished features compared with the original GRNN proposed by Specht, such as a flexible pattern nodes add-in and delete-off mechanism, a dynamic initial sigma assignment using a non-statistical method, automatic target adjustment and sigma tuning. These adaptation strategies are formulated on the basis of the inherent advantageous features found in GRNN, such as highly localized pattern nodes, good interpolation capability and instantaneous learning. Good modelling performance was obtained when the GRNN is tested on a linear plant in a noisy environment. It performs better than the well-known extended recursive least-squares identification algorithm. In this paper, analysis of the effects of some of the adaptation parameters involving a non-linear plant is also investigated. The results show that the proposed methodology is computationally efficient and exhibits several attractive features such as fast learning, flexible network sizing and good robustness, which are suitable for the construction of estimators or predictors for many model-based adaptive control strategies.

Worst-month rain statistics for radiowave propagation study in Malaysia

Abstract: A study of the worst-month rainfall rate statistics for the Malaysian environment is presented. Rain rate data with 1 min integration time were collected in the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and the Universiti Sains Malaysia. The relationship between the worst month and the yearly probabilities is presented and the ITU-R model verified. For better precision, new values are proposed for the parameters Q/sub 1/ and /spl beta/ in Malaysia.

Frequency scaling of rain attenuation from 23- to 38-GHz microwave signals measured in Malaysia

Abstract: The most fundamental obstacle encountered in the design of communication systems at millimeter waves is attenuation due to rain. Frequency scaling models provide an alternative to rain attenuation models when data are available for a site. These methods are extremely useful since they tend to be excellent predictors, and provide a means for determining what to expect at a frequency for which there is no data. This paper reports the results obtained from the investigation of frequency scaling of rain attenuation models using one year rain attenuation data measured at 23, 26 and 38 GHz in Malaysia.

Flashover phenomena of polluted insulators energized by AC voltage

Abstract: The study of polluted insulator flashover mechanism very important for electric power transmission reliability, efficiency and serviceability. In this paper, a new mathematical model based on Ayrton arc voltage gradient equation, which takes account of total resistance of the polluted insulator rather than the pollution resistance value has been proposed. The expression of total resistance of the insulator is also derived. The value of critical flashover voltage (CFV) obtained from the model is in good agreement with the ones obtained through experimental results.

An experimental investigation of human mismatches in machining

Abstract: Mismatches refer to incompatibilities, inappropriateness, unsuitabilities or inconsistencies in machine operators’ actions which, if not addressed, would lead to errors. A fuller understanding of the rate at which mismatches occur and their causes would allow human aspects to be given proper consideration alongside hardware and technological issues in the design of new working environments, machines and tasks. This research highlights these human aspects of machining by examining mismatches in relation to various human characteristics. The human task–mismatch matching method was developed and applied in manual turning operations using experimental and questionnaire techniques on groups of 16 skilled and 12 unskilled operators. The skilled subjects were drawn from local industry and university technical staff. Unskilled subjects were engineering students, all of whom had some familiarity with machining through periods of industrial placement. Statistically significant relationships were established between mismatches and many of the human characteristics studied (skill, age, work experience, self-confidence and trust) when considering all the subjects as a single group, but for skilled operators alone, the only significant relationship was between self-confidence and trust. As a general conclusion, it can be confirmed that studying operators in their own workplace provides invaluable information for the design and operation of future workplaces, but that the relationships between performance and human characteristics remain difficult to establish formally.

Development of a fuel cell power conditioner system

Abstract: The fuel cell is an alternative power generation method which is envisaged to be environmentally friendly and efficient. It can be an attractive solution for various "clean power" applications such as an electric vehicle. It can also be suitably used as a stand alone power generator. The fuel cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy by means of an electrochemical reaction; the output is in the form of direct voltage and current. This paper describes the development of a fuel cell power conditioner unit (PCU). The aim is to convert the DC output from the fuel cell into a 3-phase sinusoidal AC voltage and current which is suitable for domestic and industrial use. The main feature of the PCU is its global control strategy which enables the system to be configured by a single stage converter. A laboratory 5 kW 3-phase prototype PCU is developed and some typical test results are presented.

Pore pressure response of undrained two-way cyclic loading of silt

Abstract: A series of stress-controlled undrained two-way cyclic loading tests were performed on reconstituted samples of isotropically consolidated Keuper Marl silt (LL = 36%, PI = 19%) of various stress histories and stress levels. The series included cyclic loading with and without rest-periods, and resulted in either failure or non-failure of the sample during cyclic loading. Following a restperiod, non-failure samples were subject to further cyclic loading, Studies on the pore pressure response of normally consolidated samples indicated that permanent pore pressure developed steadily with the loading period, but the rate of development decreased as the loading period increased. A linear relationship was found to exist between the normalised permanent pressure rate and time, plotted on logarithmic scales

Comparison of jers-1 and radarsat synthetic aperture Radar data for mapping mangrove and its biomass

Abstract: This paper has reviewed comparison of classification of mangrove forest at species-level, and estimation of mangrove biomass using JERS-1 SAR and Radarsat SAR (standard mode) data. Both of these comparisons were made at selected test site in Sungai Pulai Mangrove Forest Reserve in Malaysia. The results demonstrated the utility of SAR data as potential source in mapping mangrove classes and indicator for biomass. Although there has been limited availability of exhaustive sampling points done accessibility at the test site, but the results indicated the evidence of C and L band utility for mangrove mapping and biomass estimation.

Design and performance of tubular steel scaffolding

Abstract: Some structural design concepts of tubular steel scaffolding are presented herein. Factors that are considered in the design are loading condition, basic structural element, bracing, fonndation and ancillary fittings. Emphasis is given to the use of modular frame scaffoldings according to the standards in some countries. Finally, the result of system performance test on a typical modular frame scaffolding system produced locally is presented. The results shows that the frame system has high' buckling load capacity arid complies with the standard specification.

Dehydration and dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol over AlPO4-5 based molecular sieves

Abstract: The role of incorporated divalent metal (Mn, Mg, Co and Zn) incorporated into the framework of AlPO4-5 in conversion of cyclohexanol has been examined. The influence of these metals to cyclohexene and cyclohexanone selectivities was correlated to the acidity and basicity properties of these molecular sieves. Possible mechanism for the dehydration and dehydrogenation for cyclohexanol was proposed.

GIS-MRA Techniques in Property Valuation: A Framework forImplementation

Abstract: The awareness among valuers to improve valuation analyses has induced the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) as a spatial tool. This tool has, at least, two main attractions to property valuation. First, the capability of providing an integrated database handling system, simultaneously relating spatial and attribute data of properties. Second, the capability of spatial operation and representation of these data. These functions can be performed in conjunction with multiple regression analysis (MRA) for a number of spatial analyses to improve modelling analyses. The MRA has been used as an aspatial analysis tool for real estate problems since 1920's. Characterized by its "correlation" and "prediction" features, this technique provides statistical reasoning capabilities. However, although the statistical milieu provides models that are capable of producing relatively accurate and consistent regression estimates, the technique does not possess spatial analysis capability. This capability is felt necessary because the incidence of property values are locationally distributed. Furthermore, many complex phenomena that change spatially and temporally can only be better understood by analyzing them in a visualized manner. GIS fills in this gap. With a proper framework, both GIS and MRA can be combined as a new tool of spatial reasoning in real estate analyses, particularly valuation. The core of GIS-MRA techniques is spatial-statistical analyses of property determinants and how they affect property values. This paper presents an outline of the major aspects of GIS-MRA applications in property valuation with the objective of providing a basic theoretical framework of GIS-MRA techniques, focussing on the major steps of applications in property valuation. From the discussion, it is concluded that, if the GIS-MRA techniques are carefully employed, they will add a scientific dimension to real estate analyses.

A Domain Integral Equation for the Bergman Kernel

Abstract: Certain integral operators involving the Szego, the Bergman and the Cauchy kernels are known to have the reproducing property. Both the Szego and the Bergman kernels have series representations in terms of an orthonormal basis. In this paper we derive the Cauchy kernel by means of biorthogonality. The ideas involved are then applied to construct a non-Hermitian kernel admitting a reproducing property for a space associated with the Bergman kernel. The construction leads to a domain integral equation for the Bergman kernel.1 2

Crystal structure of methylpyridylphenylhydrazone tetracarbonyl molybdenum(0), C17H13MoN3O4

Abstract: C17H13M0N3O4, monoclinic, P\\2\\ln\\ (No. 14), a = 7.3032(7) Ä, b= 14.747(3) k,c= 16.248(2) Ä , ß = 92.69(1)°, V = 1748.0 Ä, Ζ = 4, R%{F) = 0.032, RW(F) = 0.060, Τ = 293 Κ. Source of material Pyridylphenylhydrazone was prepared by refluxing a mixture of 2-acetylpyridine (2.42 g, 0.02 mol) and Phenylhydrazine (2.16 g, 0.02 mol) in dry ethanol for 5 hours. The yellow solution was concentrated and cooled to 258 Κ for 1 hour. The pale yellow solid formed was filtered off and recrystallized from hot ethanol. M O ( C O ) 6 and the ligand were mixed together in benzene in a schlenk flask fitted with condensor. The mixture was slowly heated. After the reactants have fully dissolved, the mixture was refluxed for 6 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and evaporated to low volume. The red orange microcrystals precipitated after addition of minimum amount of cold methanol were filtered off, washed with n-pentane and recrystallized from n-haxane/dichloroethane mixture [1,2], Table 1. Data collection and handling. Crystal: orange plate, size 0.12 χ 0.20 χ 0.52 mm Wavelength: Mo Ka radiation (0.71073 Ä) μ: 7.76 cm\" 1 Diffractometer, scan mode: Siemens SMART CCD, ω 20ma*: 54.98° N(hkl)measured, N(hkl)unique: 11429,4011 Criterion for /0bs, N(hkl)gt: /obs > 2 af/obs), 3106 N(param) refined: 278 Programs: SHELXTL-plus [3], SHELXS-93 [4], XSCAN [5], PARST [6] Table 2. Atomic coordinates and displacement parameters (in A). Atom Site X y ζ f/ i s 0 H(1N3) 4e 0.493(4) 0.310(2) 0.267(2) 0.060(9) H(5) 4e 0.835(4) -0.006(2) 0.059(2) 0.07(1) H(6) 4e 0.747(4) 0.013(2) -0.074(2) 0.07(1) H(7) 4e 0.579(5) 0.136(2) -0.122(2) 0.09(1) H(8) 4e 0.484(4) 0.238(2) -0.021(2) 0.051(8) H(12) 4e 0.385(4) 0.112(2) 0.319(2) 0.045(8) H(13) 4e 0.333(5) 0.057(2) 0.441(2) 0.07(1) H(14) 4e 0.436(6) 0.142(3) 0.558(3) 0.13(2) H(15) 4e 0.572(7) 0.277(3) 0.548(3) 0.16(2) H(16) 4e 0.621(5) 0.330(3) 0.416(3) 0.11(2) H(17A) 4e 0.436(5) 0.333(2) 0.066(3) 0.10(1) H(17B) 4e 0.551(5) 0.374(2) 0.139(2) 0.09(1) H(17C) 4e 0.361(5) 0.337(2) 0.149(2) 0.07(1) * Correspondence author (e-mail: bohari@pkrisc.cc.ukm.my) 216 Methylpyridylphenylhydrazone tetracarbonyl molybdenum(O) Table 3. Atomic coordinates and displacement parameters (in Ä). Atom Site χ y ζ U11 U22 U33 Un U13 U23 Mo 4e 0.79897(3) 0.09289(1) 0.23225(1) 0.0480(1) 0.0443(1) 0.0312(1) -0.0019(1) -0.00013(8) 0.0011(1) 0(1) 4e 0.5651(4) -0.0806(2) 0.2730(2) 0.116(2) 0.078(2) 0.086(2) -0.041(2) -0.006(2) 0.014(1) 0(2) 4e 0.8876(3) 0.0870(2) 0.4220(1) 0.091(2) 0.097(2) 0.038(1) 0.014(1) -0.013(1) -0.006(1) 0(3) 4e 1.1212(3) -0.0422(2) 0.2190(1) 0.082(2) 0.071(1) 0.072(2) 0.023(1) 0.023(1) 0.005(1) 0(4) 4e 1.1197(3) 0.2371(2) 0.2290(2) 0.064(2) 0.080(2) 0.111(2) -0.019(1) -0.016(1) 0.027(1) N(l) 4e 0.7109(3) 0.1032(1) 0.0989(1) 0.056(1) 0.053(1) 0.031(1) -0.010(1) 0.0039(9) -0.0008(9) N(2) 4e 0.5853(3) 0.2067(1) 0.2149(1) 0.046(1) 0.047(1) 0.034(1) -0.0036(9) -0.0003(9) 0.0009(9) N(3) 4e 0.5448(3) 0.2622(2) 0.2789(1) 0.061(2) 0.050(1) 0.040(1) 0.006(1) 0.000(1) 0.000(1) C(l) 4e 0.6372(4) -0.0160(2) 0.2538(2) 0.069(2) 0.060(2) 0.042(2) -0.011(2) -0.004(1) -0.000(1) C(2) 4e 0.8530(4) 0.0914(2) 0.3522(2) 0.050(2) 0.052(1) 0.044(1) 0.004(1) -0.001(1) -0.004(1) C(3) . 4e 0.9977(4) 0.0078(2) 0.2239(2) 0.067(2) 0.054(2) 0.036(1) -0.002(1) 0.008(1) 0.002(1) C(4) 4e 0.9973(4) 0.1892(2) 0.2269(2) 0.052(2) 0.054(2) 0.051(2) 0.002(1) -0.006(1) 0.009(1) C(5) 4e 0.7593(5) 0.0435(2) 0.0411(2) 0.071(2) 0.062(2) 0.043(2) -0.007(2) 0.011(1) -0.007(1) C(6) 4e 0.7085(5) 0.0529(3) -0.0409(2) 0.083(2) 0.086(2) 0.039(2) -0.021(2) 0.012(2) -0.016(2) C(7) 4e 0.6090(5) 0.1264(3) -0.0660(2) 0.080(2) 0.101(3) 0.033(2) -0.022(2) -0.005(2) -0.000(2) C(8) 4e 0.5563(4) 0.1884(2) -0.0085(2) 0.064(2) 0.075(2) 0.036(2) -0.010(2) -0.009(1) 0.007(1) C(9) 4e 0.6069(4) 0.1752(2) 0.0748(2) 0.049(2) 0.058(2) 0.033(1) -0.016(1) -0.002(1) 0.005(1) C(10) 4e 0.5504(3) 0.2358(2) 0.1399(2) 0.045(1) 0.053(2) 0.037(1) -0.007(1) -0.003(1) 0.006(1) C( l l ) 4e 0.5091(4) 0.2239(2) 0.3564(2) 0.047(2) 0.068(2) 0.035(1) 0.015(1) 0.001(1) 0.003(1) C(12) 4e 0.4188(4) 0.1430(3) 0.3641(2) 0.054(2) 0.086(2) 0.053(2) 0.012(2) 0.009(2) 0.018(2) C(13) 4e 0.3897(6) 0.1106(4) 0.4431(3) 0.074(3) 0.116(4) 0.091(3) 0.029(2) 0.032(2) 0.052(3) C(14) 4e 0.4484(8) 0.1596(5) 0.5112(3) 0.108(4) 0.198(7) 0.049(3) 0.083(4) 0.031(3) 0.048(4) C(15) 4e 0.5314(8) 0.2397(5) 0.5021(2) 0.117(4) 0.168(5) 0.036(2) 0.078(4) -0.001(2) -0.003(3) C(16) 4e 0.5657(5) 0.2735(3) 0.4255(2) 0.074(2) 0.097(3) 0.045(2) 0.035(2) -0.010(2) -0.013(2) C(17) 4e 0.4673(6) 0.3264(2) 0.1215(2) 0.075(2) 0.061(2) 0.048(2) 0.004(2) -0.007(2) 0.011(2) Acknowledgments. The authors would like to thank the Malaysian Government, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for grants UPP/UTM vot No: 26-67100, Universiti Kebangsaan and Sains Malaysia for providing the facilities for the collaborative research project. One of the authors (AMB) thanks the university of El-Tahhaddi, Libya for the scholarship.

Crystal structure of methylpyridylbenzophenoneazine tetracarbonylmolybdenum(0), C24H17MoN3O4

Abstract: C24H17M0N3O4, orthorhombic, P2\\2\\2\\ (No. 19), a = 8.7185(1) k,b= 11,4066( 1) Ä, c = 22.9699(3) Ä, V = 2284.3 Ä, Ζ = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.027, wR(F) = 0.051, T= 293 K. Source of material 2-Acetylpyridine benzophenone azine (apba) was prepared by refluxing a mixture of 2-acetylpyridine (1.21 g, 0.01 mol) and benzophenone hydrazone (1.96 g, 0.01 mol) in dry ethanol for 6 hours. The yellow reaction mixture was then concentrated and cooled to 278 Κ overnight. The yellow solid formed was filtered off, washed by petroleum ether, recrystallized from hot ethanol and dried in vacuo. Mo(CO)6 (0.264 g, 0.001 mol) and apba (0.2994 g, 0.001 mol) were mixed together in dry toluene (30 ml) under argon in a Schlenk flask fitted with a condenser. The reaction mixture was slowly heated until all the reactants had dissolved to give a yellow solution. This was then refluxed for 6 hours after which the resultant red-brown solution was allowed to cool to room temperature and evaporated to low volume. The dark brown microcystalline solid formed after evaporation was washed with n-pentane and recrystallized from n-hexane and dichloromethane mixture [1, 2]. Crystal: dark brown slab, size 0.12 χ 0.26 χ 0.52 mm Wavelength: Mo Ka radiation (0.71073 Ä) μ: 6.09 cm\" 1 Diffractometer, scan mode: Siemens SMART CCD, ω 20max: 55° N(hkl)measured, N(hkl)unique: 15172, 5238 Criterion for /0bs, N(hkl)&\\ /obs > 2 a(70bs), 4661 N(param) refined: 357 Programs: SHELXTL/PC [3], SHELXL-93 [4], PARST [5] Table 2. Atomic coordinates and displacement parameters (in Ä). Atom Site X y ζ Ui so H(2) 4 a 0.072(3) 1.167(2) 0.9794(9) 0.038(6) H(3) 4 a 0.093(4) 1.349(3) 1.022(1) 0.08(1) H(4) 4 a 0.264(4) 1.498(3) 0.986(1) 0.071(9) H(5) 4a 0.426(5) 1.441(3) 0.907(1) 0.09(1) H(6) 4a 0.388(4) 1.261(3) 0.862(1) 0.08(1) H(8) 4a -0.034(3) 0.962(2) 0.846(1) 0.055(8) H(9) 4 a -0.174(4) 0.821(3) 0.895(1) 0.09(1) H(10) 4 a -0.110(4) 0.744(3) 0.985(1) 0.070(9) H ( l l ) 4 a 0.105(4) 0.840(3) 1.033(1) 0.064(8) H(12) 4 a 0.246(3) 0.984(2) 0.984(1) 0.036(7) H(15A) 4 a -0.008(7) 1.057(5) 0.741(2) 0.15(2) H(15B) 4 a 0.077(5) 1.089(3) 0.695(2) 0.11(1) H(15C) 4 a 0.113(4) 1.139(3) 0.758(2) 0.08(1) H(17) 4 a 0.071(4) 0.918(3) 0.651(1) 0.057(9) H(18) 4 a 0.116(4) 0.746(3) 0.591(2) 0.08(1) H(19) 4 a 0.314(5) 0.599(4) 0.624(2) 0.12(1) H(20) 4 a 0.418(4) 0.639(3) 0.717(1) 0.08(1) Correspondence author (e-mail: bohari@pkrisc.cc.ukm.my) 500 C 2 4 H 1 7 M 0 N 3 O 4 Table 3. Atomic coordinates and displacement parameters (in A). Atom Site X y ζ υ η U22 t/33 ί/12 U,3 ί/23 Mo 4 a 0.42009(2) 0.82330(2) 0.820501(8) 0.03966(9) 0.03594(9) 0.04139(9) 0.00006(9) 0.0018(1) -0.00527(9) 0(1) 4 a 0.7252(3) 0.9119(2) 0.7604(1) 0.071(2) 0.109(2) 0.120(2) -0.031(2) 0.036(2) -0.009(2) 0(2) 4 a 0.6114(3) 0.5950(2) 0.8376(1) 0.092(2) 0.069(2) 0.115(2) 0.040(1) 0.029(2) 0.012(1) 0(3) 4 a 0.1836(3) 0.6576(2) 0.8868(1) 0.082(2) 0.060(2) 0.119(2) 0.000(1) 0.033(2) 0.021(1) 0(4) 4a 0.5412(2) 0.9266(2) 0.93753(9) 0.065(2) 0.081(2) 0.060(1) -0.002(1) -0.014(1) -0.019(1) N(l) 4 a 0.2640(3) 1.0783(2) 0.83248(8) 0.051(1) 0.037(1) 0.045(1) 0.0012(9) 0.004(1) -0.0017(8) N(2) 4a 0.2604(2) 0.9728(2) 0.80084(8) 0.044(1) 0.039(1) 0.038(1) -0.0028(9) 0.0053(9) -0.0003(8) N(3) 4a 0.3058(3) 0.7897(2) 0.73517(9) 0.049(1) 0.050(1) 0.042(1) -0.010(1) 0.005(1) -0.0090(9) C(l) 4 a 0.2308(3) 1.1952(2) 0.9157(1) 0.041(1) 0.040(1) 0.048(1) 0.007(1) -0.002(1) -0.001(1) C(2) 4 a 0.1442(3) 1.2232(2) 0.9648(1) 0.053(2) 0.049(2) 0.046(1) 0.001(1) 0.000(1) -0.004(1) C(3) 4 a 0.1562(4) 1.3337(3) 0.9903(1) 0.075(2) 0.059(2) 0.051(2) 0.005(2) 0.001(1) -0.016(2) C(4) 4 a 0.2552(4) 1.4151(3) 0.9690(2) 0.085(2) 0.045(2) 0.071(2) 0.002(2) -0.005(2) -0.016(2) C(5) 4 a 0.3441(5) 1.3887(3) 0.9210(2) 0.077(2) 0.048(2) 0.089(2) -0.012(2) 0.008(2) -0.005(2) C(6) 4 a 0.3316(4) 1.2792(3) 0.8941(2) 0.059(2) 0.046(2) 0.070(2) -0.005(1) 0.016(2) -0.007(1) C(7) 4a 0.1217(3) 0.9854(2) 0.9135(1) 0.038(1) 0.038(1) 0.045(1) 0.004(1) 0.006(1) -0.001(1) C(8) 4a -0.0050(3) 0.9349(2) 0.8866(1) 0.039(2) 0.049(2) 0.058(2) 0.005(1) 0.005(1) 0.003(1) C(9) 4a -0.0890(4) 0.8483(3) 0.9143(1) 0.041(2) 0.059(2) 0.081(2) -0.003(2) 0.009(2) -0.003(1) C(10) 4 a -0.0462(3) 0.8107(3) 0.9695(2) 0.050(2) 0.055(2) 0.090(2) -0.002(1) 0.018(2) 0.015(2) C( l l ) 4 a 0.0778(5) 0.8597(3) 0.9964(1) 0.067(2) 0.061(2) 0.061(2) 0.010(2) 0.013(2) 0.021(1) C(12) 4a 0.1631(3) 0.9474(3) 0.9693(1) 0.046(2) 0.053(2) 0.054(2) 0.002(1) 0.000(1) 0.007(1) C(13) 4 a 0.2091(3) 1.0817(2) 0.8843(1) 0.036(1) 0.038(1) 0.044(1) 0.006(1) 0.002(1) 0.003(1) C(14) 4a 0.1816(3) 0.9739(2) 0.7530(1) 0.042(1) 0.056(2) 0.041(1) -0.002(1) 0.001(1) 0.005(1) C(15) 4a 0.0776(6) 1.0719(4) 0.7358(2) 0.061(2) 0.082(2) 0.059(2) 0.016(2) -0.001(2) 0.013(2) C(16) 4 a 0.2039(3) 0.8692(3) 0.7157(1) 0.043(2) 0.067(2) 0.042(1) -0.014(1) 0.003(1) -0.006(1) C(17) 4 a 0.1303(4) 0.8553(4) 0.6625(1) 0.055(2) 0.100(3) 0.058(2) -0.004(2) -0.011(1) -0.008(2) C(18) 4a 0.1663(5) 0.7565(4) 0.6289(2) 0.073(2) 0.124(3) 0.056(2) -0.024(2) -0.006(2) -0.035(2) C(19) 4 a 0.2690(4) 0.6769(4) 0.6487(2) 0.071(2) 0.087(2) 0.069(2) -0.023(2) 0.011(2) -0.031(2) C(20) 4 a 0.3369(4) 0.6946(3) 0.7020(1) 0.066(2) 0.058(2) 0.055(2) -0.016(2) 0.011(1) -0.018(1) C(21) 4a 0.6092(4) 0.8875(3) 0.7806(1) 0.056(2) 0.057(2) 0.062(2) -0.007(1) 0.005(1) -0.010(1) C(22) 4 a 0.5420(3) 0.6815(3) 0.8305(1) 0.055(2) 0.053(2) 0.063(2) 0.006(1) 0.012(1) -0.001(2) C(23) 4 a 0.2583(4) 0.7251(2) 0.8637(1) 0.054(2) 0.043(2) 0.059(2) 0.007(1) 0.008(1) 0.000(1) C(24) 4 a 0.4983(3) 0.8850(2) 0.8944(1) 0.044(2) 0.046(2) 0.053(2) 0.005(1) 0.000(1) -0.001(1) Acknowledgments. The authors would like to thank the Malaysian Government, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for grants UPP/UTM votNo;26-67100, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and Universiti Sains Malaysia for providing the facilities for the collaborative research project.

The effects of electrolytes on the liquid limit of clay

Abstract: The liquid limit of clay treated with electrolytes were investigated and examined with respect to electrolyte types and concentration, time-dependent effects, and mineralogy of clay. The findings indicated that the types and concentration of electrolytes in the pore fluid of clay have a marked effect on the liquid limit of clay. Ageing has a pronounced effect on the liquid limit, particularly for clay treated with cementing agents

Tenure In Peninsular Malaysia And The Philippines Compared

Abstract: Peninsular Malaysia and the Philippines has its own history of colonial intervention. Each country has a defined system of government and a form of land tenure and administration. However, with the colonial powers' arrival and the introduction of new laws into Peninsular Malaysia and the Philippine archipelago respectively has changed the law which both countries were accustomed to. Thus, giving birth to the new system and eventually culminated the adoption of the National Land Code, 1965 and the Philippines National Land Laws. The Torrens system is the core of the system where the precept epitomized the principle that 'register is the key to title.' Corollary to the above, the Customary tenure (which were the concoction of Islamic law and adat) and land administration was replaced by the system which is western in nature. Hence, in Malaysia, the present land laws and tenure was the by-product of the British land laws and the Philippines were that of the Spanish and eventually the American land laws and tenure.

Direct design to horizontal sway, limitation for unbraced steel frames

Abstract: A meth od applicable to the design of unbraced multi-storey steel frames to specified limits on horizontal sway deflection is presented. This method of design is the extension and combination of the work by Wood and Roberts ell and Anderson and Islam [2]. Only simple calculations are required by the method and its application is illustrated by worked examples. Regular and nonregular steel frames are considered. The method proposed is suitable for the design of unbraced multi-storey frames if the choice of sections is contro lled by sway de flection.