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Showing papers by "University at Buffalo published in 1975"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that the degree of latitude that a superior granted to a member to negotiate his role was predictive of subsequent behavior on the part of both superior and member, and that superiors typically employed both leadership and supervision techniques within their units.

2,746 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
18 Dec 1975-Nature
TL;DR: It is found that barbiturates hyperpolarise hippocampal neurones and markedly prolong the i.p.s. by a direct action on inhibitory synapses, anaesthetic doses increasing the duration fivefold.
Abstract: IT is well documented that barbiturates dramatically prolong presynaptic inhibition1–4. Their effect on postsynaptic inhibition is less clear, although the available evidence suggests that a similar enhancement may occur at some sites5–7. Since the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (i.p.s.p.s) in hippocampal neurones are unusually large and the neurones are readily penetrable by microelectrodes8, we have studied the effect of barbiturates on these i.p.s.p.s in detail. We have found that barbiturates hyperpolarise hippocampal neurones and markedly prolong the i.p.s.p. by a direct action on inhibitory synapses, anaesthetic doses increasing the duration fivefold. The hyperpolarising action of barbiturates and their effect on i.p.s.p.s would both contribute to the neural depressant action of these anaesthetic agents.

351 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence is present that a common pathway for hepatic injury by a variety of agents may result from impairment of the liver's ability to detoxify bacterial endotoxins from the gastrointestinal tract.

273 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results are compatible with hypothesis that the antihypertensive and natriuretic effects of furosemide might be mediated at least in part by prostaglandin synthesis and should be considered when using this drug in hypertensive patients and in subjects requiring diuretic therapy.

273 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1975-The Auk
TL;DR: The endeavor has been to describe the relationship between egg weight and body weight in mathematical terms that are amenable to further refinements when additional data became available.
Abstract: JUST over 50 years ago Heinroth (1922) published the first extensive list of egg weights and adult body weights for 427 species of birds. Since then additional data have appeared and the most extensive list can now be found in Schonwetter's (1960-72) monumental description of bird eggs. With these as a major backlog, and data for the Fringillidae (Amadon 1943); the Sphenisciformes, Anseriformes, and Procellariiformes (Lack 1968); and Falconiformes (Mebs 1964), more than 800 egg weightbody weight correlates are now available. Our endeavor has been to describe the relationship between egg weight and body weight in mathematical terms that are amenable to further refinements when additional data became available. We have not been concerned with explaining the relationship as Lack (1968) has done in his elegant analysis, but have rather attempted to find out what common principles might emerge from this particular relationship. Our analytical approach is basically the same as suggested originally by Huxley (1923-24), namely to plot log (egg weight) against log (body weight) and to derive a regression equation that expresses egg weight, W, as a function of body weight, B, raised to a power: W = aBb. The additional data now available allow one to obtain individual regression equations for many orders and families. As Amadon (1943) had anticipated in his review of Huxley's analysis and as Lack (1968) has recently shown for many orders and families, each group of related birds has its characteristic proportionality constant, a. On the other hand, our analysis indicates that the power, b, is most likely the same for all groups, inamely 0.675. In addition, the relation of incubation time to body weight is derived (Rahn and Ar 1974); incubation time is shown to be proportional to body weight raised to the 0.166 power. Thus a 10-fold increase in body weight is in general associated with a 4.73-fold increase in egg weight and a 1.47-fold increase in incubation time.

271 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the thermodynamics of an idealized rough surface is treated, using the geometry of a vertical plate partially immersed in a liquid, and gravity is included explicitly in the theory.

263 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In vivo bound IgG in bullous pemphigoid skin and of circulating antibasement membrane antibodies using rhesus esophagus as substrate using horseradish peroxidase as an immunologically bound marker appear to be a true basal lamina phenomenon.

228 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
24 Apr 1975-Nature
TL;DR: A new way by which the cerebellum could be used for storing information relating to movements, based on the postulate that the signals relating to motor output have been computed in the cerebral cortex and transmitted from there to the Cerebellum for storage.
Abstract: THE neurones of the cerebellum are arranged in an extremely regular fashion and their synaptic connections are known in detail1; this has led to considerable speculation about the functioning of these neuronal circuits. In particular, following a proposal that the cerebellum is involved in the learning of movements2, there have been a number of theories about how the cerebellar circuitry could be used in this way3–5. These theories are all based on the postulate that the signals relating to motor output which are to be stored in the cerebellum have been computed in the cerebral cortex, and transmitted from there to the cerebellum for storage. They assume that the initial learning process, during which the animal learns to produce motor outputs with favourable consequences for itself, takes place somewhere in the cerebral cortex and not in the cerebellum: only after the cerebral cortex has learned how to generate these motor outputs is the information for their production stored in the cerebellum. Recent results suggest, however, that this postulate is incorrect, and that the cerebellum is directly involved in the learning of motor actions which have satisfactory consequences for the animal. To account for these results I describe a new way by which the cerebellum could be used for storing information relating to movements.

216 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the population balances describing the time dependence of the size distribution can, under some conditions, be trasformed by means of a similarity transformation into an ordinary integro-differential equation containing two instead of three variables.
Abstract: The population balances describing the time dependence of the size distribution can, under some conditions, be trasformed by means of a similarity transformation into an ordinary integro-differential equation containing two instead of three variables. If there is compatibility between the transformed equation and the constraints given by the total mass conservation equation and the equation for the total number of particles, a self-preserving spectrum of the first kind can be obtaiened. There are, however, many situations such as the sintering controlled aging of supported metal catalysts, coagulation of colloidal particles in laminar shear flow, and coagulation of colloidal particles in a turbulent flow when the particles are smaller than the size of the smallest eddy for which, although a similarity transformation is possible, the transformed equation has no solution because of incompatibility with the above mentioned constraints. A second kind of self-preserving spectrum is suggested for these situations. The new variables are induced from a particular case for which an analytical result is available. A detailed presentation of the sintering controlled aging of supported metal catalysts is presented.

214 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings show more disturbance among White adolescent females than among White males or Black females: White girls become much more self-conscious and show greater self-image instability and somewhat lower self-esteem.
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to compare the self-images of male and female children in order to determine whether females were at a particular disadvantage and, if so, why. A random sample of 1988 children from grades 3–12 were interviewed in Baltimore in 1968. Findings show more disturbance among White adolescent females than among White males or Black females: White girls become much more self-conscious and show greater self-image instability and somewhat lower self-esteem. Three sets of factors appear to explain part of these differences: (1) attitudes toward present and future sex role, (2) peer relationships in general and opposite sex relationships in particular, and (3) attitudes toward changing looks in adolescence.

203 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This expository paper contains a list of 102 problems which, at the time of publication, are unsolved, distributed in four subdivisions of logic: model theory, proof theory and intuitionism, recursion theory, and set theory.
Abstract: This expository paper contains a list of 102 problems which, at the time of publication, are unsolved. These problems are distributed in four subdivisions of logic: model theory, proof theory and intuitionism, recursion theory, and set theory. They are written in the form of statements which we believe to be at least as likely as their negations. These should not be viewed as conjectures since, in some cases, we had no opinion as to which way the problem would go.In each case where we believe a problem did not originate with us, we made an effort to pinpoint a source. Often this was a difficult matter, based on subjective judgments. When we were unable to pinpoint a source, we left a question mark. No inference should be drawn concerning the beliefs of the originator of a problem as to which way it will go (lest the originator be us).The choice of these problems was based on five criteria. Firstly, we are only including problems which call for the truth value of a particular mathematical statement. A second criterion is the extent to which the concepts involved in the statements are concepts that are well known, well denned, and well understood, as well as having been extensively considered in the literature. A third criterion is the extent to which these problems have natural, simple and attractive formulations. A fourth criterion is the extent to which there is evidence that a real difficulty exists in finding a solution. Lastly and unavoidably, the extent to which these problems are connected with the author's research interests in mathematical logic.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1975

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that adolescent girls are more self-conscious than boys, more vulnerable to criticism, and more concerned with promoting interpersonal harmony, while boys stress achievement and competence, and it is suggested that these differences reflect the social definitions of sex roles.
Abstract: This paper examines an aspect of the self-concept — salience of the self or self-consciousness — which has generally been neglected in the past. In an empirical study of nearly 2,000 children and adolescents, it was found that striking sex differences emerge during the adolescent period. Girls are considerably more self-conscious than boys, more vulnerable to criticism, and more concerned with promoting interpersonal harmony. Overall, adolescent girls are increasingly “people-oriented” while boys stress achievement and competence. It is suggested that these differences reflect the social definitions of sex roles.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis of protein content of proximal tubular fluid by ultramicro disc electrophoresis and total protein excretion rates both in control conditions and during angiotensin infusion to the rat describe a protein reabsorptive system normally operating near capacity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experiments show that it is indeed a reasonable assumption that noncompetitive inhibition by cellobiose dominates the reaction kinetics for initial cellulose concentrations and at hydrolysis extents up to 65′.
Abstract: A product inhibition model is developed to describe the hydrolysis of cellulose by the Trichoderma viride enzyme system. It is assumed that noncompetitive inhibition by cellobiose dominates the reaction kinetics. Experiments show that this is indeed a reasonable assumption for initial cellulose concentrations of up to 15 g/liter and at hydrolysis extents up to 65′. Kinetic parameters were determined for the noncompetitive inhibitionmodel in batch experiments with durations of up to 1.5 hr. These parameterswere then used in predicting reaction progress for up to 10 hr. Cellobiose was added to the reaction mixture at the onset of some runs and againreliable predictions were obtained for up to 8 hr of hydrolysis. Finally reaction was carried out in a membrane reactor whereby the product cellobiose was being continuously removed and again reasonable predictability was obtained with a higher net reaction rate.


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: It is indicated that antibodies are best produced to regions of protein antigens that bear sequences different from those of homologous proteins of the immunized species.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the amino acids substitution and the antigenicity of globular proteins. It focuses on the role of sequential determinants, related to the amino acid sequence of peptides, and conformational determinants, the product of protein conformation not expressed in linear peptides. The experimental approaches employed to provide the amino acid substitutions are from the chemical modification of single residues, use of naturally occurring amino acid mutants, and use of a series of genetically homologous proteins of known sequence. It indicates that antibodies are best produced to regions of protein antigens that bear sequences different from those of homologous proteins of the immunized species. Also, globular proteins have highly immunogenic and relatively constant surface patches, the specificity of which is determined by their amino acid composition. The chapter discusses the importance of slight genetic changes in determining antigenic specificity. In certain crucial sites, a single amino acid difference resulting from one point mutation can alter conformation and determine complete specificity between two protein antigens.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated circulating pemphigus antibodies and IgG bound in vivo in the intercellular spaces of the epidermis in the context of dermatitis herpetiformis did not respond to treatment with pyridine or sulfones.
Abstract: A patient with the clinical features of dermatitis herpetiformis and the histological features of pemphigus, subcorneal dermatosis and dermatitis herpetiformis did not respond to treatment with pyridine or sulfones. Systemic steroids and azothioprine were effective. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated circulating pemphigus antibodies and IgG bound in vivo in the intercellular spaces of the epidermis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: All of the barbiturates tested, including thiopental, amylobarbital and barbital, had a hyperpolarizing action on frog motoneurons, and Barbituric acid, however, was entirely without effect on the membrane potential of mot oneurons.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There is an essentially linear correlation between the intensity of effect and the logarithm of the amount of drug in the tissue compartment both with decreasing and increasing drug concentrations, i.e., after intravenous injection and during intravenous infusion of theophylline.

Journal ArticleDOI
A. Jain1
TL;DR: A two-dimensional interpolative model for coding of images is presented and it is shown that this model leads to three different coding algorithms, each algorithm defining a specific transmitter-receiver architecture.
Abstract: A two-dimensional interpolative model for coding of images is presented. It is shown that this model leads to three different coding algorithms, each algorithm defining a specific transmitter-receiver architecture. Simulation examples on a 255 × 255 image are given. Computational aspects and possible extensions are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An algorithm is presented for estimating the density distribution in a cross section of an object from X-ray data, which in practice is unavoidably noisy, and a finite convergence result is proved.
Abstract: An algorithm is presented for estimating the density distribution in a cross section of an object from X-ray data, which in practice is unavoidably noisy. The data give rise to a large sparse system of inconsistent equations, not untypically 105 equations with 104 unknowns, with only about 1% of the coefficients non-zero. Using the physical interpretation of the equations, each equality can in principle be replaced by a pair of inequalities, giving us the limits within which we believe the sum must lie. An algorithm is proposed for solving this set of inequalities. The algorithm is basically a relaxation method. A finite convergence result is proved. In spite of the large size of the system, in the application area of interest practical solution on a computer is possible because of the simple geometry of the problem and the redundancy of equations obtained from nearby X-rays. The algorithm has been implemented, and is demonstrated by actual reconstructions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Radioimmunoassayed serum concentration and urinary excretion data for digoxin from azotemic patients were characterized using a 2‐compartment open model and a model‐independent approach to calculation of maintenance doses of digoxin was developed.
Abstract: Radioimmunoassayed serum concentration and urinary excretion data for digoxin from azotemic patients were characterized using a 2-compartment open model. Urinary excretion rates of digoxin as well as serum concentration data are needed to accurately characterize the disposition of the drug. Seven patients with renal failure showed highly variable steady-state volumes of distribution (V-ss-D equals 195 to 489 liters/1.73 m-minus2) and t1/2beta values (1.5 to 5.2 days). This variability is a major limiting factor in the use of dosage regimen nomograms that assume a constant V-ss-D and a rigorous relationship between t1/2beta and creatinine clearance (Cl-CR). Body clearance (Cl-B) is a parameter that is affected by both elimination and distribution of drugs. A linear relationship between Cl-B and renal clearance of digoxin or Cl-CR was found and was used to develop a model-independent approach to calculation of maintenance doses of digoxin. Several methods for calculating steady-state serum concentrations of digoxin (C-ss-p) were compared with actual measurements obtained in 16 chronically medicated patients. Optimum computation of C-ss-p is obtained by use of digoxin renal and body clearances. Variability in the digoxin:creatinine renal clearance ratio is the major limiting factor in prediction of digoxin dosage regimens.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: In warm-blooded animals water makes up about 60 percent of the body weight and exists as a solution of organic and mineral substances.
Abstract: In warm-blooded animals water makes up about 60 percent of the body weight and exists as a solution of organic and mineral substances. This water is in constant exchange with the environment as a result of periodic uptake from the gut and continual loss through the skin, respiratory passages, and kidney. Within the body the water is distributed in several more or less discrete compartments whose contents are called the “body fluids.” The anatomical boundaries separating these compartments and the differences in the solutes present in each are of fundamental biological significance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There is now compelling evidence, derived from experimental models as well as human disease, that tubular and interstitial lesions can result from immune complexes or from autoantibodies against tubular basement membrane constituents (anti-TBM disease).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Lungs, stomach, breast and contralateral kidney remain the common primary sources of malignancy likely to metastasize to the kidney, with an apparent period of occult growth and further metastases before symptoms appear.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present results predict closely the movement times obtained under specific conditions by earlier researchers, it is concluded that pedal widths and direction of movement have only a slight effect on movement time.
Abstract: Two experiments on reciprocal foot tapping between pedals showed that a modified version of Fitts' Law can predict movement time for a variety of pedal sizes and separations. Using a relationship between times for reciprocal tapping and single movements found for hand movements, the present results predict closely the movement times obtained under specific conditions by earlier researchers. When pedals are at minimum safe separation it is concluded that pedal widths and direction of movement have only a slight effect on movement time. /Author/


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results show that the pronounced intersubject variation in the elimination of warfarin observed in this investigation was related to interindividual differences in plasma protein binding of the drug.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Lipoteichoic acid was compared with a preparation free of fatty acids to determine whether LPS-stimulated bone resorption is mediated by prostaglandin synthesis in bone and to obtain information on the portion of the endotoxin and lipote Jerichoic acid molecules necessary for their bone Resorptive effect.
Abstract: Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS) contained in the cell walls of many gramnegative organisms such as Fusobacterium, Veillonella, Leptotrichia, and Bacteroides, which are bacterial types found in human dental plaque.' Lipoteichoic acids (LTA) are polymeric substances containing either glycerol or ribitol, phosphate, carbohydrate, and fatty acids, which are cell wall components of many gram-positive organisms in plaque.2 Endotoxins3 and lipoteichoic acids4 have been shown to have a wide range of biological effects. Previously obtained results indicate that endotoxins have the ability to stimulate osteoclastic bone resorption5 in tissue culture. The aims of this study were: to test the effects of lipoteichoic acid on bone resorption in tissue culture and to obtain information on the portion of the endotoxin and lipoteichoic acid molecules necessary for their bone resorptive effect. The following endotoxins from Salmonella minnesota6 (Fig 1) were compared: endotoxin from the smooth form which consists of the 0-specific polysaccharide, the polysaccharide core, and lipid A; endotoxin from the mutant form, R-345, which is lacking the 0-specific polysaccharide but contains most of the polysaccharide core and lipid A; endotoxin from the mutant form, R-595, which contains only 2 keto-3 deoxyoctonate KDO plus lipid A, and isolated lipid A. Lipoteichoic acid was compared with a preparation free of fatty acids to determine whether LPS-stimulated bone resorption is mediated by prostaglandin synthesis in bone.