Showing papers by "University at Buffalo published in 1982"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors trace the history of diffusion for 46 new products and examine the interrelations among diffusion, other aspects of technological change, price, output, and certain attributes of the relevant markets.
Abstract: This study attempts to measure and analyse the diffusion of product innovations. Diffusion is defined as the spread in the number of producers engaged in manufacturing a new product. Thus, the term refers to the net entry rate in the market for a new product. We trace the history of diffusion for 46 new products and examine the inter-relations among diffusion, other aspects of technological change, price, output, and certain attributes of the relevant markets. To explain the 46 product histories, we construct a theory of the development of industries for new products. Our theory combines elements of traditional, neoclassical models with what Nelson and Winter (I974) have termed an evolutionary theory. A novel feature is that the historical sequence, or time path, of events is viewed as a critical determinant of the ultimate structure of new product markets. Thus the time path of events determines not only the course traversed in reaching the end result but the ultimate market structure itself. The paper is organised in four sections. In Section I we present our theory. In Section II we construct a series of alternative theories of the development of industries for new products based on approaches to be found in received literature. The evidence from the 46 new product histories is examined in Section III. Finally, a brief summary of principal findings follows in Section IV.
1,487 citations
TL;DR: Mucins are the principal organic constituents of mucus, the slimy visco-elastic material that coats all mucosal surfaces, and compelling evidence suggests that they play an integral role in non-immune protection of the oral cavity.
Abstract: Mucins are the principal organic constituents of mucus, the slimy visco-elastic material that coats all mucosal surfaces. Compelling evidence suggests that they play an integral role in non-immune protection of the oral cavity. Specific protective functions include: 1) protection against desiccation and environmental insult, 2) lubrication, and 3) antimicrobial effects against potential pathogens. Biosynthesis of mucin is regulated by both intrinsic ("cooperative sequential specificity") and extrinsic ("structural modulation") controls. These controls form the basis by which mucin's structure can be modified to meet a dynamically changing biological need.
499 citations
TL;DR: Analysis indicates that such a recently developed laser shutter/space encoding system is capable of directly measuring several thousand surface points in real time.
398 citations
TL;DR: Five reasons for focusing on quality of life (QOL) as a desired outcome for programs for the chronically ill are presented and problems in QOL evaluative research are discussed.
398 citations
TL;DR: Because infections and inflammatory reactions often increase the insulin requirements of previously stable patients who have diabetes, this study of periodontal infections in young patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was undertaken.
Abstract: Because infections and inflammatory reactions often increase the insulin requirements of previously stable patients who have diabetes, this study of periodontal infections in young patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was undertaken.
370 citations
TL;DR: During sustained therapy with isosorbide dinitrate, partial tolerance to the antianginal and circulatory effects develops rapidly, and in most patients, near maximal improvement in exercise tolerance occurred after a dose of 15 or 30 mg four times daily.
Abstract: The effects of different oral doses of isosorbide dinitrate administered acutely and four times daily during sustained therapy were studied in 12 patients with angina pectoris. After administration of 30, 60 and 120 mg of isosorbide dinitrate, the average plasma concentrations were higher and the area under the plasma concentration time curve was greater during sustained than during acute therapy (p less than 0.01). Reduction in standing systolic blood pressure was greater during acute than during sustained therapy (p less than 0.001). This reduction in systolic blood pressure was dose-related and persisted for 8 hours during acute therapy, but was not dose-related and was demonstrable for only 4 hours during sustained therapy. Compared with placebo therapy, exercise duration to the onset of angina and to the development of moderate angina increased significantly after each dose of isosorbide dinitrate for 8 hours during acute therapy but for only 2 hours during sustained therapy. During acute therapy, administration of a single dose of 15 or 30 mg of isosorbide dinitrate produced similar improvement in exercise tolerance as did a dose of 60 or 120 mg. During sustained therapy (15 mg four times daily), exercise tolerance increased to the same magnitude as with doses of 30, 60 or 120 mg four times daily. In most patients, near maximal improvement in exercise tolerance occurred after a dose of 15 or 30 mg four times daily. It is concluded that during sustained therapy with isosorbide dinitrate, partial tolerance to the antianginal and circulatory effects develops rapidly.
286 citations
TL;DR: An extensive case management literature is drawn upon in order to integrate a number of key concepts and findings that must be considered by those responsible for the planning, administration, and provision of effective community care to the chronically mentally disabled.
Abstract: This article draws upon an extensive case management literature in order to integrate a number of key concepts and findings that must' be considered by those responsible for the planning, administration, and provision of effective community care to the chronically mentally disabled. A discussion of the reasons for the current popularity of the case management concept within human services is followed by a detailed presentation of the objectives, ideology, functions, and structural elements that characterize case management systems. A series of practical problems and issues that must be addressed to effectively implement a case management system are then identified and analyzed. Finally, a set of recommendatio ns for those developing case management systems is offered, and a number of important unanswered research questions about the delivery and impact of case management services are identified.
277 citations
TL;DR: Used in sequence, solutions of an acidic mordant, a surface-active comonomer, and a coupling agent having methacrylate and aromatic carboxyl groups were used to prepare dentin surfaces in vitro for strong bonding with a composite resin.
Abstract: Used in sequence, solutions of an acidic mordant, a surface-active comonomer, and a coupling agent having methacrylate and aromatic carboxyl groups were used to prepare dentin surfaces in vitro for strong bonding with a composite resin.
267 citations
TL;DR: This article presented an economic framework for measuring costs/benefits of search behavior, which can help to explain why consumers engage in various types of activities, and showed how such a framework can lead to testable hypotheses about information seeking, and discusses how operational measures of economic incentives to search can be developed and employed.
Abstract: While it provides excellent descriptions of behavior, existing consumer research on information seeking and processing largely fails to explain why consumers engage in various types of activities. This paper presents an economic framework for measuring costs/benefits of search behavior which can help to resolve these questions. This work shows how such a framework can lead to testable hypotheses about information seeking, and discusses how operational measures of economic incentives to search can be developed and employed.
246 citations
TL;DR: There was no difference in risk of breast cancer associated with ingesting diets containing various levels of either vitamin C or the cruciferous vegetables, and risk for breast cancer in women 55 years of age and older increased somewhat with decreases in ingestion of foods containing vitamin A.
Abstract: A variety of studies have shown that diets high in fat, particularly polyunsaturated, have enhanced the production of tumors in animals challenged with chemical carcinogens. Other studies have found an apparent contradiction of no difference in the incidence of breast cancer among women with varying levels of serum cholesterol as measured decades earlier. The present study concerns 2024 breast cancer cases and 1463 control patients without neoplasms or pathology of the reproductive and digestive organs, seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1958 to 1965. Based upon the assessments of their varying ingestion of fats from their own reports of diets, no difference in risk was found. Similarly, there was no difference in risk of breast cancer associated with ingesting diets containing various levels of either vitamin C or the cruciferous vegetables. Risk for breast cancer in women 55 years of age and older increased somewhat with decreases in ingestion of foods containing vitamin A.
235 citations
12 Jul 1982
TL;DR: It is shown that for some classes of recursive languages, from the characteristic function of any L in ℒ an approximate decision procedure for L with no more than n+1 mistakes can be (uniformly effectively) inferred in the limit; whereas, in general, a grammar with no less than n mistakes cannot be inferred.
Abstract: We show that for some classes ℒ of recursive languages, from the characteristic function of any L in ℒ an approximate decision procedure for L with no more than n+1 mistakes can be (uniformly effectively) inferred in the limit; whereas, in general, a grammar (generation procedure) with no more than n mistakes cannot; for some classes an infinite sequence of perfectly correct decision procedures can be inferred in the limit, but single grammars with finitely many mistakes cannot; and for some classes an infinite sequence of decision procedures each with no more than n+1 mistakes can be inferred, but an infinite sequence of grammars each with no more than n mistakes cannot. This is true even though decision procedures generally contain more information than grammars. We also consider inference of grammars for r.e. languages from arbitrary texts, i.e., enumerations of the languages. We show that for any class of languages ℒ, if some, machine, from arbitrary texts for any L in ℒ, can infer in the limit an approximate grammar for L with no more than 2·n mistakes, then some machine can infer in the limit, for each language in ℒ, an infinite sequence of grammars each with no more than n mistakes. This reduction from 2·n to n is best possible. From these and other results we obtain and compare several natural, inference hierarchies. Lastly we show that if we restrict ourselves to recursive texts, there is a machine which, for any r.e. language, infers in the limit an infinite sequence of grammars each with only finitely many mistakes. We employ recursion theoretic methods including infinitary and ordinary recursion theorems.
TL;DR: By this method, it is theoretically possible to remove all of an intracranial neoplasm detected by CT scanning.
Abstract: This paper describes a stereotactic CO2 laser system for the removal of intra-axial, intracranial neoplasms. The volume of the neoplasm is transferred into stereotactic space by computer reconstruction of data derived by computed tomography (CT) performed under stereotactic conditions. The tumor volume is sliced in a plane orthogonal to the surgical approach, and slices at specific distances from the focal point of the stereotactic frame are displayed on a graphics monitor in the operating suite along with a cursor representing the position of the surgical laser. Laser vaporization of sequential slices of the tumor results in a cavity, the formation of which is monitored by anteroposterior and lateral roentgenograms. Fifteen stereotactic laser procedures have been performed on 13 patients, and the results are discussed. By this method, it is theoretically possible to remove all of an intracranial neoplasm detected by CT scanning.
TL;DR: The lectin could be extracted from Streptococcus sanguis with lithium 3,5-diiodosalicylate with specificity towards the major acidic oligosaccharide of human salivary mucin and incubation of LIS extracts with carbohydrate ligands demonstrated that the specificity of binding was NeuAcα2,3Galβ1,3[ 3 H-]GalNAcol ⪢ Gal β1, 3[ 3H-] GalNAcol .
TL;DR: Examining the ability of major bacterial species from the human oral cavity to inhibit peripheral blood neutrophil chemotaxis, chemotactic formylmethionyl peptide binding, and phagocytosis found the exception was Capnocytophaga which appeared to inhibit Chemotaxis by inhibition of a post-binding event.
Abstract: BACTERIAL-NEUTROPHIL INTERACTIONS may be critical determinants of virulence in periodontal diseases. This study was undertaken to examine the ability of major bacterial species from the human oral cavity to inhibit (1) peripheral blood neutrophil chemotaxis, (2) chemotactic formylmethionyl peptide binding, and (3) phagocytosis. Included were cultured supernatants and sonic extracts obtained from strains of Capnocytophaga, Bacteroides gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Bacteroides asaccharolyticus, Capnocytophaga species, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Neisseria, Actinomyces viscosus, Bacterionema matruchotii, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sanguis. Chemotaxis was measured using Boyden chambers; phagocytosis was determined using Staphylococcus aureus as the indicator organism and radioactive chemotactic peptide binding was assessed by a rapid filtration assay. None of the test organisms were cytotoxic to neutrophils or inhibited neutrophil phagocytosis. Capnocytophaga species., Bacteroides species., A. actinomycetemcomitans, and F. nucleatum produced factors which specifically inhibited neutrophil chemotaxis. Activity was lost after dialysis. Extracts of Bacteroides species, A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. nucleatum, which were not chemotactic by themselves, inhibited binding of chemotactic peptide suggesting that in vitro chemotaxis inhibition was mediated by nonchemotactic components that compete for the chemotactic factor receptor on the neutrophil. The exception was Capnocytophaga which appeared to inhibit chemotaxis by inhibition of a post-binding event. Such chemotactic inhibitors from periodontopathic organisms that inhibit neutrophil function may be important determinants of virulence.
TL;DR: It is pointed out that both the networks and the psychologically based networks are prone to memory confusions about knowing unless augmented by domain-specific inference processes, or by structural information.
TL;DR: Aerodynamic, volume equivalent, and mobility equivalent diameters are the cornerstones of a practical approach to the dynamics of nonspherical aerosol particles as mentioned in this paper, together with the relevant set of appropriate diameters for particle deposition and characterization by aerodynamic, electric mobility, or diffusion methods.
Abstract: Aerodynamic, volume equivalent, and mobility equivalent diameters are the cornerstones of a practical approach to the dynamics of nonspherical aerosol particles Together, they also compose the relevant set of equivalent diameters for particle deposition and characterization by aerodynamic, electric mobility, or diffusion methods The relationships between D AE, D VE, and D ME are discussed on the basis of a review of the dynamic shape factor concept, including the effect of slip Emphasis is given to aggregates, especially in chainlike configurations
TL;DR: A heuristic pattern recognition program which identifies with high precision single channel currents and rejects contaminating noise and interactively provides for a variety of amplitude and duration measures.
Abstract: The development of single channel recordings has brought with it the need to analyse enormous amounts of data. The data analysis is time consuming and subject to observer biases since the events are random in time and are contaminated with uncorrelated noise. We have developed a heuristic pattern recognition program which identifies with high precision single channel currents and rejects contaminating noise. The program interactively provides for a variety of amplitude and duration measures. Analysis is flexible and rapid: a file containing over 10,000 events can be analysed in under 2 h.
TL;DR: Characters which should prove to be useful to identify and distinguish these two species include catalase reaction, fermentation of lactose, starch, sucrose and trehalose, and resistance to sodium fluoride.
Abstract: A total of 136 strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans were studied for 135 features. All isolates were small nonmotile capnophilic gram-negative rods which grew with no requirement of X or V growth factors. They all decomposed hydrogen peroxide, were oxidase-negative and benzidine-positive, reduced nitrate, produced strong alkaline and acid phosphatases, and fermented fructose, glucose and mannose. Variable fermentation results were obtained with dextrin, maltose, mannitol and xylose. Some isolates produced small amounts of gas. Representative strains of Haemophilus aphrophilus were morphologically and biochemically quite similar to A. actinomycetemcomitans. Characters which should prove to be useful to identify and distinguish these two species include catalase reaction. fermentation of lactose, starch, sucrose and trehalose, and resistance to sodium fluoride. This information allows a rapid diagnosis by species and may be helpful in studies of infections involving these organisms.
TL;DR: This paper reviews the information overload controversy and presents a methodology for investigating the effects of information load on consumer decision making performance and proposes a framework for doing so.
Abstract: This paper reviews the information overload controversy and presents a methodology for investigating the effects of information load on consumer decision making performance. The proposed framework ...
TL;DR: It is suggested that the poorly perfused muscle shell plays a more important role as a defense against cooling at CWT than does the superficial shell (fat + skin), particularly at rest.
Abstract: From measurements of subcutaneous fat temperature (Tsf) at known depths below the surface, skin surface temperature (Tsk), and direct skin heat flux (H), the superficial shell isulation (Iss) of the thigh (fat + skin) was calculated as Iss (degrees C.m2.w-1) = (Tsf - Tsk)/H in nine male subjects immersed head out in a well-stirred water bath. Also, at critical water temperature (CWT = 28-33 degrees C), eight of the subjects rested for 3 h, enabling overall maximal tissue insulation (It,max) to be calculated as It,max (degrees C.m2.W-1) = (Tre - Tw)/(0.92 M +/- delta S), where Tre is rectal temperature, Tw is water temperature, M is metabolic rate, and s is loss or gain of body heat. Five subjects performed up to 2 h of mild leg cycling, preceded and followed by 60 min of rest, and both thigh Iss and overall It were measured during exercise. Iss increased from minimal values in Tw greater than 33 degrees C to maximal values (Iss,max) at CWT or below. Iss,max was linearly related to tissue thickness (d) in millimeters of fat plus skin, Iss,max (degrees C.m2.W-1) = 0.0048d-0.0052; r = 0.95, n = 37, and was not influenced by leg exercise up to a metabolic rate of 150 W.m-2 in CWT despite large increases in Tsf and H and large decreases in overall It. The slope of Iss,max vs. depth, 0.0048 degrees C.m2.W-1.mm-1, is almost identical to thermal resistivity of fat in vitro, suggesting that the superficial shell is unperfused in CWT at rest or during mild exercise. When maximal superficial shell insulation (It,ss,max) for the whole body was calculated with allowance for differing fat thicknesses and surface areas of body regions, it could account for only 10-15% of overall It,max at rest and 35-40% of overall It in mild exercise. We suggest that the poorly perfused muscle shell plays a more important role as a defense against cooling at CWT than does the superficial shell (fat + skin), particularly at rest.
TL;DR: It is deduced that the main cause of divalent cation-induced membrane fusion of phosphatidylserine membranes is the degree of increased hydrophobicity (surface tension increase) of the membrane surface, which results from the binding of cations to acidic phospholipid membrane surfaces.
TL;DR: Results indicate that deamination by MAO is the principal pathway for the enzymatic inactivation of DA whereas NE is largely metabolized byMAO type A and membrane‐bound COMT under the in vitro assay conditions used.
Abstract: The kinetic constants were determined for dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) metabolism by phenolsulfotransferase (PST), type A and B monoamine oxidase (MAO), and membrane-bound and soluble catechol-O- methyltransferase (COMT) in frontal lobe preparations of human brain. PST and membrane-bound COMT were found to have the lowest Km, values for both catecholamines. By means of the appropriate rate equations and the calculated kinetic constants for each enzyme, the activity of each enzymatic pathway was determined at varying concentrations of DA and NE. Results indicate that deamination by MAO is the principal pathway for the enzymatic inactivation of DA whereas NE is largely metabolized by MAO type A and membrane-bound COMT under the in vitro assay conditions used. At concentrations less than 100 μM, soluble COMT’contributes less than 5% to the total catabolism of either catecholamine. PST can contribute up to 15% of the total DA metabolism and 7% of NE metabolism.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The specimens stored in water expanded, but most did not recover sufficiently to countervail the losses from polymerization.
Abstract: Polymerization shrinkages of various restorative resins were measured. The specimens stored in water expanded, but most did not recover sufficiently to countervail the losses from polymerization.
TL;DR: A low-molecular-weight, monomeric, mucin-type glycoprotein (MG2) has been isolated from human submandibular-sublingual saliva and radiolabeling aided in the assessment of purity, as judged by SDS-PAGE and ion-exchange chromatography.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: One of the mechanisms whereby alcohol may be adversely affecting fetal development is examined, which has come to be known clinically as the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and with the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure in general.
Abstract: Consumption of alcohol during pregnancy is associated with increased spontaneous abortion rates, preand postnatal growth retardation, congenital defects, and behavioral anomalies. There is considerable evidence, both direct and indirect, that many of these effects are due to fetal hypoxia. Concern over alcohol's potential to affect the developing fetus can be traced back to Biblical times. In the story of Samson, for example, the hero's mother is cautioned: "Behold, you are barren and have no children; but you shall conceive and bear a son. Therefore, beware, and drink no wine or strong drink. . ." (Judges, 13:3-4). The Greek philosopher/scientists were certainly aware of alcohol's teratogenic potential (see review by Warner and Rosett, 1975): "It is not right that procreation should be the work of bodies dissolved by excess wine, but rather that the embryo should be compacted firmly, steadily, and quietly in the womb,'' said Plato (Laws, 6:775). Aristotle likewise cautioned that "foolish, drunken, or hare-brained women [for the] most part bring forth children like unto themselves, morose and languid'' (quoted by Burton, 1621, p. 90). Similar expressions of concern about drinking during pregnancy continued to be expressed periodically, especially during England's "Gin Epidemic" of 1720-1750 (see Warner and Rosett, 1975), but it was not until the recent publications in 1973 by Jones and Smith (1973; Jones et al. 1973) that alcohol's teratogenic potential gained widespread recognition and acceptance. Since these publications in 1973 there have been literally hundreds of clinical and research studies concerned with the pattern of alcohol-related defects which has come to to be known clinically as the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and with the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure in general (Abel, 1981a). This review will summarize some general trends in this literature and will examine in depth one of the mechanisms whereby alcohol may be adversely affecting fetal development. 1Research Institute on Alcoholism, New York State Division of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14203 Human Biology, September, 1982 , Vol. 54 No. 3, pp. 421-453. & Wayne State University Press, 1982 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.149 on Sat, 09 Jul 2016 05:38:01 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
TL;DR: In this article, direct observations of air hydrate inclusions were carried out for the first time in fresh ice cores from Dye-3, Greenland, where the ice structure surrounding air hydrates was melted, an explosive transition occurred releasing a gas bubble into the melt cavity.
Abstract: One of the characteristic features of polar glacier ice is the abundance of air bubbles1–3. With increasing depth from the surface of the ice sheet, the size of the bubbles generally decreases in response to the change of overburden pressure. Below a certain depth, the bubbles start to shrink faster than expected and finally become invisible. Although not visible to the naked eye, unit mass of the bubble-free (clear) ice includes almost the same volume of air as unit mass of bubbly ice4,5. It is hypothesized that the air exists in the ice structure probably in the form of clathrate hydrates as suggested by Miller6,7 but until now the location of the air has been unknown. Direct observations of air hydrate inclusions were carried out for the first time in fresh ice cores from Dye-3, Greenland. When the ice structure surrounding air hydrate was melted, an explosive transition occurred releasing a gas bubble into the melt cavity.
TL;DR: This paper defines basic concepts in unified terminology and presents algorithms for a boundary detection task in multidimensional space and the performance of these algorithms is discussed with respect to theoretical maximum complexity.
Abstract: The development of image processing algorithms for time-varying imagery and computerized tomography data calls for generalization of the concepts of adjacency, connectivity, boundary, etc., to three and four-dimensional discrete spaces. This paper defines these basic concepts in unified terminology and presents algorithms for a boundary detection task in multidimensional space. The performance of these algorithms is discussed with respect to theoretical maximum complexity, and is illustrated with simulated computerized tomography data.
TL;DR: The responses of the guinea-pig ileum myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle preparation to gamma-aminobutyric acid and several analogs were examined in direct and electrically stimulated preparations, suggesting that GABA and its analogs act at a population of excitatory receptors mediating the release of acetylcholine from enteric neurons, and at apopulation of inhibitory receptors which inhibit the stimulated release ofacetylCholine.
TL;DR: An adaptation to render an existing popular stereotactic apparatus compatible with computed tomography (CT) is described, which allows considerable accuracy in the translation of CT data into stereOTactic space.
Abstract: An adaptation to render an existing popular stereotactic apparatus compatible with computed tomography (CT) is described. A localization system attaches to the stereotactic head holder and a simple computer program allows considerable accuracy in the translation of CT data into stereotactic space in