Showing papers by "University at Buffalo published in 1993"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present results from a new Greenland ice core (GISP2) showing that snow accumulation doubled rapidly from the Younger Dryas event to the subsequent Preboreal interval, possibly in one to three years.
Abstract: THE warming at the end of the last glaciation was characterized by a series of abrupt returns to glacial climate, the best-known of which is the Younger Dryas event1. Despite much study of the causes of this event and the mechanisms by which it ended, many questions remain unresolved1. Oxygen isotope data from Greenland ice cores2–4 suggest that the Younger Dryas ended abruptly, over a period of about 50 years; dust concentrations2,4 in these cores show an even more rapid transition (≲20 years). This extremely short timescale places severe constraints on the mechanisms underlying the transition. But dust concentrations can reflect subtle changes in atmospheric circulation, which need not be associated with a large change in climate. Here we present results from a new Greenland ice core (GISP2) showing that snow accumulation doubled rapidly from the Younger Dryas event to the subsequent Preboreal interval, possibly in one to three years. We also find that the accumulation-rate change from the Oldest Dryas to the Bo11ing/Allerod warm period was large and abrupt. The extreme rapidity of these changes in a variable that directly represents regional climate implies that the events at the end of the last glaciation may have been responses to some kind of threshold or trigger in the North Atlantic climate system.
1,126 citations
TL;DR: The 6-minute walk test is a safe and simple clinical tool that strongly and independently predicts morbidity and mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.
Abstract: Objective. —To study the potential usefulness of the 6-minute walk test, a self-paced submaximal exercise test, as a prognostic indicator in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Design. —Data were collected during a prospective cohort study, the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Registry Substudy. Setting. —Twenty tertiary care hospitals in the United States, Canada, and Belgium. Participants. —A stratified random sample of 898 patients from the SOLVD Registry who had either radiological evidence of congestive heart failure and/or an ejection fraction of 0.45 or less were enrolled in the substudy and underwent a detailed clinical evaluation including a 6-minute walk test. Patients were followed up for a mean of 242 days. Outcome Measures. —Mortality and hospitalization. Results. —During follow-up, 52 walk-test participants (6.2%) died and 252 (30.3%) were hospitalized. Hospitalization for congestive heart failure occurred in 78 participants (9.4%), and the combined endpoint of death or hospitalization for congestive heart failure occurred in 114 walk-test participants (13.7%). Compared with the highest performance level, patients in the lowest performance level had a significantly greater chance of dying (10.23% vs 2.99%;P=.01), of being hospitalized (40.91% vs 19.90%;P=.002), and of being hospitalized for heart failure (22.16% vs 1.99%;P Conclusion. —The 6-minute walk test is a safe and simple clinical tool that strongly and independently predicts morbidity and mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. (JAMA. 1993;270:1702-1707)
868 citations
TL;DR: The role of electron acceptor and electron-donor interactions in polar media, especially in aqueous media, is reviewed, together with the role of interfacial Lifshitz-van der Waals (LW) interactions, which, although often relatively weak, are always present as mentioned in this paper.
775 citations
TL;DR: Four basic models for characterizing indirect pharmacodynamic responses after drug administration have been developed and compared and it was found that the responses produced showed a slow onset and a slow return to baseline.
Abstract: Four basic models for characterizing indirect pharmacodynamic responses after drug administration have been developed and compared. The models are based on drug effects (inhibition or stimulation) on the factors controlling either the input or the dissipation of drug response. Pharmacokinetic parameters of methylprednisolone were used to generate plasma concentration and response-time profiles using computer simulations. It was found that the responses produced showed a slow onset and a slow return to baseline. The time of maximal response was dependent on the model and dose. In each case, hysteresis plots showed that drug concentrations preceded the response. When the responses were fitted with pharmacodynamic models based on distribution to a hypothetical effect compartment, the resulting parameters were dose-dependent and inferred biological implausibility. Indirect response models must be treated as distinct from conventional pharmacodynamic models which assume direct action of drugs. The assumptions, equations, and data patterns for the four basic indirect response models provide a starting point for evaluation of pharmacologic effects where the site of action precedes or follows the measured response variable.
735 citations
TL;DR: Chemotherapy appears to be an effective primary postoperative treatment for many malignant brain tumors in young children and a comparison of cognitive evaluations obtained at base line and after one year of chemotherapy revealed no evidence of deterioration in cognitive function.
Abstract: Background Among patients with malignant brain tumors, infants and very young children have the worst prognosis and the most severe treatment-related neurotoxic effects. Therefore, in 1986, the Pediatric Oncology Group began a study in which postoperative chemotherapy was given in order to permit a delay in the delivery of radiation to the developing brain. Methods Children under 36 months of age with biopsy-proved malignant brain tumors were treated postoperatively with two 28-day cycles of cyclophosphamide plus vincristine, followed by one 28-day cycle of cisplatin plus etoposide. This sequence was repeated until the disease progressed or for two years in 132 children under 24 months of age at diagnosis and for one year in 66 children 24 to 36 months of age at diagnosis. After this, the patients received radiation therapy. The response to the first two cycles of chemotherapy was measured in 102 patients with residual postoperative disease. Results The first two cycles of cyclophosphamide and vincristine...
718 citations
TL;DR: Understanding patterns of difficulty in performing FIM items according to types of impairment and levels of function, clinicians may more precisely design treatment programs, use services and predict outcomes of medical rehabilitation.
Abstract: The functional independence measure (FIM) is used to determine the degree of disability that patients experience and the progress that they make through programs of medical rehabilitation. Rasch analysis is a statistical technique for constructing interval measures from ordinal data that was
589 citations
TL;DR: The results show that the FIM contains two fundamental subsets of items: one measures motor and the second measures cognitive function, which will enable clinicians and researchers to plan cost-effective treatment by providing a valid measure of disability.
519 citations
TL;DR: The isolation and characterization of overlapping cDNA clones which code for the MG2 protein core are described and a proposed name is proposed for this gene MUC7 in accordance with the mucin genes cloned to date named MUC1-MUC6.
451 citations
TL;DR: The purpose of this study was to investigate disability in persons after stroke by using combinations of functional assessment item, subscale, domain, and full-scale scores, to predict (1) the burden of care measured in minutes of assistance provided per day by another person in the home, and (2) the subject's level of satisfaction with life in general.
437 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated whether annual earnings follow a seasonal random walk or an IMA (1, 1) model, does this mean that earnings changes cannot be predicted?
431 citations
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: Self-serving bias refers to the tendency of people to interpret and explain outcomes in ways that have favorable implications for the self as mentioned in this paper, i.e., without requiring that such judgments be accurate according to some objective standard.
Abstract: The self-serving bias refers to the tendency of people to interpret and explain outcomes in ways that have favorable implications for the self. The term bias often implies distorted or inaccurate perception that can be shown to be erroneous according to some objective standard. But according to the Random House College Dictionary (1975), a bias is also “a tendency or inclination of outlook; a subjective point of view” (p. 131). Similarly, the Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary (1976) defines a bias as “an inclination of temperament or outlook; esp. a highly personal and unreasoned distortion of judgment” (p. 106). In this chapter, we regard self-serving biases as judgments or interpretations of oneself, one’s behavior, and the behavior of others in ways that are favorable to the self, without requiring that such judgments be accurate according to some objective standard. We also begin with no assumptions that biases necessarily reflect motivated distortions in reasoning, rather than normal cognitive processes.
TL;DR: Programs of focused stroke rehabilitation may improve functional performance for some patients who have experienced a stroke, and research design should be considered an important moderator variable in planning and interpreting future clinical trials of treatment effectiveness in stroke rehabilitation.
Abstract: • Research Problem and Methods. —There are currently 1.5 million stroke survivors in the United States. More than half of these individuals have significant residual physical disability and functional impairment. Survivors of stroke constitute the largest group of patients receiving rehabilitation services in this country. We examined existing clinical trials investigating the effectiveness of stroke rehabilitation programs to improve functional outcomes and discharge destination. One hundred twenty-four research reports were initially identified. From this sample, 36 trials meeting selected criteria were evaluated by the methods of meta-analysis. Results. —A total of 3717 patients participated in the 36 clinical trials included in the meta-analysis. The results revealed a mean d-index of 0.40±0.33. This effect size index was converted to a U 3 value of 65.5, indicating that the average patient receiving a program of focused stroke rehabilitation performed better than approximately 65.5% of those patients in comparison groups (95% confidence interval, 63.6% to 67.3%). The results also revealed a significant interaction between type of research design and method of recording the outcome of a clinical trial. Blind recording of the outcome measure appears to be an essential design characteristic in clinical trials that do not randomize patients to conditions. Conclusions. —Programs of focused stroke rehabilitation may improve functional performance for some patients who have experienced a stroke. The improvement in performance appears related to early initiation of treatment, but not to the duration of intervention. Improvements are also associated with the patient's age and the type of design. Research design should be considered an important moderator variable in planning and interpreting future clinical trials of treatment effectiveness in stroke rehabilitation.
TL;DR: A classification scheme of buying patterns and situations that consists of six prototypical “buying decision approaches” identified through an empirically based taxonomy development procedure is reported, which is useful to marketing managers, who can view their customer segments in terms of the categories in the taxonomy.
Abstract: The author reports the development of a classification scheme of buying patterns and situations. Unlike previous conceptual schemes, it consists of six prototypical “buying decision approaches” ide...
TL;DR: In this article, a method that combines the best elements of thermodynamic integration and the Gibbs ensemble technique is proposed for the direct evaluation of phase equilibria by molecular simulation, given the conditions of coexistence at a single state point, simultaneous but independent NPT simulations of each phase are performed in succession along the saturation line.
Abstract: A method that combines the best elements of thermodynamic integration and the Gibbs ensemble technique is proposed for the direct evaluation of phase equilibria by molecular simulation. Given the conditions of coexistence at a single state point, simultaneous but independent NPT simulations of each phase are performed in succession along the saturation line. In each simulation, the pressure is adjusted to satisfy chemical potential equality according to the Gibbs-Duhem equation. Each coexistence point is determined by just one simulation, and particle insertions are never performed or attempted. Vapourliquid coexistence for the Lennard-Jones model is evaluated, and extensions are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, two commercially available powdered activated carbons (PACs) were used to remove significant amounts of cadmium, and removal was a strong function of solution pH.
Abstract: Cadmium adsorption isotherms were conducted using two commercially available powdered activated carbons (PACs). Isotherms were conducted at several pH values and metal and carbon concentrations. Both PACs removed significant amounts of cadmium, and removal was a strong function of solution pH: increasing the solution pH increased cadmium adsorption. Adsorption data at a specific pH were successfully modeled using both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Adsorption and surface precipitation were hypothesized to be the operative removal mechanisms. Cadmium removal is strongly related to the carbon's pHzpc, acid-base characteristics, and surface charge-pH relationship. Surface area, an important adsorption parameter for organic adsorbates, does not appear to influence metal removal strongly.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the questionnaire produces nutrient estimates that rank individuals on the basis of intake of most nutrients similarly to estimates from multiple food records, suggesting overall good agreement in ranking.
Abstract: We evaluated the reproducibility of a modified version of the National Cancer Institute diet history questionnaire and also studied comparability of nutrient estimates from this questionnaire to those from four 2-d food records. Subjects (n = 211) were from a population-based sample of middle-aged and older adults participating in the Beaver Dam Eye Study in south-central Wisconsin. Median age-specific correlation coefficients between the questionnaire, administered twice at a 3-mo interval, were 0.8 in men and 0.7 in women (range = 0.5 to 0.9). Questionnaire estimates of protein, cholesterol, thiamin, niacin, iron and zinc were consistently lower than food record estimates whereas estimates of fat were higher. Correlation coefficients between estimates from the questionnaire and records were generally > 0.5, indicating overall good agreement in ranking. However, the range in correlation coefficients was wide [ranging from 0.06 for iron (without supplements) in middle-aged women to 0.8 for alcohol in middle-aged men and women]. Questionnaire estimates similarly classified persons into the lowest two food record quintiles of intake 50 to 93% of the time depending on nutrient. These results suggest that the questionnaire produces nutrient estimates that rank individuals on the basis of intake of most nutrients similarly to estimates from multiple food records.
TL;DR: Findings that have accumulated since the original description of the syndrome that follows destruction of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) are reviewed, which comprise the areas of neuroanatomy, body weight regulation, neuroendocrinology, neurochemistry, and intermediary metabolism.
TL;DR: In this paper, a model is proposed to account for the way in which infant speech perception capacities evolve to support word recognition in fluent speech, and the model assumes that the early proficiencies displayed in many speech perception tasks with infants under six months old are the result of general auditory analyzers.
TL;DR: Salivary α-amylase, one of the most plentiful components in human saliva, has at least three distinct biological functions and seems to depend on an intact enzyme conformation.
Abstract: Salivary α-amylase, one of the most plentiful components in human saliva, has at least three distinct biological functions. The enzymatic activity of a-amylase undoubtedly plays a role in carbohydrate digestion. Amylase in solution binds with high affinity to a selected group of oral streptococci, a function that may contribute to bacterial clearance and nutrition. The fact that a-amylase is also found in acquired enamel pellicle suggests a role in the adhesion of a-amylase-binding bacteria. All of these biological activities seem to depend on an intact enzyme conformation. Binding of a-amylase to bacteria and teeth may have important implications for dental plaque and caries formation. a-Amylase bound to bacteria in plaque may facilitate dietary starch hydrolysis to provide additional glucose for metabolism by plaque microorganisms in close proximity to the tooth surface. The resulting lactic acid produced may be added to the pool of acid in plaque to contribute to tooth demineralization.
TL;DR: Data indicated that previous computer experience and age had a significant impact on the performance of the 3 tasks and was associated with longer response times and a greater number of errors for all 3 tasks.
Abstract: This study investigated the extent to which age had an impact on the performance of computer-based work. Three simulated real-world computer-interactive tasks that varied in complexity and pacing requirements were evaluated. Ss included 65 women, ranging in age from 25 years to 70 years. The methodology encompassed physiological, subjective, and objective performance measures. The data indicated that previous computer experience and age had a significant impact on the performance of the 3 tasks. Increased age was associated with longer response times and a greater number of errors for all 3 tasks. Age also influenced perceptions of fatigue and task difficulty. The findings are discussed in terms of the implications for training and job design.
TL;DR: In this article, SO−24/TiO2 superacid was studied for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH3, and the results also elucidate the role of TiO2 support (and SO2) in the SCR reaction.
TL;DR: It is concluded that perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange, which employs liquid functional residual capacity and gas tidal volumes delivered by a conventional ventilator can facilitate oxygenation and CO2 removal, and dramatically improve lung mechanics in the premature lamb with respiratory distress syndrome.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE To determine the efficacy of perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange (partial liquid ventilation) in respiratory distress syndrome. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled study. SETTING State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. SUBJECTS Eleven premature lambs with respiratory distress syndrome, delivered by cesarean section. INTERVENTIONS Five lambs were supported by conventional mechanical ventilation alone. Six lambs were switched to perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange after 60 to 90 mins of conventional mechanical ventilation. Perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange was accomplished by instilling a volume of liquid perfluorocarbon equivalent to normal functional residual capacity (30 mL/kg) into the trachea, performing 3 to 4 mins of tidal liquid ventilation, and, at end-expiration, with liquid functional residual capacity of 30 mL/kg remaining in the lung, reconnecting the animal to the volume ventilator for gas tidal volumes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Serial arterial blood gases and lung mechanics were measured. While receiving conventional ventilation, all animals developed progressive hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and acidosis. However, in the perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange group, within 5 mins of the initiation of perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange, mean PaO2 increased four-fold, from 59 +/- 6 torr (7.9 +/- 0.8 kPa) during conventional ventilation to 250 +/- 28 torr (33.3 +/- 3.7 kPa; p < .05) during perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange, and this increase was sustained at 60 mins of perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange (268 +/- 38 torr; 35.7 +/- 5.1 kPa; p < .05). Mean PaCO2 decreased progressively from 62 +/- 4 torr (8.3 +/- 0.5 kPa) during conventional ventilation to 38 +/- 3.3 torr (5.1 +/- 0.4 kPa) at 60 mins of perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange (p < .05). Mean pH concomitantly increased. Dynamic compliance increased three-fold within 15 mins of instituting perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange, from 0.31 +/- 0.02 mL/cm H2O during conventional ventilation to 0.90 +/- 0.11 mL/cm H2O during perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange, and this increase was sustained at 60 mins of perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange (p < .05). Mean peak expiratory flow and mean expiratory resistance were essentially unchanged during perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange as compared with conventional ventilation in the same group. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange, which employs liquid functional residual capacity and gas tidal volumes delivered by a conventional ventilator, can facilitate oxygenation and CO2 removal, and dramatically improve lung mechanics in the premature lamb with respiratory distress syndrome.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that wives' paradoxical contentment can be understood by considering men's and women's sense of personal entitlement with regard to what they should put into and receive from marriage in the domain of family work.
Abstract: Research is reviewed demonstrating that although wives contribute a disproportionate share of the unpaid labor of the family (e.g., housework and childcare) compared to their husbands, they nonetheless report relative contentment with this unequal distribution. It is argued that wives' paradoxical contentment can be understood by considering men's and women's sense of personal entitlement with regard to what they should put into and receive from marriage in the domain of family work. Gender differences in entitlement are hypothesized to result from societal norms regarding women's and men's roles within the family, comparison processes, and justifications that legitimize an unequal division of family labor.
TL;DR: This article showed that children are aware of the function morphemes in their language despite their failure to produce them and demonstrated their awareness of function morpheme co-occurrence patterns by performing better in a picture identification task when the target word was preceded by a grammatical article than an ungrammatical auxiliary.
Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that children are aware of the function morphemes in their language despite their failure to produce them. However, none of these studies tested whether children are aware of the linguistic contexts in which particular function morphemes occur. Only if children are aware of such co-occurrence patterns could they use function morphemes to determine the linguistic categories of words and phrases. Young 2-year-olds demonstrated their awareness of function morpheme co-occurrence patterns by performing better in a picture identification task when the target word was preceded by a grammatical article than an ungrammatical auxiliary. Children who heard the sentences produced in a female voice performed better than those who heard a male voice, and this was especially true for sentences exhibiting the most regular co-occurrence patterns
TL;DR: Although there was no obvious atresia as described in human infants, the obstruction in immunocompetent BALB/c infant mice infected with a human or animal strain of group A rotavirus was strikingly similar to those seen in the liver of the human infant with biliary atResia.
Abstract: Extrahepatic biliary atresia is a devastating disease occurring in 1 in 10,000 to 14,000 infants annually in the United States. We have recently described preliminary data suggesting an association of group C rotavirus with biliary atresia in two infants. However, a group C rotavirus animal model of biliary atresia is not presently available. On the other hand, some strains of the better-characterized and much more common group A rotaviruses produce hepatobiliary disease in infant mice. This disease shares many characteristics of the human infection. The present report describes extrahepatic biliary obstruction in immunocompetent BALB/c infant mice infected with a human or animal strain of group A rotavirus. Two-d-old BALB/c mice orally inoculated with hepatobiliary tropic rotavirus were shown to have active virus replication in the biliary tract and liver as early as 48 h postinoculation. At approximately 7 d postinoculation, between one fourth and one half of infant mice, depending on the virus strain, showed signs of inflammation and swelling in the bile ducts. The obstruction was complete in about one half of symptomatic animals. Although there was no obvious atresia as described in human infants, the obstruction was irreversible about 50% of the time, and the resulting fibrosis and bile ductular proliferation in the liver were strikingly similar to those seen in the liver of the human infant with biliary atresia.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors employ contingent claims analysis to decompose the firm's systematic risk into the risk as- sociated with its assets in place and the risk arising from future growth opportunities.
Abstract: This paper employs contingent claims analysis to decompose the firm's systematic risk into the risk as- sociated with its assets in place and the risk arising from future growth opportunities. 5 Contingent claims analysis is well-suited to such decomposition, since a growth opportunity can be regarded as a call option on a real asset where the option's exercise price is the fu- ture investment needed to acquire the asset. Whether the option has any value at expiration depends on the asset's future value. In essence, this study predicts that the greater the portion of a stock's market value ac- counted for by the firm's growth opportunities, the higher the stock risk. Overall, our empirical results strongly support this hypothesis.
TL;DR: A neurolytic superior hypogastric plexus block was both effective in relieving pain in 69% of the patients studied and may be needed in patients with extensive retroperitoneal disease, a group in whom moderate or poor results should be expected.
Abstract: Twenty-six patients with extensive gynecologic, colorectal or genitourinary cancer who suffered uncontrolled, incapacitating pelvic pain were enrolled in this study during a 1-year period. All the patients receiving oral opioids who developed poor pain response due to the progression of disease or untoward side effects necessitating other modes of therapy were eligible to participate. Bilateral percutaneous neurolytic superior hypogastric plexus blocks with 10% phenol were performed in every patient, 1 day after receiving successful diagnostic blocks using 0.25% bupivacaine (BUP). All patients reported a visual analog pain score (VAPS) of 10 of 10 before the block. Eighteen patients (69%) had satisfactory pain relief (VAPS < 4 of 10): 15 (57%) after 1 block and 3 (12%) after a second block. The remaining 8 patients (31%) had moderate pain control (VAPS 4-7 of 10) after 2 blocks and received epidural bupivacaine-morphine (BUP-MS) therapy with good results. Both groups experienced significant reductions in oral opioid therapy after the neurolytic blocks. No additional blocks were required by patients who had a good response during a follow-up period of 6 months. No complications related to the block were experienced by any patient. In conclusion, neurolytic superior hypogastric plexus block was both effective in relieving pain in 69% of the patients studied (95% confidence interval of 48-85%). Additional neurolytic blocks using higher volumes of the neurolytic agent may be needed in patients with extensive retroperitoneal disease, a group in whom moderate or poor results should be expected.
TL;DR: The stress to the anterior cruciate ligament, as indicated by ante rior tibial displacement, is minimized by using the par allel squat, a closed kinetic chain exercise, when com pared to the relative anterior tibIAL displacement during knee extension exercise.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to quantify the amount of anterior tibial displacement occurring in anterior cru ciate ligament-deficient knees during two types of re habilitation exercises: 1) resisted knee extension, an open kinetic chain exercise; and 2) the parallel squat, a closed kinetic chain exercise. An electrogoniometer system was applied to the anterior cruciate ligament- deficient knee of 11 volunteers and to the uninvolved normal knee in 9 of these volunteers. Anterior tibial displacement and the knee flexion angle were meas ured during each exercise using matched quadriceps loads and during the Lachman test. The anterior cru ciate ligament-deficient knee had significantly greater anterior tibial displacement during extension from 64° to 10° in the knee extension exercise as compared to the parallel squat exercise. In addition, the amount of displacement during the Lachman test was significantly less than in the knee extension exercise, but signifi cantly more than in the parallel squat exercis...
TL;DR: No may modulate the release of DA and 5-HT in the medial preoptic area of freely moving male rats and the coadministration of the NO synthase inhibitor N-monomethyl L-arginine blocked these increases.
Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) is becoming recognized as an important intercellular messenger in the brain The present experiment used microdialysis to examine the potential role of NO in the regulation of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) release in the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of freely moving male rats The NO precursor L-arginine (L-Arg, 100 microM), administered into the MPOA via the dialysis probe, increased extracellular levels of DA, 5-HT, and the major metabolites of DA These increases were blocked by the coadministration of the NO synthase inhibitor N-monomethyl L-arginine (NMMA, 400 microM) The inactive isomer D-arginine (100 microM) was ineffective, and NMMA by itself decreased DA below baseline levels Thus, NO may modulate the release of DA and 5-HT in the MPOA
TL;DR: Examination of gonococci present in exudates from males with natural infection indicates that sialylation also occurs in vivo, and the fact that multiple series can be expressed in a single population of Gonococci suggests that a diverse set of LOS can be presented to the host during infection.