University at Buffalo

About: University at Buffalo is a education organization based out in Buffalo, New York, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 33773 authors who have published 63840 publications receiving 2278954 citations. The organization is also known as: UB & State University of New York at Buffalo.

The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking among the general and specific populations: a systematic review

Abstract: The objective of this study was to systematically review the medical literature for the prevalence of waterpipe tobacco use among the general and specific populations. We electronically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the ISI the Web of Science. We selected studies using a two-stage duplicate and independent screening process. We included cohort studies and cross sectional studies assessing the prevalence of use of waterpipe in either the general population or a specific population of interest. Two reviewers used a standardized and pilot tested form to collect data from each eligible study using a duplicate and independent screening process. We stratified the data analysis by country and by age group. The study was not restricted to a specific context. Of a total of 38 studies, only 4 were national surveys; the rest assessed specific populations. The highest prevalence of current waterpipe smoking was among school students across countries: the United States, especially among Arab Americans (12%-15%) the Arabic Gulf region (9%-16%), Estonia (21%), and Lebanon (25%). Similarly, the prevalence of current waterpipe smoking among university students was high in the Arabic Gulf region (6%), the United Kingdom (8%), the United States (10%), Syria (15%), Lebanon (28%), and Pakistan (33%). The prevalence of current waterpipe smoking among adults was the following: Pakistan (6%), Arabic Gulf region (4%-12%), Australia (11% in Arab speaking adults), Syria (9%-12%), and Lebanon (15%). Group waterpipe smoking was high in Lebanon (5%), and Egypt (11%-15%). In Lebanon, 5%-6% pregnant women reported smoking waterpipe during pregnancy. The studies were all cross-sectional and varied by how they reported waterpipe smoking. While very few national surveys have been conducted, the prevalence of waterpipe smoking appears to be alarmingly high among school students and university students in Middle Eastern countries and among groups of Middle Eastern descent in Western countries.

Prolongation of hippocampal inhibitory postsynaptic potentials by barbiturates.

Abstract: IT is well documented that barbiturates dramatically prolong presynaptic inhibition1–4. Their effect on postsynaptic inhibition is less clear, although the available evidence suggests that a similar enhancement may occur at some sites5–7. Since the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (i.p.s.p.s) in hippocampal neurones are unusually large and the neurones are readily penetrable by microelectrodes8, we have studied the effect of barbiturates on these i.p.s.p.s in detail. We have found that barbiturates hyperpolarise hippocampal neurones and markedly prolong the i.p.s.p. by a direct action on inhibitory synapses, anaesthetic doses increasing the duration fivefold. The hyperpolarising action of barbiturates and their effect on i.p.s.p.s would both contribute to the neural depressant action of these anaesthetic agents.

An Interactive Multiple Objective Linear Programming Method for a Class of Underlying Nonlinear Utility Functions

Abstract: This paper develops a method for interactive multiple objective linear programming assuming an unknown pseudo concave utility function satisfying certain general properties. The method is an extension of our earlier method published in this journal Zionts, S., Wallenius, J. 1976. An interactive programming method for solving the multiple criteria problem. Management Sci.22 6 652-663.. Various technical problems present in predecessor versions have been resolved. In addition to presenting the supporting theory and algorithm, we discuss certain options in implementation and summarize our practical experience with several versions of the method.

The Analysis of Free Radicals, Lipid Peroxides, Antioxidant Enzymes and Compounds Related to Oxidative Stress as Applied to the Clinical Chemistry Laboratory

Abstract: It is almost impossible to read through a medical journal, or even the newspaper and not encounter an article that deals with oxidative stress, or with antioxidant involvement in a disease process. Indeed, free radicals, their reactive intermediates, low molecular weight aldehyde byproducts derived from lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status are important measurements we can utilize to provide a more comprehensive understanding of pathologic mechanisms (1–8). All subcellular organelles normally generate superoxide (O2·-), hydrogen peroxide and a variety of free radicals ie; hydroyl (OH·), perhydroxy(HO2·), carbon and nitrogen centered. It has been estimated that 10 billion of these radicals are produced daily via autoxidation and metabolic reactions. In cellular injury, increased amounts of O2·- radicals and peroxides can arise from the mitochondrial electron-transport system during hypoxia and following reperfusion, they can arise primarily through the activation of NADPH oxidase in phagocyte plasma membranes or from platelet derived endoperoxides of arachidonic acid, from the conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase in tissue and from the generation of OH· radicals in iron-catalyzed reactions involving hemoproteins (9). The most current review by Chaudiere covers theoretical and factual site-specific formation and damage (10).