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Showing papers by "University College Cork published in 1985"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The pro-oxidant activities of metmyoglobin (Mb) and metal ions on the induction of lipid oxidation in raw and heated water-washed muscle systems from fish, turkey, chicken, pork, beef and lamb and during storage of these systems at 4°C, were investigated.

166 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the casein micelles were unstable after heating at pH 6·6, 6·8, 7·0 or 7·2, without significantly affecting the maximum stability.
Abstract: Preheating milk at 140 °C for 1 min at pH 6·6, 6·8, 7·0 or 7·2 shifted the heat coagulation time (HCT)/pH profile to acidic values without significantly affecting the maximum stability. Whey proteins (both β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin) co-sedimented with the casein micelles after heating milk at pH 6·9) resulted in the dissociation of whey proteins and κ-casein-rich protein from the micelles and the residual micelles were unstable, without a maximum–minimum in the HCT/pH profile. Preformed whey protein–casein micelle complexes formed by preheating (140 °C for 1 min) milk at pH 6·7 dissociated from the micelles on reheating (140 °C for 1 min) at pH > 6·9. The dissociation of micellar-κ-casein, perhaps complexed with whey proteins, may reduce the micellar zeta potential at pH ≃ 6·9 sufficiently to cause a minimum in the HCT/pH profile of milk.

123 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a taste panel test of Cheddar cheese was conducted at 4°C and the results showed that it gave the lowest Instron values for firmness, hardness, and cuttability.

110 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Three co-operative mechanisms for the antioxidative activities in meat are proposed: (a) by the formation of MbNO which has antioxidant properties per se, (b) on heating, MbNO forms a stable complex, nitrosylhaemochrome, which blocks the catalytic activity of haem iron and also prevents release ofHaem iron as non-haem iron, which is a highly effective catalyst.

109 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A pathway which accounts for the generation of adenosine triphosphate during aerobic metabolism of lactate to acetate via pyruvate and acetyl phosphate is proposed and is demonstrated using cell-free extracts and cofactors for the enzymes of the proposed pathway.
Abstract: Lactobacillus plantarum P5 grew aerobically in rich media at the expense of lactate; no growth was observed in the absence of aeration. The oxygen-dependent growth was accompanied by the conversion of lactate to acetate which accumulated in the growth medium. Utilization of oxygen with lactate as substrate was observed in buffered suspensions of washed whole cells and in cell-free extracts. A pathway which accounts for the generation of adenosine triphosphate during aerobic metabolism of lactate to acetate via pyruvate and acetyl phosphate is proposed. Each of the enzyme activities involved, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide independent lactic dehydrogenase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dependent lactic dehydrogenase, pyruvate oxidase, acetate kinase and NADH oxidase were demonstrated in cell-free extracts. The production of pyruvate, acetyl phosphate and acetate was demonstrated using cell-free extracts and cofactors for the enzymes of the proposed pathway.

71 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The term "minerals" refers to all chemical elements, excluding carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen, that are nutritionally essential for humans as mentioned in this paper, and is not strictly accurate to refer to all of these elements as minerals.
Abstract: Nutritionally speaking, the term ‘minerals’ refers to all chemical elements, excluding carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen, that are nutritionally essential for humans. While it is not strictly accurate to refer to all of these elements as minerals, this term is used here in deference to common usage. The minerals occur in the body in a number of chemical forms such as inorganic ions in solution, insoluble salts, or constituents of organic molecules such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. They serve a wide variety of essential physiological functions, ranging from structural components of body tissues to essential components of many enzymes and other biologically important molecules.

67 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the diffusion of salt from milled salted curd into unsalted curd in a model system was shown to be very slow with a steep salt gradient still existing after 56 d, whereas salt diffusion in 2×2×6-cm pieces of Cheddar curd was rapid with equilibration in about 48h.

62 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the formation of monolayer and multilayer oxide films on palladium metla electrodes was investigated as a function of solution pH, and the efficiency of formation of such films decreased with increasing pH over the range 0-8.0.

60 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that an altered understanding of intellectual honesty is required of scholars and practitioners, one which seeks to maximise public awareness of the inherently disputable and questionable in the truth-claims of practices acting upon their welfares.
Abstract: The paper argues a need to redraw the boundaries between politics, and academic and professional work in the corporate financial reporting field. The argument is pressed on grounds of intellectual honesty, in view of the under-determination by facts that can characterise social scientific theories, including accounting theories, that seek to legitimate or to change practice. An altered understanding of intellectual honesty is required of scholars and practitioners, one which seeks to maximise public awareness of the inherently disputable and questionable in the truth-claims of practices acting upon their welfares.

59 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Investigation of the competitiveness of a Rhizobium leguminosarum strain in field inoculation studies on commercially grown peas indicated that a dominant strain(s) and plasmid pool existed among the indigenous population at site II.
Abstract: The competitiveness of a Rhizobium leguminosarum strain was investigated at two separate locations in field inoculation studies on commercially grown peas. The soil at each location (sites I and II) contained an indigenous R. leguminosarum population of ca. 3 × 104 rhizobia per g of soil. At site I it was necessary to use an inoculum concentration as large as 4 × 107 CFU ml−1 (2 × 106 bacteria seed−1) to establish the inoculum strain in the majority of nodules (73%). However, at site II the inoculum strain formed only 33% of nodules when applied at this (107 CFU ml−1) level. Establishment could not be further improved by increasing the inoculum concentration even as high as 109 CFU ml−1 (9.6 × 107 bacteria seed−1). The inoculum strain could be detected at both sites 19 months after inoculation. Analysis by intrinsic antibiotic resistance patterns and plasmid DNA profiles indicated that a dominant strain(s) and plasmid pool existed among the indigenous population at site II. Competition experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions between a dominant indigenous isolate and the inoculum strain. Both strains were shown to be equally competitive.

51 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The question of whether a possible landbridge(s) existed between Britain and Ireland during Devensian (Midlandian) Late-glacial and Holocene time is analysed in the light of new geological and related environmental information as mentioned in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis of S. lactis MG1363 Smr Tcr transconjugants showed that insertion of Tn919 into the chromosome was site-specific, and it was concluded that streptococcal transposon Tn 919 was transferred from Streptococcus faecalis GF590 to selected Group N StrePTococcus strains and to one strain each.
Abstract: The streptococcal transposon Tn919 was transferred from Streptococcus faecalis GF590 to selected Group N Streptococcus strains and to one strain each of Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc cremoris, using the filter mating method. An S. lactis MG1363 Rifr Tcr transconjugant also acted as a donor, but was less efficient than GF590. Frequencies of transfer varied between 4.0 × 10−8 and 5.29 × 10−5 per recipient. Further analysis of S. lactis MG1363 Smr Tcr transconjugants showed that insertion of Tn919 into the chromosome was site-specific.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that the isoenzymes of fumarase are identical over nearly all of their amino acid sequences but differ at their N-termini; the extent of these differences is yet to be established.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the minimum in the heat coagulation time (HCT)-pH curve was irreversibly removed if the milk was preheated at 80°C for 10 min in the presence of 5 mM-HCHO.
Abstract: The increase produced by formaldehyde (HCHO) in the heat stability of milk did not occur when milk was treated with HCHO at temperatures up to 60°C followed by dialysis at 5°C However, the minimum in the heat coagulation time (HCT)–pH curve was irreversibly removed if the milk was preheated at 80–C for 10 min in the presence of 5 mM-HCHO Although this treatment blocked the e-amino groups of lysyl residues, the stabilizing mechanism is considered to be due to the cross linking action of HCHO which reduced the level of non-sedimentable, κ-casein-rich protein dissociated from the micelles on heating The specific crosslinking agent, dimethyl suberimidate, modified the HCT-pH profile of milk in a manner similar to preheating at 80°C for 10 min with 5 mM-HCHO, supporting the crosslinking hypothesis The results of this study appear to lend some support to the proposal of Kudo (1980) that the minimum in the HCT-pH curve of milk is due to the dissociation of κ-casein from the micelles on heating at high temperatures at pH values greater than 6η7

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was confirmed that larger animals sank faster than smaller ones, and the hypothesis thatBaëtis nymphs in the drift would show the phenomenon of size grading in a weakening water current if they behaved as passive sediment particles was tested.
Abstract: The hypothesis thatBaetis nymphs in the drift would show the phenomenon of size grading in a weakening water current if they behaved as passive sediment particles was tested. Laboratory studies with dead animals confirmed that larger animals sank faster than smaller ones. Similar tests with live animals in daylight gave four behavioural reactions to sinking, three of which would result in eventual leaving of the drift and one, commonest in the smaller instars, which would result in maintenance in the water-column. In the field, three treatments of nymphs were sampled by a series of nets down the length of a pool (‘depositing habitat’) and their changes in average size found. The baseline treatment was of dead animals, which gave the decline in size down the pool of passively drifting particles. The natural, night drift in the pool, and live animals introduced in daylight, were compared to this. The former showed no decline in size, indicating active drift, while the latter, with a steeper decline in size than the dead animals, indicated active leaving of the drift.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Mussels formed the dominant fouling organism between 6 and 20 m depth, below which were zones of Metridium senile and Alcyonium digitatum, serpulids and the deep water barnacle Balanus hameri.
Abstract: Fouling was investigated on Marathon Kinsale Field Alpha and Bravo platforms in the Celtic Sea between June 1978 and June 1981. In shallow depths, algae dominated, chiefly Polysiphonia brodiaei and Ulva lactuca. Mussels formed the dominant fouling organism between 6 and 20 m depth, below which were zones of Metridium senile and Alcyonium digitatum, serpulids and the deep water barnacle Balanus hameri. In September 1979 mussels exceeded 2500 m−2 with a modal length of 42 mm. By June 1981, modal length had increased to 67 mm at −4 m and 73 mm at −18 m (maximum size 97 mm). Populations on Bravo were similar. Comparison is made with growth rates on North Sea platforms. On Alpha, percentage cover m−2 in March 1980 was much greater at −4 m than at −18 m, but mean thickness was similar. At −18 m mussels were a heavier fouler on Bravo than Alpha. On Alpha mussel weight did not show a linear relationship with percentage cover.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1985-Biomass
TL;DR: In this paper, the main conventions used in quoting fuel values, and derived simple formulae (and graphs) for estimating energy contents of fuelwood at any given moisture level.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Boys were less mature than girls in their problem experience, and were more concerned with authority, self-image and behavioural problems, and girls showed more worries in personal and emotional areas.
Abstract: Adolescents in England and Ireland completed a problem checklist and results showed that problem experience varied systematically with age, sex and culture. Boys were less mature than girls in their problem experience, and were more concerned with authority, self-image and behavioural problems. Girls showed more worries in personal and emotional areas. In both sexes concern about unemployment and feelings of self inadequacy increased with age, while concerns in in other areas showed a general decrease. Irish adolescents had a less mature problem pattern than English, and they admitted to more worries. Cultural differences were specifically reflected in the adolescents' problem experience.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Extensive multiconfigurational calculations of Cd I and Cd II autoionising levels are reported and used to analyse in detail the ejected electron spectra of cadmium as reported by Pejcev et al..
Abstract: Extensive multiconfigurational calculations of Cd I and Cd II autoionising levels are reported and are used to analyse in detail the ejected electron spectra of cadmium as reported by Pejcev et al. (1977). Earlier analyses of the Cd I photoabsorption spectrum in the vacuum ultraviolet are generally confirmed and often extended.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A large variation in plasmid DNA profiles was observed among the R. trifolii isolates investigated, indicating heterogeneity of plasmids in these strains and potentially indicating the formation of a heterogeneous group.
Abstract: Indigenous strains of R. trifolii, originating from different geographical regions, were compared using total DNA restriction analysis, plasmid DNA profiles and intrinsic antibiotic resistance patterns. The results of strain relatedness using 2 of these techniques (DNA restriction and antibiotic resistance patterns) were similar, and indicated that these strains formed a heterogeneous group. A large variation in plasmid DNA profiles was observed among the R. trifolii isolates investigated, indicating heterogeneity of plasmid DNA pools. This variation occurred even in some strains that were shown to be related on the basis of their antibiotic resistance patterns. The application of these techniques to differentiate indigenous R. trifolii strains is discussed in this report.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a strain ellipse is estimated from each crystal rosette composed of three laths, assuming the original interlimb angles were all 60°, and this provides a lower bound to the area increase in the plane of cleavage.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The complete amino acid sequence of the mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotsferase, EC 2.6.1) from human heart has been determined based on analysis of peptides obtained by digestion with trypsin and by chemical cleavage with cyanogen bromide.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The vitamins have no chemical resemblance to each other, but because of a similar role in metabolism they are considered together, and are generally divided into two major groups: fat- soluble and water-soluble.
Abstract: Vitamins are organic chemicals required in trace amounts for growth and maintenance of health. This definition distinguishes them from other organic and inorganic nutrients in the diet, including essential amino acids which are required in relatively large quantities, and trace elements which are required in trace amounts. ‘Vitamin’ is an operational term referring to a given chemical for a given animal species; these compounds can be synthesized by certain species and are therefore not vitamins for those species. Vitamin C is a vitamin for primates and guinea pigs only, as they are deficient in the enzyme gulonolactone oxidase which is essential for vitamin C synthesis from dietary D-glucose or D-galactose. The vitamins have no chemical resemblance to each other, but because of a similar role in metabolism they are considered together. They are generally divided into two major groups: fat-soluble and water-soluble.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ces résultats suggèrent que les fonctions de l'axe hypothalamo‐pituitaire ne sont pas perturbées par une monothérapie au long cours par CBZ ou Na V.
Abstract: RESUME Une etude des fonctions de l'axe hypothalamopituitaire (HPA) a ete entreprise chez des enfants et des adolescents sous traitement de longue duree par carbamazepine (CBZ) et valproate de sodium (Na V) en monotherapie. Il y a une reduction significative de T4 total dans le groupe sous CBZ. Le T4, le T3 libres et la reponse TSH au TRH sont similaires dans les deux groupes. Tous les patients ont une reponse adequate de l'hormone de croissance a l'arginine et a la L. Dopa. Les taux de cortisol de base sont similaires dans les deux groupes. Une augmentation appropriee de la reponse en LH, PrL, Testoterone (T) et Oestradiol (E2) se produit chez les sujets post-puberes. Ces resultats suggerent que les fonctions de l'axe hypothalamo-pituitaire ne sont pas perturbees par une monotherapie au long cours par CBZ ou Na V. RESUMEN Se ha realizado una investigacion de la funcion de eje hipotalamico-hipofisario (HPA) en ninos y adolescentes que recibian un tratamiento prolongado monoterapico de Carbamacepina (CBZ) o valproato sodico (NaV). Se observo una reduccion significativa de la T4 total en el grupo que tomaba CBZ. Las respuestas a la TRH de la T4 libre, T3 y TSH fueron semejantes en ambos grupos. Todos los pacientes mostraron una respuesta adecuada de la hormona de crecimiento tras la administracion de arginina o L-Dopa. Los niveles basales de cortisol fueron semejantes en ambos grupos. En los enfermos post-pubertad se observo una respuesta incrementada apropiadamente de la LH, PrL, Testosterona (T) y del Oestradiol (E2). Estos resultados sugieren que la funcion del HPA en ninos no se altera por un tratamiento prolongado monoterapico con CBZ o NaV. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Untersuchung der hypothalamischen Hypophysenachse (HPA) bei Kindern und Adoleszenten unter Langzeitbehandlung mit Carbamazepin- (CBZ) oder Natrium Valproat- (NaV) Monotherapie. In der CBZ-Gruppe erfolgt keine signifikante Reduktion des Gesamt-T4. Die Antwort von freiem T4, T3 und TSH auf TRH war in beiden Gruppen vergleichbar. Alle Patienten zeigten eine adaquate Wachstumshormonantwort auf Arginin oder L-Dopa. Die Basalen Cortisol-Spiegel waren in beiden Gruppen vergleichbar. Bei Patienten jenseits der Pubertf erfolgte ein adaquater Anstieg von LH, PrL, Testosteron und Oestradiol. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das die Funktion der hypophysr-hypothalamischen Achse bei Kindern unter Langzeitmonotherapie mit CBZ oder NaV nicht gestort ist. Summary: An investigation of hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) function was performed on children and adolescents receiving long-term monotherapy with either carbamazepine (CBZ) or sodium valproate (NaV). There was a significant reduction in total T4 in the CBZ group. Free T4, T3, and thyroid-stimulating hormone response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone were similar in both groups. All patients produced an adequate growth hormone response to either arginine or L-Dopa. Basal cortisol levels were similar in both groups. An appropriately increased response in luteinising hormone, prolactin, testosterone, and oestradiol occurred in those after puberty. The results suggest that HPA function in children is not compromised by long-term monotherapy with CBZ or NaV.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The milk of the echidna, the platypus, and the tetrasaccharide difucosyl-lactose were found to contain only 1% of the free carbohydrate in the milk of monotremes.
Abstract: Lactose is the major carbohydrate in the milk of the most mammals and it is generally accepted that non-mammalian sources of lactose are very rare Lactose usually occurs free but small amounts occur in the form of lactose-containing oligosaccharides while galactose is present in a number of oligosaccharides and glycoproteins Lactose constitutes only a small proportion of the free carbohydrate in the milk of monotremes: 8% in the echidna, 1% in the platypus,1 values corresponding to milk lactose concentrations of 01% or less, compared with 7% for human milk The main carbohydrates in the milk of the echidna are the trisaccharide fucosyl-lactose (29%) and the tetrasaccharide difucosyl-lactose (13%), which are, incidentally, minor components of human milk2 and absent from the milk of marsupials3 Marsupial milk usually contains less than 3% of lactose and about 5% of oligosaccharides that yield galactose on hydrolysis4

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal conductivity of whole milk powder was determined by a steady-state guarded hot-plate method at temperatures ranging from 11·8 to 43·2°C, at bulk densities 0·512 and 0·605 g cm −3.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The application of the simplex direct search optimization method, in wide use for general optimization problems, needs no derivative calculation and has proved highly stable for MOS model parameter extraction.
Abstract: The method of extracting MOSFET model parameters using optimization offers significant advantages over classical methods of extracting model parameters sequentially. Previous work in this field has concentrated on speed of convergence rather than general applicability. Gradient following methods have been applied to this problem but difficulties arise because of parameter redundancy, singularities in the objective function, and the necessity of providing very good initial estimates of the model parameters. These factors can seriously hinder the application of the technique. This paper describes the application of the simplex direct search optimization method to this problem. This algorithm, in wide use for general optimization problems, needs no derivative calculation and has proved highly stable for MOS model parameter extraction. Its basis is described and an example of its use given.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the causes of diffusion Raman augmentee en surface (effets SERS) observed dans le cas des molecules de pyridine adsorbees sur des electrodes d'Ag, de Cu ou d'Au.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recovery of Rhizobium leguminosarum cells by centrifugation after growth in an industrial fermenter was 100-fold higher when cells were grown on yeast extract (5 g/1) as sole source of carbon and nitrogen when compared with the yields recovered when Cells were grown in standard mannitol-yeast extract medium.
Abstract: Recovery of Rhizobium leguminosarum cells by centrifugation after growth in an industrial fermenter was 100-fold higher when cells were grown on yeast extract (5 g/1) as sole source of carbon and nitrogen when compared with the yields recovered when cells were grown in standard mannitol-yeast extract medium. Methods of storing concentrated suspensions of R. leguminosarum were investigated. Freeze-drying caused a marked decrease in viable cell numbers. Viable cell numbers of bacterial concentrates stored in peat decreased steadily from 1011-1012 cfu/g to 109 cfu/g or less during 26 weeks storage at room temperature or at 4°C. Cell concentrates stored in 40% glycerol at — 20°C maintained viable numbers higher than 1011 cfu/ml during a 76 week storage period.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two dextranase isoenzymes isolated from a crude enzyme powder prepared from the culture supernatant of Paecilomyces lilacinus exhibited maximum hydrolytic activity at pH 4.5 and 55°C and were not inhibited by EDTA or N -ethylmaleimide.