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Showing papers by "University College London published in 1970"


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1970-Nature
TL;DR: This is a preliminary communication describing applications to genetical selection of a new mathematical treatment of selection in general.
Abstract: THIS is a preliminary communication describing applications to genetical selection of a new mathematical treatment of selection in general.

1,705 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Various aspects of the behaviour of the lamellar projections termed “ruffles” that appear at the leading end of fibroblast-like cells moving in culture are quantitatively described.

587 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: During the locomotion on a plane surface of fibroblast-like cells from embryonic chick heart and neonatal mouse muscle, any point on the leading edge undergoes a repetitive protrusion and withdrawal, covering about 5 μm which is quantitatively very similar in the two kinds of cell.

398 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that the lamellipodia at the front end of a cell result from outbursts of assembly of new surface there, producing folding, the excess surface steadily flowing backwards on the dorsal side of the cell, where it is unimpeded by adhesions to the substratum, carrying the particles with it.

387 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The survey of the literature which this review has entailed suggests that it might be useful to end with four somewhat negative points: contact inhibition as originally defined is not concerned with mitosis, it is the heterologous inhibition of tumour cells by normal cells that is relevant.
Abstract: Contact inhibition of movement is here defined simply as the stopping of the continued locomotion of a cell in the direction which has produced a collision with another cell; so that one cell does not use another as a substratum Amongst fibroblasts and epithelial cells this inhibition seems to be brought about by a mechanism which it is suggested consists essentially of a spasm of contraction in the region of the contact, set off by some signal from the cell contacted Many other kinds of cells show the general phenomenon of contact inhibition; but there is no certainty that they have the same contractile mechanism The survey of the literature which this review has entailed suggests that it might be useful to end with four somewhat negative points: (1) Contact inhibition as originally defined is not concerned with mitosis It may of course become so (2) Contact inhibition of movement is difficult to analyse reliably without quantitative estimations and deliberate experiments Anecdotes are not enough (3) Malignant cells are not properly described as being devoid of contact inhibition It is suggested that they are defective as compared with their cells of origin (4) From the point of view invasion interest It is the heterologous inhibition of tumour cells by normal cells that is relevant

352 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an information-processing analysis of insight into a singularly deceptive and difficult deductive problem is presented, where two models are described: the first represents an economical explanation of the Ss initial responses but is difficult to reconcile with their subsequent responses induced by certain remedial procedures.

348 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The lateral respiratory neurones are concentrated in a longitudinal column which extends from C 1 to beyond the obex, perhaps as far rostrally as the entry of the vagal rootlets, which has been identified as nucleus retroambigualis (NRA) of Olszewski and Baxter 37.

292 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
06 Jun 1970-Nature
TL;DR: It is shown that there is intermittent release of multi-molecular (“quantal”) packets of acetylcholine from the nerve terminals, resulting in the appearance of discrete miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p).
Abstract: ECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL studies of the motor end-plate have shown that there is intermittent release of multi-molecular (“quantal”) packets of acetylcholine (ACh) from the nerve terminals, resulting in the appearance of discrete miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p.). The number of molecular reactions which summate to make up a single m.e.p.p. is not known; it must be very large, for–with minimal doses of applied ACh—the membrane response seems to be continuously graded, even at amplitudes which are one or two orders of magnitude below that of the m.e.p.p. (see, for example, ref. 1, page 10).

209 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
18 Jul 1970-Nature
TL;DR: Field studies in Madagascar and Gaboon have shown that there are many ecological and behavioural similarities between Cheirogaleinae (mouse and dwarf lemurs) and Galaginaes (bush babies), which may reflect the retention of ancestral primate features.
Abstract: Field studies in Madagascar and Gaboon have shown that there are many ecological and behavioural similarities between Cheirogaleinae (mouse and dwarf lemurs) and Galaginae (bush babies), which may reflect the retention of ancestral primate features. If this is so, the relationships of lemurs and lorises in previous primate classifications will need to be revised.

200 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Variants of the Golgi-Colonnier (1964) selective silver procedure have been used to show up neurons in insect brains and neural elements are particularly clearly impregnated in the optic lobes.
Abstract: Variants of the Golgi-Colonnier (1964) selective silver procedure have been used to show up neurons in insect brains. Neural elements are particularly clearly impregnated in the optic lobes. Three classes of nerve cells can be distinguished; perpendicular (class I), tangential (class II) and amacrine cells (class III). There are many types of neurons in each class which together have a very wide variety of form. Their components are related to specific strata in the optic lobe regions. Short visual cells from the retina terminate in the lamina in discrete groups of endings (optic cartridges). Pairs of long visual fibres from ommatidia pass through the lamina and end in the medulla. Class I cells link these two regions in parallel with the long visual fibres and groups of these elements define columns in the medulla. These in turn give rise to small-field fibres that project to the lobula complex. Tangential processes intersect the parallel arrays of class I cells at characteristic levels. Some are complex in form and may invade up to three regions. Another type provides a direct link between the ipsi- and contralateral optic lobe. Amacrine cells are intrinsic to single lobe regions and have processes situated at the same levels as those of classes I and II cells. A fifth optic lobe region, the optic tubercle, is connected to the medulla and lobula and also receives a set of processes from the mid-brain. There are at least six separate types of small-field relays which could represent the retina mosaic arrangement in the lobula.

195 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results suggested that insight was not all-or-none, it was spontaneously gained when the material was simple, but temporarily lost when it was complex, and implication was inherent in the structure of the task.
Abstract: Two experiments are reported which aimed to investigate factors affecting the gain of insight into the logical relation of implication. In the first experiment, subjects had to make a series of inferences about either a conditional sentence or a quantified sentence, both of which had the same underlying logical form. Under one condition the sentences had to be proved true, and under another condition, false. Proving a sentence false facilitated gain of insight, but the linguistic form of the sentence exerted no significant effect on the main dependent variable. In the second experiment, implication was not expressed as a sentence but was inherent in the structure of the task. The experimental material differed in complexity and allowed the cognitive load imposed on the subject to be varied. Results suggested that insight was not all-or-none. It was spontaneously gained when the material was simple, but temporarily lost when it was complex.

Journal ArticleDOI
06 Feb 1970-Science
TL;DR: The myofibrils in an isolated muscle fiber remain straight during the early part of a lightly loaded contraction initiated by membrane depolarization, but, as shortening continues, they become wavy, which suggests that their activation has been interrupted by shortening of the fiber.
Abstract: The myofibrils in an isolated muscle fiber remain straight during the early part of a lightly loaded contraction initiated by membrane depolarization, but, as shortening continues, myofibrils in the core of the fiber become wavy, which suggests that their activation has been interrupted by shortening of the fiber. This may be a factor determining the length-tension relation at short muscle lengths.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an inferential task was investigated in which the subjects had to select which of four cards they needed to inspect in order to determine whether a rule was true or false.
Abstract: An inferential task was investigated in which the subjects had to select which of four cards they needed to inspect in order to determine whether a rule was true or false In one condition crucial information was concealed on the other side of the cards, and in another condition it was on the same side of the cards, but covered by a mask A previous experiment suggested that subjects sometimes confused the notion of ‘the other side of the card’ But no difference was found between these two conditions Only two out of the 36 subjects initially made the correct selection An attempt was made subsequently to enable the subjects to correct their errors by asking them to evaluate the cards in relation to the rule When a conflict occurred between the selection of the cards and their evaluation, some insight was gained In other cases these two processes passed one another by, in spite of the fact that this involved self-contradiction

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a generalized coupled-mode formulation for propagation in nonuniform media, where the modes are those associated with both the discrete and continuous eigenvalue spectrum, is presented.
Abstract: A generalized coupled-mode formulation is presented for propagation in nonuniform media, where the modes are those associated with both the discrete and continuous eigenvalue spectrum. The theory includes metallic and dielectric waveguide non-uniformities as special limiting cases. Analytic results are presented for a multimode linear tapered dielectric cylinder excited by the HE/sub 11/ mode.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The cuticle described by light microscopists on the skin of various fishes, has been studied by electron microscopy in several species of teleost and in two other actinopterygian fish.
Abstract: The cuticle described by light microscopists on the skin of various fishes, has been studied by electron microscopy in several species of teleost and in two other actinopterygian fish. Thelcuticle consists of an external coating layer, probably of mucopolysaccharide, which is secreted from the surface epidermal cells, not from the goblet mucous cells. The thickness of the cuticle is commonly of the order of 1 μm. It is particularly well developed in Trigla, where its thickness may vary from a fraction of a micron up to 50 μm, on different parts of the same individual. The cuticle has been detected in species from diverse orders, and is probably a normal constituent of the skin of all bony fishes. It is frequently lost during histological preparation. The external coat continues over the apertures of taste-buds, and may be continuous with the secretion at the mouths of chloride secreting cells. The secretion of the cuticle is partly from, or through, the outer membrane of the epidermal cells, but there is some evidence that cytoplasmic inclusions in the surface epidermal cells are also involved. There is striking variation in the appearance of these inclusions in electron micrographs of different species, and in some cases in different parts of the same fish, notably in Blennius. Certain of the inclusions are membrane-bounded vesicles whose contents are more electron-dense after staining with phosphotungstic acid than with lead citrate. In other cases, the inclusions are electron-transparent vacuoles. The cuticle is briefly compared with similar structures in other aquatic animals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The optic lobes of Diptera have been examined by variants of the Golgi-Colonnier selective staining techniques and by reduced silver procedures and some lateral relationships have been reconstructed between elements in regions whose columnar arrangement is clearly discernible in Golgi preparations.
Abstract: The optic lobes of Diptera have been examined by variants of the Golgi-Colonnier selective staining techniques and by reduced silver procedures. All, bar one, of the elements described by the earlier authors (Vigier 1908; Zawarzin 1913; Cajal & Sanchez 1915) have been seen, in part or in their entirely, in these preparations. Many other forms, hitherto unrecognized, have been found. Their perpendicular topographical relationships have been reconstructed in the optic lobe regions. Some lateral relationships have also been reconstructed between elements in regions whose columnar arrangement is clearly discernible in Golgi preparations; these include the lamina and the medulla. In the Diptera the projection pattern of the retina mosaic into the lamina neuropil involves complex chiasmata between the two regions (Braitenberg 1967); these have been confirmed from these species. The retina-lamina mosaic is, essentially, homotopically preserved in the columnar medulla, via long visual fibres and monopolar cells. The medullary mosaic is preserved through its strata by transmedullary cells and the longest small-field amacrine cells. The mosaic is projected to the two regions of the lobula complex by class I cells (see part I). The organization of the tangential cell processes suggests that some of them may interact with large or whole field aggragates of the relayed retinal mosaic. Others, especially in the lobula, may interact with small oval or narrow strip-field aggragates. Although there are many differences of neural form and number of neurons between species, both the Lepidoptera and Diptera have the same fundamental plan of neuroarchitecture.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Preliminary studies indicate that the nuclear division process of trypanosomes is not closely akin to eukaryote mitosis, though it may bear some resemblance to nuclear division in Euglena .
Abstract: Stages in nuclear division have been identified in sections of bloodstream and cultured trypanosomes examined with the electron microscope. In the sleeping sickness trypanosome Trypanosoina rhodesiense at division the nuclear envelope and nucleolus-like endosome persist and become stretched along an axis. An acentric spindle of microtubules encases the elongating endosome As division proceeds the endosomal material fragments In bloodstream forms condensed chromatin (chromosomal material) appears to be associated with the nuclear envelope during the phase of nuclear elongation but to fall away from the envelope late in the phase of nuclear constriction. In culture forms the chromatin is not so abundant The discrete chromosomes envisaged by some light microscopists in stained preparations have not been identified using the electron microscope. The spindle may contain only continuous microtubules. It is suggested that the spindle serves to push the two halves of the nucleus apart, and that the nuclear envelope of each half may act as a vehicle in separation of the daughter genomes. In culture forms of the elasmobranch parasite T. raiae , the endosome appears to disintegrate as the spindle is formed, and from then onwards it becomes difficult to distinguish endosomal material from what might be chromatin. There is no noticeable association between chromatin-like material and the nuclear envelope. Some of the spindle tubules converge on kinetochore-like plaques and the presence of chromosomal microtubules cannot be ruled out. These preliminary studies indicate that the nuclear division process of trypanosomes is not closely akin to eukaryote mitosis, though it may bear some resemblance to nuclear division in Euglena . Within the genus Trypanosoma , moreover, the nuclear division process may vary from species to species and, possibly, even from one strain to another within a species.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Observations support the view that in vertebrates synaptic vesicles are produced by liberation from complex vesicle, which in turn are derived from the membranes of the presynaptic bag, and it is suggested that the dense projections on the Presynaptic membrane may be composed of these fragments.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Pave studies in several deserts, and especially in Chile and California, suggest that: 1) deflation may be a relatively unimportant process of pavement formation; 2) running water, and processes causing upward migration of coarse particles through the soil may effect coarse particle concentration at the surface; 3) various superficial disintegration processes may break up coarse particles and increase particle density; 4) the ways in which pavements are established, their rates of formation, and the relative importance of the different processes, may vary greatly from place to place as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Stone pavements are armored surfaces comprising intricate mosaics of coarse particles, usually only one or two stones thick, set on or in fine material. They occur widely in many unvegetated areas, and preeminently in hot deserts. Pavement studies in several deserts, and especially in Chile and California, suggest that: 1) deflation may be a relatively unimportant process of pavement formation; 2) running water, and processes causing upward migration of coarse particles through the soil may effect coarse particle concentration at the surface; 3) various superficial disintegration processes may break up coarse particles and increase particle density; 4) the ways in which pavements are established, their rates of formation, and the relative importance of the different processes, may vary greatly from place to place.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the knowledge of the parameters to obtain estimates alternative to the usual ones, where the assumption of equality of variances within groups is omitted, and new estimates of the individual variances are also derived.
Abstract: This paper is concerned with estimation problems where there are several parameters all of the same type–for example, a set of means. It often happens that the knowledge of the parameters is exchangeable in the sense of de Finetti. This prior knowledge can be used to obtain estimates alternative to the usual ones. The particular problem studied here is the familiar analysis between and within groups. New estimates of the group means are obtained, and when the assumption of equality of variances within groups is omitted, new estimates of the individual variances are also derived.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Correlation of observed changes in glycolytic flux with changes in fructose 6-phosphate concentration suggested that phosphofructokinase may show regulatory behaviour, and the relative rates of production of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis by the hexose monophosphate pathway and by the ;malic enzyme' are discussed.
Abstract: 1. Adipose tissues from rats fed a balanced diet were incubated in the presence of glucose (20mm) with the following additions: insulin, anti-insulin serum, insulin+acetate, insulin+pyruvate, insulin+lactate, insulin+phenazine methosulphate, insulin+oleate+albumin, insulin+adrenaline+albumin, insulin+6-N-2'-O-dibutyryl 3':5'-cyclic AMP+albumin. 2. Measurements were made of the whole tissue concentrations of adenine nucleotides, hexose phosphates, triose phosphates, glycerol 1-phosphate, 3 phosphoglycerate, 6-phosphogluconate, long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, acid-soluble CoA, citrate, isocitrate, malate and 2-oxoglutarate, and of the release into the incubation medium of lactate, pyruvate and glycerol after 1h of incubation. 3. Fluxes of [(14)C]glucose carbon through the major pathways of glucose metabolism were calculated from the yields of (14)C in various products after 2h of incubation. Fluxes of [(14)C]acetate, [(14)C]pyruvate or [(14)C]lactate carbon in the presence of glucose were also determined. 4. Measurements were also made of the whole-tissue concentrations of metabolites in tissues taken directly from Nembutal-anaesthetized rats. 5. Whole tissue mass-action ratios for phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase and the combined (aldolasextriose phosphate isomerase) reaction were similar in vivo and in vitro. The reactants of phosphofructokinase appeared to be far from mass-action equilibrium. In vitro, the reactants of hexokinase also appeared to be far from mass-action equilibrium. 6. Correlation of observed changes in glycolytic flux with changes in fructose 6-phosphate concentration suggested that phosphofructokinase may show regulatory behaviour. The enzyme appeared to be activated in the presence of oleate or adrenaline and to be inhibited in the presence of lactate or pyruvate. 7. Evidence is presented that the reactants of lactate dehydrogenase and glycerol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase may be near to mass-action equilibrium in the cytoplasm. 8. No satisfactory correlations could be drawn between the whole-tissue concentrations of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, citrate and glycerol 1-phosphate and the observed rates of triglyceride and fatty acid synthesis. Under the conditions employed, the concentration of glycerol 1-phosphate appeared to depend mainly on the cytoplasmic [NAD(+)]/[NADH] ratios. 9. Calculated hexose monophosphate pathway flux rates roughly correlated with fatty acid synthesis rates and with whole tissue [6-phosphogluconate]/[glucose 6-phosphate] ratios. The relative rates of production of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis by the hexose monophosphate pathway and by the ;malic enzyme' are discussed. It is suggested that all NADH produced in the cytoplasm may be used in that compartment for reductive synthesis of fatty acids, lactate or glycerol 1-phosphate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For the lack of forty-nine drachmas Socrates was unable to attend the costly epideixis of Prodicus from which he would have learnt the truth about correct use of words (Plato, Cra. 384b) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: For the lack of forty-nine drachmas Socrates was unable to attend the costly epideixis of Prodicus from which he would have learnt the truth about correct use of words (Plato, Cra. 384b). From Prodicus' ὥραι Socrates could also have learnt the concepts and characteristic words associated with arete and kakia: these compete in that work for the allegiance of Heracles, parading their respective characteristics. Thanks to Professor Arthur Adkins we have had for the past decade a book which not only confronts arete and kakia, but also analyses the meaning and usage of many Greek words for the evaluation of action from Homer to Aristotle. The importance of this book is generally acknowledged but it has not received the detailed discussion it deserves. Professor Adkins finds the social structure of ancient Greece inimical to the development of an adequate concept of moral responsibility. He shows, in a most interesting manner, how Greek values changed as the needs of society changed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results show that the overall reaction rate may be restricted by the rate of diffusion of substrate into and product out of the insolubilised enzyme derivative.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It appeared that the post-ingestional effects of morphine provided primary reinforcement for the rats; they were able to regulate their daily intake of the drug after being injected with varying doses of it and they lost weight abruptly during enforced abstinence.
Abstract: Rats were induced to administer morphine to themselves by drinking solutions of it in preference to water; this behaviour was found to be a valid model of morphine dependence. Previous “passive” medication with morphine was not necessary; initial aversions for the bitter morphine solutions were converted into preferences after the rats were repeatedly given only morphine solutions to drink in order to relieve thirst. The consumption of solutions of quinine which were initially equally aversive did not increase, suggesting that the repeated pairing of a bitter taste with relief of thirst did not account for the preferences for the morphine solutions. It appeared that the post-ingestional effects of morphine provided primary reinforcement for the rats; they were able to regulate their daily intake of the drug after being injected with varying doses of it and they lost weight abruptly during enforced abstinence. There was also evidence that the bitter taste of morphine had become a secondary reinforcer for rats with established preferences.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The main lesion in fatty acid synthesis in adipose tissues from starved, starved and fat-refed, and alloxan-diabetic rats appeared to reside at the level of pyruvate utilization and to be related to the rate of endogenous lipolysis, which is suggested to be regulated by the metabolism of fatty acids within the tissue.
Abstract: 1. Epididymal adipose tissues obtained from rats that had been previously starved, starved and refed a high fat diet for 72h, starved and refed bread for 144h or fed a normal diet were incubated in the presence of insulin+glucose or insulin+glucose+acetate. 2. Measurements were made of the whole-tissue concentrations of hexose phosphates, triose phosphates, glycerol 1-phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, 6-phosphogluconate, adenine nucleotides, acid-soluble CoA, long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, malate and citrate after 1h of incubation. The release of lactate, pyruvate and glycerol into the incubation medium during this period was also determined. 3. The rates of metabolism of glucose in the hexose monophosphate pathway, the glycolytic pathway, the citric acid cycle and into glyceride glycerol, fatty acids and lactate+pyruvate were also determined over a 2h period in similarly treated tissues. The metabolism of acetate to CO(2) and fatty acids in the presence of glucose was also measured. 4. The activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase and isocitrate dehydrogenase were determined in adipose tissues from starved, starved and fat-refed, and alloxan-diabetic animals and also in tissues from animals that had been starved and refed bread for up to 96h. Changes in these activities were compared with the ability of similar tissues to incorporate [(14)C]glucose into fatty acids in vitro. 5. The activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase roughly paralleled the ability of tissues to incorporate glucose into fatty acids. 6. Rates of triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid synthesis could not be correlated with tissue concentrations of long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, citrate or glycerol 1-phosphate. In some cases changes in phosphofructokinase flux rates could be correlated with changes in citrate concentration. 7. The main lesion in fatty acid synthesis in tissues from starved, starved and fat-refed, and alloxan-diabetic rats appeared to reside at the level of pyruvate utilization and to be related to the rate of endogenous lipolysis. 8. It is suggested that pyruvate utilization by the tissue may be regulated by the metabolism of fatty acids within the tissue. The significance of this in directing glucose utilization away from fatty acid synthesis and into glyceride-glycerol synthesis is discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study has shown that the problem of the nature and origin of spotting in mammals is even more complex than was thought before, and explained why the two components of the syndrome sometimes appear to be separated.
Abstract: Abnormalities of pigmentation and of the inner ear occur together in inherited syndromes in several mammals, including man. The pigmentary abnormalities are always of the white spotting kind, which is distinct from albinism, although the entire skin and fur may be affected. The inner ear abnormalities are confined to the cochlea and the saccule, and follow a certain pattern. Recently, the author obtained some evidence suggesting that this association might be based on the common origin of the melanocytes and a part of the acoustic ganglion in the neural crest: the abnormalities of the ear were looked for in two spotted mutants in the mouse in which the neural crest had been experimentally shown to be abnormal, and they were found. The questions arose: how widespread were abnormalities of the ear in animals with spotting, and what were the requirements in size and locality of spots for the involvement of the ear? To answer these the inner ear was examined in mice of 15 genotypes covering a wide range with regard to the degree and locality of spotting. Abnormalities were found in all heavily spotted genotypes. Of much greater interest were the observations that the pigmentation of the inner ear was also always affected; that the spotting of the coat was not a good guide to this internal 9spotting9; and that the severity and extent of the inner ear abnormalities were much more closely related to the internal than to the external spotting. Moreover, most genotypes had their own pattern of internal 9spotting9. No observation was made that was incompatible with the hypothesis that the neural crest might be the link between the two components of the syndrome. The chief alternative explanation, that the pigment or the pigment cells have some unknown function in the inner ear, cannot be entirely ruled out, but it has several weighty arguments against it. This study has also explained why the two components of the syndrome sometimes appear to be separated. It has shown that the problem of the nature and origin of spotting in mammals is even more complex than was thought before. The evolutionary significance of the relationship between pigmentation and the inner ear is pointed out.


Journal ArticleDOI
16 May 1970-Nature
TL;DR: The 8-12 Hz rhythmical waveform that can be recorded from the scalp of most human subjects when their eyes are closed does not originate in brain tissue as mentioned in this paper, but is generated by physiological tremor in the extra-ocular muscles modulating the field set up by the standing potential of the eye.
Abstract: The 8–12 Hz rhythmical waveform that can be recorded from the scalp of most human subjects when their eyes are closed does not originate in brain tissue. It is generated by physiological tremor in the extra-ocular muscles modulating the field set up by the standing potential of the eye.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, cooling models for flare produced plasmas in solar corona, considering collisional, radiative and conductive mechanisms, were proposed, and they were shown to work well in the presence of solar flares.
Abstract: Cooling models for flare produced plasmas in solar corona, considering collisional, radiative and conductive mechanisms