Showing papers by "University of Adelaide published in 1978"
TL;DR: A simple and rapid method for isolating pure mouse IgG1, IgG 2a and IgG2b immunoglobulins in nearly 100% yield is described and all IgG was retained at pH 8.0 and this could not be eluted by washing.
2,666 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the tropical Atlantic surface atmospheric and oceanic patterns of a data set composited for 5 years which were very dry in Subsaharan West Africa (11−20°N) are also presented.
Abstract: Identification is made of the Tropical Atlantic (30° N–30° S) surface atmospheric and oceanic patterns of a data set composited for 5 years which were very dry in Subsaharan West Africa (11–20°N). Patterns for a counterpart wet composite data set are also presented. Sixty-year (1911–70) average fields constitute a background reference. For the rainy season (July–September) of the dry composite, the Tropical Atlantic near-equatorial pressure trough, kinematic axis separating Northern and Southern Hemisphere Trades, and zone of maximum sea surface temperature (SST) are located 200–300 km south of their 60-year average positions. Concurrently, the North Atlantic subtropical high (NAH) extends further equatorward than average, although its centre lies up to 150 km north of its mean latitude. Both Northeast and Southeast Trades are stronger than average, and negative and positive SST anomalies occur north and south of approximately 10° N, respectively. Some of these anomalies evolved during the preceding January-June, which offers encouragement that Subsaharan droughts may be predictable 3 to 6 months in advance. Patterns for July–September of the wet composite contain fewer and less pronounced anomalies. The NAH is centred 100–150 km further north and extends less equatorward than average, the kinematic axis lies 100–150 km north of its mean latitude, and the Trades are weak in many areas. Except for the northward displacement of the NAH centre, these anomalies are opposite to those for the dry composite July–September. The wet composite July–September anomalies did not evolve during preceding seasons. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1978.tb00839.x
393 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, rare earth element (REE) and major element data are presented on 44 Archaean samples which include spinifex textured ultramagnesian lavas (STPK) spinifeix textured basalts (STB) and low MgO tholeiites.
Abstract: Rare earth element (REE) and major element data are presented on 44 Archaean samples which include spinifex textured ultramagnesian lavas (STPK) spinifex textured basalts (STB) and low MgO tholeiites. The samples come from the Yilgarn and Pilbara Blocks (W. Australia), Barberton (South Africa), Belingwe and Que Que (Rhodesia), Abitibi (Canada) and the 3.7 b.y. Isua Belt of Western Greenland. In addition REE data are given on three near primitive mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and a glassy MORB-type basalt from Taiwan. We suggest that REE patterns, particularly the light REE and Eu, can be affected by metamorphism, but argue that the consistency of pattern from samples both within and between areas enables recognition of primary patterns. La/Sm ratios of 2.7 b.y. STPK are characterised by being lower than those of associated basalts. The 3.5 b.y. STPK Barberton material does not show this feature but instead displays significant heavy REE depletion. The separation of garnet from these liquids is suggested as a possible mechanism for the high CaO/Al2O3 ratios, (Al loss) and the heavy REE and Sc depletion. The REE data on Barberton material is equivocal on the derivation of the so-called basaltic komatiites from the peridotitic komatiites. However, REE analyses on STPK and high magnesian lavas from elsewhere suggests that crystal fractionation is not a viable mechanism to produce one from the other. We suggest instead, that varying amounts of partial melting of different sources is responsible for the spectrum of compositions. The STB appear to be an easily recognised rock type within the Archaean. They are characterised by quench (clinopyroxene) textures and a light REE enriched pattern. It is suggested that these are near primary melts and that their REE patterns mirror their mantle source. We propose a two stage model for the 2.7 b.y. mafic complexes, in which, prior to the generation of ultrabasic magmas, the source underwent a small amount of partial melting which resulted in the removal of a melt enriched in incompatible elements. The depletion process could be achieved either during mantle diapirism or by upward migration of interstitial melts into an Archaean low velocity zone. The spread of La/Sm ratios in STPK and STB is used as an argument that the Archaean mantle was chemically heterogeneous and that the degree of heterogeneity was similar to that observed in modern ocean volcanics. As a result, partial melting of the mantle under different P-T conditions produced a spectrum of magma types. The information presently available on Archaean mafic and silicic magmatism and the incompleteness of geochemical data on present day tectonic environments are two major obstacles in formulating Archaean tectonic models. In addition a comparison of present day and Archaean ultramafic and silicic rocks suggests that plate tectonic models as presently understood may not be suitable analogues for all Archaean tectonic environments.
382 citations
TL;DR: A one-step procedure for purification of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells from human blood is described, and both cell fractions retained their immunological functions.
337 citations
TL;DR: The authors in this article showed that disruption of aggregates, containing residual starch, and rearrangements of soil components are as important as chemical and biological factors in causing the flush of CO2 resulting from wetting a soil.
Abstract: Glucose or starch labelled with 14C was mixed thoroughly into slurried soils. Aggregates of different sizes were obtained from the soils as they dried. The labelled substrates were considered to be distributed in both micro- and macropores in the aggregates. Control samples (labelled substrates in macropores only) were prepared by adding the labelled carbohydrates after the formation of the aggregates. The various samples were sterilized by γ-irradiation and stored at −15°C.
Samples were wetted to about −20kPa, inoculated with soil organisms, and incubated for 4 weeks at 28°C in closed systems, which enabled regular measurement of 14CO2 released.
Based on the 14CO2 released, it was concluded that starch was protected from microbial attack when present in micropores in aggregates made from fine sandy loam.
After incubation samples were dried and rewetted. The flush of 14CO2 released was twice as big for samples containing labelled starch compared with glucose, showing that disruption of aggregates, containing residual starch, and rearrangements of soil components are as important as chemical and biological factors in causing the flush of CO2 resulting from wetting a soil. Mechanical disruption of the aggregates resulted in a similar flush of 14CO2.
269 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors suggest that low-Ti ophiolitic basalts are not formed at mid-ocean ridges but are products of a spreading center close to a subduction zone, for example, in an interarc basin or incipient island-arc site.
Abstract: Al2O3/TiO2 and CaO/TiO2 ratios of primitive mid-ocean ridge basalts increase along with degree of partial melting (TiO2 content decreases) until ratios seen in chondrites (about 20 and 17, respectively) are reached at ?0.8% TiO2. Low-Ti (<0.6%) basalts from ophiolitic complexes (for example, Troodos and Betts Cove), island arcs, and interarc basins are characterized by much higher Al2O3/TiO2 and CaO/TiO2 ratios (up to 60). Such low-Ti ophiolitic basalts could be formed by remelting of a severely depleted source that had experienced a previous episode of magma extraction of the type in mid-ocean ridges. We suggest that these low-Ti basalts are not formed at mid-ocean ridges but are products of a spreading center close to a subduction zone, for example, in an interarc basin or incipient island-arc site. In this model, remelting of the refractory source is induced by the introduction of water from subducted oceanic crust. Geochemical data on high-Mg volcanic rocks from Papua and the Mariana Trench are presented, and an analogy with low-Ti ophiolitic basalts is suggested. “Basaltic komatiites” from ophiolitic complexes are discussed, and it is suggested that there are critical geochemical differences between these and Archean komatiites.
249 citations
TL;DR: The Pb and Sr isotope ratios of Plio-Pleistocene volcanic rocks from the Aleutian volcanic arc are used as tracers of the lithospheric subduction process at the converging Pacific and Bering plates.
242 citations
TL;DR: This paper developed a formula for measuring the size of research benefits which is general applicable to all types of supply shift and used this formula to assess the possible error involved in previous studies employing alternative equations.
Abstract: This article claims to do three things. First, develop a formula for measuring size of research benefits which is generally applicable to all types of supply shift. Second, use this formula to assess the possible error involved in previous studies employing alternative equations. Third, initiate discussion on variables which might influence the type of supply shift. The article concludes that uncritical application of previously developed formulas without regard to the type of supply shift can result in substantial bias in estimates of research benefits. The implication is that calculation of rates of return on agricultural investment may also be severely biased.
228 citations
TL;DR: Although the findings confirm a relatively strong genetic component, they emphasise the importance of non-genetic influences in the determination of tooth size variability, and suggest the need for further research on this topic.
Abstract: The aim of this investigation was to quantify the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences to the observed variability of permanent tooth size in a group of Australian Aboriginals. Tooth size data were obtained from dental casts of Aboriginals living at Yuendumu in the Northern Territory of Australia. The custom of polygyny practised by these people enabled the analysis of associations between full-siblings and half-siblings. Phenotypic variability of tooth size was partitioned into four variance components; between sides, between fathers, between mothers and between offspring. From these components, the relative genetic and environmental contributions were quantified and heritability estimates for tooth size derived. Additional estimates of heritability were obtained by regression analysis from a small sample of parent-offspring data. Results of the analyses suggested that about 64% of the total variability of permanent tooth size could be attributed to genetic factors, while a further 6% was due to common environment. Although the findings confirm a relatively strong genetic component, they emphasise the importance of non-genetic influences in the determination of tooth size variability.
173 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that adhesiveness is neither essential nor sufficient for the virulence of Salmonella and that the usual development of a systemic infection after colonization of the small intestinal Peyer's patches may be subverted by the presence of O-antibody.
Abstract: Within 3 h after oral challenge of mice with Salmonella typhimurium, foci of infection developed in the Peyer's patches of the small intestine. The numbers of organisms in the cecum, although in excess of those found in the small intestine, were not firmly associated with the cecal wall but were present largely in the cecum's contents. The Peyer's patches at first were remarkably incapable of eliminating even small numbers of Salmonella, but at about 7 days after infection developed the ability to eliminate a less virulent strain of S. typhimurium. Selected strains of Salmonella of varied virulence, and hybrid Escherichia coli/Salmonella typhimurium with varied O-antigens, revealed that those of low virulence could multiply within the intestinal Peyer's patches at nearly the same rate as a virulent strain, and the ability to multiply within the Peyer's patches was not dependent upon O-antigen type or smooth lipopolysaccharide. The ability of these strains to adhere to intestinal mucosa in vitro did not reflect on their ability to colonize the Peyer's patches, although strains of high in vitro adhesive ability appeared in greater numbers initially after oral challenge. Anti-O serum, ineffective in reducing the in vitro adhesive ability of virulent S. typhimurium, when given with the oral challenge prevented Peyer's patch colonization but was unable to prevent the appearance of a systemic infection. Anti-H serum, although effective in vitro in preventing adherence, had no effect in vivo. These experiments suggest that adhesiveness is neither essential nor sufficient for the virulence of Salmonella and that the usual development of a systemic infection after colonization of the small intestinal Peyer's patches may be subverted by the presence of O-antibody.
170 citations
TL;DR: It is reported here that the newly discovered conjugative activity of Ti plasmids is inducible by specific amino acid derivatives that are also the substrates for plasmid-coded catabolic enzymes.
Abstract: CONJUGATIVE plasmids of bacteria are extrachromosomal genetic elements able to bring about DNA transfer by conjugation. The best-studied system is that of F-like plasmids in Escherichia coli, where at least 12 genes are involved1. Expression of the transfer system in this case is subject to negative control2,3. We report here that the newly discovered conjugative activity of Ti plasmids is inducible by specific amino acid derivatives that are also the substrates for plasmid-coded catabolic enzymes. This finding further extends the analogy between the regulation of the lactose operon and of transfer functions.
TL;DR: The combined distributions of the 1.701 g/cc DNA sequences and polypyrimidine tracts effectively “individualised” each rye chromosome thus providing a sensitive means of identifying these chromosomes.
Abstract: Secale cereale DNA, of mean fragment length 500 bp, was fractionated by hydroxylapatite chromatography to allow recovery of a very rapidly renaturing fraction (C0t 0–0.02). This DNA fraction was shown to contain several families of highly repeated sequence DNA. Two highly repeated families were purified; (1) a fraction which renatured to a density of 1.701 g/ cc and comprised 2–4% of the total genome, and (2) polypyrimidine tract DNA which comprised 0.1% of the total genome. The 1.701 g/cc DNA consisted of short sequence repeat units (5–50 bp long) tandemly repeated in blocks 30 kb long, while a portion of the polypyrimidine tract DNA behaved as part of a much larger block of tandemly repeated sequences. The chromosomal location of these sequences was determined by the in situ hybridisation of radioactive, complementary RNA to root tip mitotic chromosomes and showed the 1.701 g/cc sequences to be largely limited to the telomeric blocks of heterochromatin, accounting for 25–50% of the DNA present in these parts of the chromosomes. The polypyrimidine tracts were distributed at interstitial locations with 20–30% of the sequences at three well defined sites. The combined distributions of the 1.701 g/cc DNA sequences and polypyrimidine tracts effectively “individualised” each rye chromosome thus providing a sensitive means of identifying these chromosomes. The B chromosomes present in Secale cereale cv. Unevita, did not show defined locations for the sequences analysed. — The data are discussed in terms of the structure of the rye genome and the generality of the observed genomic arrangement of highly repeated sequence DNA.
TL;DR: C cabbage butterflies lay most eggs on the larger, older leaves of plants, though the oldest are sometimes avoided, and discrimination against less acceptable varieties is just as strong when plants of preferred varieties are not present, as when both varieties occur in the same patch.
Abstract: The egg-laying responses of cabbage butterflies Pieris rapae L. to differences in the size, quality and spatial distribution of available oviposition sites, were studied in the laboratory (Australia) and the field (Australia and Canada). Differences on three scales were investigated: between leaves within the same plant, between plants within a patch, and between patches of plants.
The butterflies lay most eggs on the larger, older leaves of plants, though the oldest are sometimes avoided. Larger plants also receive more eggs than smaller ones of the same cultivar, but cultivar preferences may override the response to size. The butterflies do not discriminate against plants already bearing eggs or larvae, unless larval feeding damage to the plant is severe. They lay more eggs on young plants than old ones of the same size; plants grown in the lower of two light intensities also received more eggs. Australian butterflies discriminate not only between different species of crucifers, but also between varieties of the same species. This discrimination against less acceptable varieties is just as strong when plants of preferred varieties are not present, as when both varieties occur in the same patch.
The observed responses are discussed in relation to the butterflies’ host-finding behaviour and the adaptive significance of the lack of a response to eggs and larvae is considered.
TL;DR: In this article, cultures of six fungi and two bacteria were added to samples of aggregates in which either 14C-labeled glucose or starch was thoroughly distributed in macro-and micropores or in control samples where the labelled substrates were added in preformed aggregates and considered to be mainly in macropores.
Abstract: Cultures of six fungi and two bacteria were added to samples of aggregates in which either 14C-labelled glucose or starch was thoroughly distributed in macro- and micropores or in control samples where the labelled substrates were added to the preformed aggregates and considered to be mainly in macropores. The release of 14CO2 was monitored over a 24-day incubation.
In the control samples with substrates mainly in macropores, the bacteria were as active as fungi in releasing 14CO2 from both soils. When the substrates were distributed in macro- and micropores in aggregates made from a fine sandy loam, the fungi were more efficient than bacteria in releasing 14CO2. This was not the case in a self-mulching clay.
The initial flush of 14CO2 released during incubation of the amended fine sandy loam was due mainly to fungi, which were followed by a secondary bacterial population. The change in populations occurred simultaneously with a step in the cumulative 14CO2 release curve thought to be due to the utilization of all the labelled substrate added, followed by renewed respiration as the secondary population flourished. The results presented fit well with an efficiency of C assimilation by micro-organism in soil of about 60%.
TL;DR: An attempt is made to outline a conceptual framework in which to view the problems of defining and measuring mental work-load in terms of the demands made by tasks, the capacities the subject brings to meet these demands, and the strategies he uses to relate the first to the second.
Abstract: An attempt is made to outline a conceptual framework in which to view the problems of defining and measuring mental work-load. This is treated in terms of the demands made by tasks, the capacities the subject brings to meet these demands, and the strategies he uses to relate the first to the second. Two types of demand are distinguished: the amount of data to be handled at a particular moment, and the amount to be dealt with during a particular period of time. Each type is considered in relation to the main central functions of perception, decision and choice, phasing and coordination of action, memory, and motivation. Capacity, and the effects of various factors upon it, are considered in relation to concepts of signal-to-noise ratio in the central nervous system. Three main types of strategy are outlined: coding and programming, methods of search, and balancing conflicting factors such as speed and accuracy or errors of omission and commission. Skill is discussed in terms of efficiency of strat...
TL;DR: The results of this investigation suggest that the effect of biofeedback in reducing EMG activity is more consistent than an occlusal adjustment, possibly due to differences in the cause of the initial heightenedEMG activity in the group of subjects studied.
Abstract: Within the limits of this study and with the reported assumption that the recorded EMG activity is related to bruxism, the results of this investigation suggest that the effect of biofeedback in reducing EMG activity is more consistent than an occlusal adjustment, possibly due to differences in the cause of the initial heightened EMG activity in the group of subjects studied.
TL;DR: Actuarial analysis of the number of relapses in each group demonstrates that cimetidine is highly effective in preventing relapse.
TL;DR: Tooth-size was greater in the male subjects but the sexual dimorphism was less marked than in the permanent teeth of the same subjects, and the mandibular teeth were more uniform than maxillary with respect to buccolingual size relative to mesiodistal.
Abstract: Mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters were measured from dental casts representing the deciduous dentitions of 197 Aboriginal children from the Northern Territory of Australia. Double determination analysis indicated that the semi-automatic recording procedure used was reliable leading to observer errors of no practical significance. Tooth-size was greater in the male subjects but the sexual dimorphism was less marked than in the permanent teeth of the same subjects. The mandibular teeth were more uniform than maxillary with respect to buccolingual size relative to mesiodistal. Extremes of general tooth-size were more marked in the deciduous dentition than in the permanent as a consequence of the relatively large deciduous second molar which in Aboriginals approximates in size the permanent first molar of many other ethnic groups.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the reduction of nitrate to nitrite in leaves of barley is dependent on light and ceases when the light is extinguished, and that this regulation functions through mitochondrial respiration, which operates in the dark, but is inhibited in light.
Abstract: ASSIMILATION of nitrate in leaves is closely linked with photosynthesis1,2 because ammonia, the end product of the former process, is incorporated into amino acids by means of carbon skeletons derived from the assimilation of CO2. Canvin and Atkins3,4 have shown that the reduction of nitrate to nitrite in leaves of barley is dependent on light and ceases when the light is extinguished. On the other hand, in the in vivo5 method for assay of nitrate reductase, nitrate is reduced to nitrite by leaf disks even in the dark. As Canvin and Atkins3,4 pointed out, the in vivo method is not a true reflection of what happens in plants in physiological conditions. A regulatory mechanism must exist in leaves, which shuts off nitrate reduction immediately when light is extinguished, so that the accumulation of toxic amounts of nitrite, which can only be reduced by photosynthetic reactions6, is avoided. We now propose that this regulation functions through mitochondrial respiration, which operates in the dark, but is inhibited in light, because of the increased cytoplasmic adenylate charge due to photosynthesis.
TL;DR: In this paper, the 2-ketogluconic acid was found to be a product of microbial action on glucose and the organisms involved occur in the rhizosphere of wheat seedlings.
Abstract: Examination of rhizosphere products of wheat seedlings using a variety of Chromatographie techniques established that 2-ketogluconic acid was the only acid present in significant amounts. Elemental analysis of crystallized potassium 2-ketogluconate isolated from the rhizosphere products and data obtained by X-ray diffraction, i.r. spectrometry and specific rotation determinations confirmed the identification of the 2-ketogluconic acid. Spectrophotometric and specific rotation measurements showed that 2-ketogluconic acid represented about 20% of the rhizosphere products. Furthermore, the 2-ketogluconic acid was present in fractions of rhizosphere products shown to release phosphate from calcium phosphates. Pure 2-ketogluconic acid released phosphate from apatite rock, di- and tri-calcium phosphates. In each case there was an associated decrease in pH of the suspensions compared with controls. About 38% of the rhizosphere products was carbohydrate, and glucose and fructose were the dominant free sugars present. Since 2-ketogluconic acid is known to be a product of microbial action on glucose and the organisms involved occur in the rhizosphere it is likely that the 2-ketogluconic acid was produced from glucose in the rhizosphere.
TL;DR: Proline accumulation at low temperature was shown to be light-dependent, both in intact plants and excised leaf sections, and the light requirement could not be replaced by supplying leaf segments with precursors of proline.
Abstract: The accumulation of free proline in the first leaves of barley, Hordeum distichum L., and wheat, Triticum aestivum L., in response to a range of low temperatures was examined with 10-day-old plants. In barley (cv. Prior) no proline accumulated at 8°C or above, but in wheat (cv. Gabo) proline accumulated at 12°C and lower temperatures. In barley, the first leaf survived for 29 days following transfer to 5°C and continued to accumulate proline throughout this period. In contrast, the first leaves of plants maintained at 20°C survived for 13 days only and accumulated no proline. Proline accumulation at low temperature was shown to be light-dependent, both in intact plants and excised leaf sections, and the light requirement could not be replaced by supplying leaf segments with precursors of proline. Proline accumulation in response to water stress was not light-dependent at 20°C but was at 5°C.
Inter-specific and intra-specific variation in the extent of accumulation in response to low temperature was also examined. Considerable variation was encountered but there was no clear relationship with geographical distribution or chilling sensitivity for the species and no correlation with accumulation in response to water stress in the cultivars of barley examined.
TL;DR: It is concluded that this RNA is a true satellite RNA and has no relationship to the RNA found in defective interfering particles of animal viruses.
TL;DR: The response of heart interval to increase in carotid sinus transmural pressure was progressively and markedly diminished according to the strength of hand-grip, and this effect was fully developed from the moment of onset of the exertion.
Abstract: 1. The changes in R--R heart interval that result from step-increase and step-decrease in carotid sinus transmural pressure induced by a variable pressure neck chamber were measured in seven normal men. Observations were made at rest, and during isometric hand-grip exercise at 24%, 44% and 64% of maximal voluntary contraction. 2. The response of heart interval to increase in carotid sinus transmural pressure was progressively and markedly diminished according to the strength of hand-grip. This effect was fully developed from the moment of onset of the exertion. 3. The response of heart interval to decrease in carotid sinus transmural pressure was much less consistently affected by hand-grip exercise.
TL;DR: Values of individual and average correlation for both mesiodistal and buccolingual tooth diameters conformed with the theoretical correlations expected assuming polygenic inheritance, however, no evidence of sex chromosomal involvement was found.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to clarify the question of inheritance of tooth size, with particular reference to the role of the sex chromosomes. Data were obtained from the dental casts of Aboriginals living at Yuendumu in the Northern Territory of Australia, who had participated in a longitudinal growth study extending over 20 years. The compilation and verification of comprehensive genealogical records gathered over a number of years enabled the analysis of family data. Product-moment correlation coefficients between different full-sibling and half-sibling pairs were calculated for permanent tooth size. Values of individual and average correlation for both mesiodistal and buccolingual tooth diameters conformed with the theoretical correlations expected assuming polygenic inheritance. However, no evidence of sex chromosomal involvement was found.
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that the divergence is of n!9 or exponential-integral character and a potential or actual lack of uniqueness is discovered, and the series are summed by use of suitable nonlinear iterative transformations, giving good accuracy even for moderately large Froude number.
Abstract: The low-Froude-number approximation in free-surface hydrodynamics is singular, and leads to formal series in powers of the Froude number with zero radius of convergence. The properties of these divergent series are discussed for several types of two-dimensional flows. It is shown that the divergence is of ‘n!9 or exponential-integral character. A potential or actual lack of uniqueness is discovered and discussed. The series are summed by use of suitable nonlinear iterative transformations, giving good accuracy even for moderately large Froude number. Converged 9 solutions ’ are obtained in this way, which possess jump discontinuities on the free surface. These jumps can be explained and, in principle, removed, by consideration of appropriate choices for the branch cut of the limiting exponential-integral solution. For example, we provide here a solution for a continuous wave-like flow, behind a semi-infinite moving body.
TL;DR: Estimating the extent of base sequence homology between single-stranded plant viral RNAs by hybridization analysis using 32P-labeled complementary DNA (cDNA) and its application to the RNAs of four cucumoviruses found that the major factors affecting this estimation were the concentrations of Na+ and S1 nuclease used in the S1nuclease assay.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that nitrate can function as an alternative electron acceptor to O 2 for NADH generated by the citric acid cycle dehydrogenases, thus avoiding the accumulation of toxic levels of nitrite in the dark.
TL;DR: The Agnew supracrustal belt consists of a greenstone sequence (interlayered metabasalt, differentiated gabbroic sills, ultramafic bodies, and black volcanogenic sediment) unconformably overlain by granitoid-clast conglomerate and meta-arkose as discussed by the authors.