Showing papers by "University of Adelaide published in 2003"

A Comparison of Outcomes With Angiotensin-Converting--Enzyme Inhibitors and Diuretics for Hypertension in the Elderly

Abstract: Background Treatment of hypertension with diuretics, beta-blockers, or both leads to improved outcomes. It has been postulated that agents that inhibit the renin–angiotensin system confer benefit beyond the reduction of blood pressure alone. We compared the outcomes in older subjects with hypertension who were treated with angiotensin-converting–enzyme (ACE) inhibitors with the outcomes in those treated with diuretic agents. Methods We conducted a prospective, randomized, open-label study with blinded assessment of end points in 6083 subjects with hypertension who were 65 to 84 years of age and received health care at 1594 family practices. Subjects were followed for a median of 4.1 years, and the total numbers of cardiovascular events in the two treatment groups were compared with the use of multivariate proportional-hazards models. Results At base line, the treatment groups were well matched in terms of age, sex, and blood pressure. By the end of the study, blood pressure had decreased to a similar exte...

Molecular and cellular characterisation of highly purified stromal stem cells derived from human bone marrow.

Abstract: Previous studies have provided evidence for the existence of adult human bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSSCs) or mesenchymal stem cells. Using a combination of cell separation techniques, we have isolated an almost homogeneous population of BMSSCs from adult human bone marrow. Lacking phenotypic characteristics of leukocytes and mature stromal elements, BMSSCs are non-cycling and constitutively express telomerase activity in vivo. This mesenchymal stem cell population demonstrates extensive proliferation and retains the capacity for differentiation into bone, cartilage and adipose tissue in vitro. In addition, clonal analysis demonstrated that individual BMSSC colonies exhibit a differential capacity to form new bone in vivo. These data are consistent with the existence of a second population of bone marrow stem cells in addition to those for the hematopoietic system. Our novel selection protocol provides a means to generate purified populations of BMSSCs for use in a range of different tissue engineering and gene therapy strategies.

Structure and function of the soil microbial community in a long-term fertilizer experiment

Abstract: The effect of organic and inorganic fertiliser amendments is often studied shortly after addition of a single dose to the soil but less is known about the long-term effects of amendments. We conducted a study to determine the effects of long-term addition of organic and inorganic fertiliser amendments at low rates on soil chemical and biological properties. Surface soil samples were taken from an experimental field site near Cologne, Germany in summer 2000. At this site, five different treatments were established in 1969: mineral fertiliser (NPK), crop residues removed (mineral only); mineral fertiliser with crop residues; manure 5.2 t ha −1 yr −1 ; sewage sludge 7.6 t ha −1 yr −1 or straw 4.0 t ha −1 yr −1 with 10 kg N as CaCN 2 t straw −1 . The organic amendments increased the C org content of the soil but had no significant effect on the dissolved organic C (DOC) content. The C/N ratio was highest in the straw treatment and lowest in the mineral only treatment. Of the enzymes studied, only protease activity was affected by the different amendments. It was highest after sewage amendment and lowest in the mineral only treatment. The ratios of Gram+ to Gram− bacteria and of bacteria to fungi, as determined by signature phospholipid fatty acids, were higher in the organic treatments than in the inorganic treatments. The community structure of bacteria and eukaryotic microorganisms was assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and redundancy discriminate analyses of the DGGE banding patterns. While the bacterial community structure was affected by the treatments this was not the case for the eukaryotes. Bacterial and eukaryotic community structures were significantly affected by C org content and C/N ratio.

Hierarchy of evidence: a framework for ranking evidence evaluating healthcare interventions

Abstract: A number of hierarchies of evidence have been developed to enable different research methods to be ranked according to the validity of their findings. However, most have focused on evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions. When the evaluation of healthcare addresses its appropriateness or feasibility, then existing hierarchies are inadequate. This paper reports the development of a hierarchy for ranking of evidence evaluating healthcare interventions. The aims of this hierarchy are twofold. Firstly, it is to provide a means by which the evidence from a range of methodologically different types of research can be graded. Secondly, it is to provide a logical framework that can be used during the development of systematic review protocols to help determine the study designs which can contribute valid evidence when the evaluation extends beyond effectiveness. The proposed hierarchy was developed based on a review of literature, investigation of existing hierarchies and examination of the strengths and limitations of different research methods. The proposed hierarchy of evidence focuses on three dimensions of the evaluation: effectiveness, appropriateness and feasibility. Research that can contribute valid evidence to each is suggested. To address the varying strengths of different research designs, four levels of evidence are proposed: excellent, good, fair and poor. The strength of the proposed hierarchy is that it acknowledges the valid contribution of evidence generated by a range of different types of research. However, hierarchies only provide a guide to the strength of the available evidence and other issues such as the quality of research also have an important influence.

Mycorrhizal fungi can dominate phosphate supply to plants irrespective of growth responses.

Abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are vital components of nearly all terrestrial ecosystems, forming mutually beneficial (mutualistic) symbioses with the roots of around 80% of vascular plants and often increasing phosphate (P) uptake and growth. We present novel data showing that AM fungi can

Improving precision and reducing bias in biological surveys: estimating false‐negative error rates

Abstract: The use of presence/absence data in wildlife management and biological surveys is widespread. There is a growing interest in quantifying the sources of error associated with these data. We show that false-negative errors (failure to record a species when in fact it is present) can have a significant impact on statistical estimation of habitat models using simulated data. Then we introduce an extension of logistic modeling, the zero-inflated binomial (ZIB) model that permits the estimation of the rate of false-negative errors and the correction of estimates of the probability of occurrence for false-negative errors by using repeated visits to the same site. Our simulations show that even relatively low rates of false negatives bias statistical estimates of habitat effects. The method with three repeated visits eliminates the bias, but estimates are relatively imprecise. Six repeated visits improve precision of estimates to levels comparable to that achieved with conventional statistics in the absence of false-negative errors. In general, when error rates are ≤50% greater efficiency is gained by adding more sites, whereas when error rates are >50% it is better to increase the number of repeated visits. We highlight the flexibility of the method with three case studies, clearly demonstrating the effect of false-negative errors for a range of commonly used survey methods.

Metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract: Objective To assess the effectiveness of metformin in improving clinical and biochemical features of polycystic ovary syndrome. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Randomised controlled trials that investigated the effect of metformin compared with either placebo or no treatment, or compared with an ovulation induction agent. Selection of studies 13 trials were included for analysis, including 543 women with polycystic ovary syndrome that was defined by using biochemical or ultrasound evidence. Main outcome measure Pregnancy and ovulation rates. Secondary outcomes of clinical and biochemical features of polycystic ovary syndrome. Results Meta-analysis showed that metformin is effective in achieving ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, with odds ratios of 3.88 (95% confidence interval 2.25 to 6.69) for metformin compared with placebo and 4.41 (2.37 to 8.22) for metformin and clomifene compared with clomifene alone. An analysis of pregnancy rates shows a significant treatment effect for metformin and clomifene (odds ratio 4.40, 1.96 to 9.85). Metformin has an effect in reducing fasting insulin concentrations, blood pressure, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. We found no evidence of any effect on body mass index or waist:hip ratio. Metformin was associated with a higher incidence of nausea, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal disturbance. Conclusions Metformin is an effective treatment for anovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Its choice as a first line agent seems justified, and there is some evidence of benefit on variables of the metabolic syndrome. No data are available regarding the safety of metformin in long term use in young women and only limited data on its safety in early pregnancy. It should be used as an adjuvant to general lifestyle improvements and not as a replacement for increased exercise and improved diet.

Mammalian basal metabolic rate is proportional to body mass2/3

Abstract: The relationship between mammalian basal metabolic rate (BMR, ml of O2 per h) and body mass (M, g) has been the subject of regular investigation for over a century. Typically, the relationship is expressed as an allometric equation of the form BMR = aMb. The scaling exponent (b) is a point of contention throughout this body of literature, within which arguments for and against geometric (b = 2/3) and quarter-power (b = 3/4) scaling are made and rebutted. Recently, interest in the topic has been revived by published explanations for quarter-power scaling based on fractal nutrient supply networks and four-dimensional biology. Here, a new analysis of the allometry of mammalian BMR that accounts for variation associated with body temperature, digestive state, and phylogeny finds no support for a metabolic scaling exponent of 3/4. Data encompassing five orders of magnitude variation in M and featuring 619 species from 19 mammalian orders show that BMR ∝ M2/3.

New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia

Abstract: Australia's oldest human remains, found at Lake Mungo, include the world's oldest ritual ochre burial (Mungo III) and the first recorded cremation (Mungo I). Until now, the importance of these finds has been constrained by limited chronologies and palaeoenvironmental information. Mungo III, the source of the world's oldest human mitochondrial DNA, has been variously estimated at 30 thousand years (kyr) old, 42-45 kyr old and 62 +/- 6 kyr old, while radiocarbon estimates placed the Mungo I cremation near 20-26 kyr ago. Here we report a new series of 25 optical ages showing that both burials occurred at 40 +/- 2 kyr ago and that humans were present at Lake Mungo by 50-46 kyr ago, synchronously with, or soon after, initial occupation of northern and western Australia. Stratigraphic evidence indicates fluctuations between lake-full and drier conditions from 50 to 40 kyr ago, simultaneously with increased dust deposition, human arrival and continent-wide extinction of the megafauna. This was followed by sustained aridity between 40 and 30 kyr ago. This new chronology corrects previous estimates for human burials at this important site and provides a new picture of Homo sapiens adapting to deteriorating climate in the world's driest inhabited continent.

Evidence of connectivity between juvenile and adult habitats for mobile marine fauna : an important component of nurseries

Abstract: A critical link missing from our understanding of the nursery role of specific marine habitats is the evidence of connectivity between juvenile and adult habitats. This paper reviews and evaluates evidence of, and spatial scales for, movements from juvenile to adult habitats and it sum- marises the methods used to study movements. Examples include many fish families but few inverte- brate taxa, and most are species of economic importance for USA and Australia. The types of juvenile habitat range from the entire estuary or shallow open coastal waters to specific habitats within estu- aries or coastal waters; in some cases juvenile habitats include habitats not traditionally regarded as nursery areas (e.g. the surf zone). The duration of time spent in juvenile habitats averages 13 mo (range 8 d to 5 yr). The majority of organisms move distances of kilometres to hundreds of kilometres from juvenile to adult habitats, although the scale of movements ranged from metres to thousands of kilometres. Changes in abundance among separate habitats and the progression of size classes among separate habitats are the main methods used to infer movement and habitat connectivity. Spa- tial partitioning of stages of maturity, natural parasites, and a variety of artificial tagging methods have also been used. The latter will become more useful with continued developments in the minia- turisation of artificial tags. More recent studies have used natural tags (e.g. trace elements and stable isotopes) and these methods show great promise for determining movements from juvenile to adult habitats. Few studies provide good evidence for movement from specific juvenile habitats to adult habitats. Future studies need to focus on this movement to supplement data on density, growth and survival of organisms in putative nursery habitats. Such information will allow management and con- servation efforts to focus on those habitats that make the greatest contribution to adult populations.

Engineering Noise Control: Theory and Practice, Third Edition

Abstract: Fundamentals and Basic Terminology Introduction Noise-Control Strategies Acoustic Field Variables Wave Equations Mean Square Quantities Energy Density Sound Density Sound Power Units Spectra Combining Sound Pressures Impedance Flow Resistance The Human Ear Brief Description of the Ear Mechanical Properties of the Central Partition Noise Induced Hearing Loss Subjective Response to Sound Pressure Level Instrumentation for Noise Measurement and Analysis Microphones Weighting Networks Sound Level Meters Classes of Sound Level Meter Sound Level Meter Calibration Noise Measurements Using Sound Level Meters Time-Varying Sound Noise Level Measurement Data Loggers Personal Sound Exposure Meter Recording of Noise Spectrum Analysers Intensity Meter Energy Density Sensors Sound Source Localization Criteria Introduction Hearing Loss Hearing Damage Risk Hearing Damage Risk Criteria Implementing a Hearing Conservation Program Speech Interference Criteria Psychological Effects of Noise Ambient Noise Level Specification Environmental Noise Level Criteria Environmental Noise Level Surveys Sound Sources and Outdoor Sound Propagation Introduction Simple Source Dipole Source Quadruple Source (Far-Field Approximation) Line Source Piston in an Infinite Baffle Incoherent Plane Radiator Directivity Reflection Effects Reflection and Transmission at a Plane/Two Media Interface Sound Propagation Outdoors, General Concepts Sound Power, its Use and Measurement Introduction Radiation Impedance Relation between Sound Power and Sound Pressure Radiation Field of a Sound Source Determination of Sound Power Using Intensity Measurements Determination of Sound Power Using Surface Vibration Measurements Some Uses of Sound Power Information Sound in Enclosed Spaces Introduction Low Frequencies Bound between Low-Frequency and High-Frequency Behavior High Frequencies, Statistical Analysis Transit Response Porous Sound Absorbers Panel Sound Absorbers Flat and Long Rooms Applications of Sound Absorption Auditorium Design Partitions, Enclosures and Barriers Introduction Sound Transmission through Partitions Noise Reduction vs Transmission Loss Enclosures Barriers Pipe Lagging Muffling Devices Introduction Measures of Performance Diffusers as Muffling Devices Classification of Muffling Devices Acoustic Impedance Lumped Element Devices Reactive Devices Lined Ducts Duct Bends or Elbows Unlined Ducts Effect of Duct End Reflections Duct Break-Out Noise Line Plenum Attenuator Water Injection Directivity of Exhaust Duct Vibration Control Introduction Vibration Isolation Types of Isolators Vibration Absorbers Vibration Neutralizers Vibration Measurement Damping of Vibrating Surfaces Measurement of Damping Sound Power and Sound Pressure Level Estimation Procedures Introduction Fan Noise Air Compressors Compressors for Chillers and Refrigeration Units Cooling Towers Pumps Jets Control Valves Pipe Flow Boilers Turbines Diesel and Gas-Driven Engines Furnace Noise Electric Motors Generators Transformers Gears Transportation Noise Practical Numerical Acoustics Introduction Low-Frequency Region High-Frequency Region: Statistical Energy ANalysis

Activation of sphingosine kinase 1 by ERK1/2‐mediated phosphorylation

Abstract: Sphingosine kinase 1 is an agonist-activated signalling enzyme that catalyses the formation of sphingosine 1-phosphate, a lipid second messenger that has been implicated in a number of agonist-driven cellular responses, including stimulation of cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis and expression of inflammatory molecules. Although agonist-induced stimulation of sphingosine kinase activity is critical in a number of signalling pathways, nothing has been known of the molecular mechanism of this activation. Here we show that this activation results directly from phosphorylation of sphingosine kinase 1 at Ser225, and present several lines of evidence to show compellingly that the activating kinase is ERK1/2 or a close relative. Furthermore, we show that phosphorylation of sphingosine kinase 1 at Ser225 results not only in an increase in enzyme activity, but is also necessary for translocation of the enzyme from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. Thus, these studies have elucidated the mechanism of agonist-mediated sphingosine kinase activation, and represent a key finding in understanding the regulation of sphingosine kinase/sphingosine 1-phosphate-controlled signalling pathways.

Effect of magnesium sulfate given for neuroprotection before preterm birth - A randomized controlled trial

Abstract: ContextPrenatal magnesium sulfate may reduce the risk of cerebral palsy or death in very preterm infants.ObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of magnesium sulfate given for neuroprotection to women at risk of preterm birth before 30 weeks' gestation in preventing pediatric mortality and cerebral palsy.Design, Setting, and PatientsRandomized controlled trial at 16 tertiary hospitals in Australia and New Zealand with stratification by center and multiple pregnancy. A total of 1062 women with fetuses younger than 30 weeks' gestation for whom birth was planned or expected within 24 hours were enrolled from February 1996 to September 2000 with follow-up of surviving children at a corrected age of 2 years.InterventionsWomen were randomly assigned to receive a loading infusion of 8 mL (4 g [16 mmol] of 0.5 g/mL of magnesium sulfate solution or isotonic sodium chloride solution [0.9%]) for 20 minutes followed by a maintenance infusion of 2 mL/h for up to 24 hours.Main Outcome MeasuresRates of total pediatric mortality, cerebral palsy, and the combined outcome of death or cerebral palsy at a corrected age of 2 years.ResultsData were analyzed for 1047 (99%) 2-year survivors. Total pediatric mortality (13.8% vs 17.1%; relative risk [RR], 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64-1.09), cerebral palsy in survivors (6.8% vs 8.2%; RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.54-1.27), and combined death or cerebral palsy (19.8% vs 24.0%; RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.66-1.03) were less frequent for infants exposed to magnesium sulfate, but none of the differences were statistically significant. Substantial gross motor dysfunction (3.4% vs 6.6%; RR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.29-0.91) and combined death or substantial gross motor dysfunction (17.0% vs 22.7%; RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.59-0.96) were significantly reduced in the magnesium group.ConclusionsMagnesium sulfate given to women immediately before very preterm birth may improve important pediatric outcomes. No serious harmful effects were seen.

Ant Colony Optimization for Design of Water Distribution Systems

Abstract: During the last decade, evolutionary methods such as genetic algorithms have been used extensively for the optimal design and operation of water distribution systems. More recently, ant colony optimization algorithms (ACOAs), which are evolutionary methods based on the foraging behavior of ants, have been successfully applied to a number of benchmark combinatorial optimization problems. In this paper, a formulation is developed which enables ACOAs to be used for the optimal design of water distribution systems. This formulation is applied to two benchmark water distribution system optimization problems and the results are compared with those obtained using genetic algorithms (GAs). The findings of this study indicate that ACOAs are an attractive alternative to GAs for the optimal design of water distribution systems, as they outperformed GAs for the two case studies considered both in terms of computational efficiency and their ability to find near global optimal solutions.

Dietary composition in restoring reproductive and metabolic physiology in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Abstract: Overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were randomized to a high protein (HP; 40% carbohydrate and 30% protein; n = 14) or a low protein (LP; 55% carbohydrate and 15% protein) diet (n = 14). The intervention consisted of 12 wk of energy restriction (approximately 6000 kJ/d), followed by 4 wk of weight maintenance. Pregnancies (two HP and one LP); improvements in menstrual cyclicity, lipid profile, and insulin resistance (as measured by the homeostasis model); and decreases in weight (7.5%) and abdominal fat (12.5%) occurred independently of diet composition. Improvements in menstrual cyclicity were associated with greater decreases in insulin resistance and fasting insulin (P = 0.011). On the LP diet, high density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased 10% during energy restriction (P = 0.008), and the free androgen index increased 44% in weight maintenance stages (P = 0.027). Weight loss leads to improvements in cardiovascular and reproductive parameters potentially mediated by improvements in surrogate measures of insulin resistance. An HP weight loss diet may result in minor differential endocrine and metabolic improvements.

Ecological criteria for evaluating candidate sites for marine reserves

Abstract: Several schemes have been developed to help select the locations of marine reserves. All of them combine social, economic, and biological criteria, and few offer any guidance as to how to prioritize among the criteria identified. This can imply that the relative weights given to different criteria are unimportant. Where two sites are of equal value ecologically; then socioeconomic criteria should dominate the choice of which should be protected. However, in many cases, socioeconomic criteria are given equal or greater weight than ecological considerations in the choice of sites. This can lead to selection of reserves with little biological value that fail to meet many of the desired objectives. To avoid such a possibility, we develop a series of criteria that allow preliminary evaluation of candidate sites according to their relative biological values in advance of the application of socioeconomic criteria. We include criteria that,. while not strictly biological, have a strong influence on the species present or ecological processes. Out scheme enables sites to be assessed according to their biodiversity, the processes which underpin that diversity, and the processes that support fisheries and provide a spectrum of other services important to people. Criteria that capture biodiversity values include biogeographic representation, habitat representation and heterogeneity, and presence of species or populations of special interest (e.g., threatened species). Criteria that capture sustainability of biodiversity and fishery values include the size of reserves necessary to protect viable habitats, presence of exploitable species, vulnerable life stages, connectivity among reserves, links among ecosystems, and provision of ecosystem services to people. Criteria measuring human and natural threats enable candidate sites to be eliminated from consideration if risks are too great, but also help prioritize among sites where threats can be mitigated by protection. While our criteria can be applied to the design of reserve networks, they also enable choice of single reserves to be made in the context of the attributes of existing protected areas. The overall goal of our scheme is to promote the development of reserve networks that will maintain biodiversity and ecosystem functioning at large scales. The values of eco-system goods and services for people ultimately depend on meeting this objective.

Toxicity of Hexavalent Chromium and Its Reduction by Bacteria Isolated from Soil Contaminated with Tannery Waste

Abstract: An Arthrobacter sp. and a Bacillus sp., isolated from a long-term tannery waste contaminated soil, were examined for their tolerance to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and their ability to reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III), a detoxification process in cell suspensions and cell extracts. Both bacteria tolerated Cr(VI) at 100 mg/ml on a minimal salts agar medium supplemented with 0.5% glucose, but only Arthrobacter could grow in liquid medium at this concentration. Arthrobacter sp. could reduce Cr(VI) up to 50 μg/ml, while Bacillus sp. was not able to reduce Cr(VI) beyond 20 μg/ml. Arthrobacter sp. was distinctly superior to the Bacillus sp. in terms of their Cr(VI)-reducing ability and resistance to Cr(VI). Assays with permeabilized (treated with toluene or Triton X 100) cells and crude extracts demonstrated that the Cr(VI) reduction was mainly associated with the soluble protein fraction of the cell. Arthrobacter sp. has a great potential for bioremediation of Cr(VI)-containing waste.

Transgenic plants expressing two Bacillus thuringiensis toxins delay insect resistance evolution

Abstract: Preventing insect pests from developing resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins produced by transgenic crops is a major challenge for agriculture. Theoretical models suggest that plants containing two dissimilar Bt toxin genes ('pyramided' plants) have the potential to delay resistance more effectively than single-toxin plants used sequentially or in mosaics. To test these predictions, we developed a unique model system consisting of Bt transgenic broccoli plants and the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. We conducted a greenhouse study using an artificial population of diamondback moths carrying genes for resistance to the Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry1C at frequencies of about 0.10 and 0.20, respectively. After 24 generations of selection, resistance to pyramided two-gene plants was significantly delayed as compared with resistance to single-gene plants deployed in mosaics, and to Cry1Ac toxin when it was the first used in a sequence. These results have important implications for the development and regulation of transgenic insecticidal plants.

Product involvement/brand loyalty: is there a link?

Abstract: In an empirical examination of the link between product involvement and brand loyalty, a convenience sample of 253 students were asked to complete a questionnaire relating to two products which had been found in preliminary qualitative research to be associated with contrasted levels of involvement. The factor structure of involvement was found to vary between the two product categories (sneakers and pens). Furthermore, the link between product involvement and brand loyalty was found to involve different aspects of product involvement for each of the products concerned. Hence, future researchers in the area should be mindful that product involvement and brand loyalty are not universal constructs: they should be examined within specific consumer and product parameters.

Alveolar macrophages from subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are deficient in their ability to phagocytose apoptotic airway epithelial cells

Abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a highly prevalent, complex disease, usually caused by cigarette smoke. It causes serious morbidity and mortality and costs the global community billions of dollars per year. While chronic inflammation, extracellular matrix destruction and increased airway epithelial cell apoptosis are reported in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the understanding of the basic pathogenesis of the disease is limited and there are no effective treatments. We hypothesized that the accumulation of apoptotic airway epithelial cells chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in could be due to defective phagocytic clearance by alveolar macrophages. There have been no previous studies of the phagocytic capacity of alveolar macrophages in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using physiologically relevant apoptotic airway epithelial cells as phagocytic targets. We developed a phagocytosis assay whereby cultured 16HBE airway epithelial cells were induced to apoptosis with ultraviolet radiation and stained with mitotracker green. Alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage from eight control and six chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects were analysed following 1.5 h incubation with apoptotic airway epithelial cells, then staining with macrophage marker anti CD33. CD33+/mitotracker green + events (i.e., alveolar macrophages which had phagocytosed apoptotic airway epithelial cells) were analysed using flow cytometry. Phagocytosis of polystyrene microbeads was investigated in parallel. A significantly reduced proportion of alveolar macrophages from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects ingested apoptotic airway epithelial cells compared with controls (11.6 +/- 4.1% for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease versus 25.6 +/- 9.2% for control group). Importantly, the deficiency was not observed using polystyrene beads, suggesting that the failure to resolve epithelial damage in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may result, at least partially, from specific defects in phagocytic ability of alveolar macrophages to ingest apoptotic airway epithelial cells.

Effects of in-vivo and in-vitro environments on the metabolism of the cumulus–oocyte complex and its influence on oocyte developmental capacity

Abstract: There has been an improvement in the blastocyst rates achieved following in-vitro embryo production that can largely be attributed to improved embryo culture conditions based on an increased knowledge of the in-vivo environment, as well as the metabolic needs of the embryo. Despite this, in-vitro oocyte maturation (IVM) conditions have remained largely unchanged. Within the antral follicle, numerous events affect oocyte maturation and the acquisition of developmental competency, including: interactions between somatic cells of the follicle (in particular cumulus cells) and the oocyte; the composition of follicular fluid; and the temperature and vascularity of the follicular environment. Many of these factors change with follicle size and oocyte growth. In contrast, culture conditions for IVM are based on somatic cells that often do not reflect the follicular environment, and/or have complex compositions or additives such as macromolecule supplements that are undefined in nature. Metabolites included in media such as glucose, pyruvate, oxygen and amino acids have been shown to have differential influences on oocyte maturation and competency. Manipulation of these factors and application of gained knowledge of the in-vivo environment may result in improved in-vitro oocyte maturation and overall in-vitro embryo production.

Insulin‐sensitising drugs (metformin, troglitazone, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, D‐chiro‐inositol) for polycystic ovary syndrome

Abstract: Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterised by anovulation, hyperandrogaenemia and insulin resistance. Hyperinsulinaemia is known to be associated with an increase in cardiovascular risk and the development of diabetes mellitus. If insulin sensitising agents such as metformin are effective in treating features of PCOS, then they could have wider health benefits than just treating the symptoms of the syndrome. Objectives To assess the effectiveness of insulin sensitising drugs in improving clinical and biochemical features of PCOS. Search strategy We searched the Cochrane Menstrual Disorders & Subfertility Group trials register (December 2002), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2002), MEDLINE (January 1966 to December 2002), and EMBASE (January 1985 to December 2002). Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials which investigated the effect of insulin sensitising drugs compared with either placebo or no treatment, or compared with an ovulation induction agent. Data collection and analysis Performed by two reviewers, one blinded to information that could have identified the authors, publisher or results of each study. Fifteen trials were included for analysis, 13 of them using metformin and involving 543 participants. Main results Meta-analysis showed that metformin is effective in achieving ovulation in women with PCOS with odds ratios of 3.88 (CI 2.25 to 6.69) for metformin versus placebo and 4.41 (CI 2.37 to 8.22) for metformin and clomiphene versus clomiphene alone. An analysis of pregnancy rates suggests a significant treatment effect for metformin and clomiphene (OR 4.40, CI 1.96 to 9.85). Metformin has a significant effect in reducing fasting insulin levels (WMD -5.37, CI -8.11 to -2.63), blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL). There was no evidence of effect on body mass index or waist:hip ratio. Metformin was associated with a significantly higher incidence of nausea, vomiting and other gastrointestinal disturbance, but no serious adverse effects were reported. Authors' conclusions Metformin is an effective treatment for anovulation in women with PCOS. Its choice as a first line agent seems justified, and there is some evidence of benefit on parameters of the metabolic syndrome. Ovulation rates are higher when combined with clomiphene (76% versus 46% when used alone), but there is no evidence to indicate whether there is an increased multiple pregnancy rate with this combination. There is no data regarding its safety in long-term use in young women. It should be used as an adjuvant to general lifestyle improvements, and not as a replacement for increased exercise and improved diet.

Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Preterm birth is a major contributor to perinatal mortality and morbidity and affects approximately six to seven per cent of births in developed countries. Tocolytics are drugs used to suppress uterine contractions. The most widely tested tocolytics are betamimetics. Although they have been shown to delay delivery, betamimetics have not been shown to improve perinatal outcome, and they have a high frequency of unpleasant and even fatal maternal side effects. There is growing interest in calcium channel blockers as a potentially effective and well tolerated form of tocolysis. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects on maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes of calcium channel blockers, administered as a tocolytic agent, to women in preterm labour. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's specialised register of controlled trials, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (February 2002), MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Current Contents. We also contacted recognised experts and cross referenced relevant material. SELECTION CRITERIA: All published and unpublished randomised trials in which calcium channel blockers were used for tocolysis for women in labour between 20 and 36 weeks gestation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration and the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group were used. Evaluation of methodological quality and trial data extraction were undertaken independently by three authors. Additional information was sought to enable assessment of methodology and conduct of intention-to-treat analyses. Meta-analysis was conducted assessing the effects of calcium channel blockers compared with any other tocolytic agent. Results are presented using relative risk for categorical data and weighted mean difference for continuous data. MAIN RESULTS: Eleven randomised controlled trials involving 870 women were included. When compared with any other tocolytic agent (mainly betamimetics), calcium channel blockers reduced the number of women giving birth within 48 hours (relative risk (RR) 0.73; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54, 0.98) and within seven days (RR 0.76; 95% CI 0.59, 0.99). Calcium channel blockers also reduced the requirement for women to have treatment ceased for adverse drug reaction (RR 0.15; 95% CI 0.06, 0.43), the frequency of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RR 0.64; 95% CI 0.45, 0.91) and neonatal jaundice (RR 0.73; 95% CI 0.57, 0.93). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: When tocolysis is indicated for women in preterm labour, calcium channel blockers are preferable to betamimetic agents. Further research should address the effects of different dosage regimens and formulations of nifedipine on maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Drought and aquatic community resilience: the role of eggs and seeds in sediments of temporary wetlands

Abstract: Summary 1. A long-lived bank of propagules consisting of eggs, seeds and spores is one mechanism that allows aquatic communities to survive drought. A drying (drought) event is, for aquatic organisms in a temporary wetland, a phase from which communities must recover. Such a dry phase is often considered a disturbance but should not be considered adverse or catastrophic for the organisms that have evolved to live in temporarily wet habitats. 2. This paper explores the parallels between the egg bank of zooplankton and the seed bank of aquatic plants as means of survival in temporary wetlands. The resilience of communities in temporary wetland ecosystems is assessed by examining dormancy, hatching, germination, establishment and reproduction of animals and plants from the egg and seed banks of wetlands with a range of wetting and drying regimes. 3. Both the zooplankton and aquatic plants of the temporary wetlands studied rely on their egg and seed banks as a means for surviving drying. These communities recover after the disturbance of drying by means of specific patterns of dormancy, dormancy breakage, hatching, germination, establishment and reproduction. Spatial and temporal patterns of species richness allow resilience through dormancy, as not all species are present at all sites and not all species hatch and germinate at the same time. Multiple generations in the egg and seed bank and complexity of environmental cues for dormancy breakage also contribute to the ecosystem's ability to recover after a drying event. A persistent egg and seed bank allows species-rich communities to hatch, germinate and develop rapidly once dormancy is broken. Rapid establishment of species-rich communities that reproduce rapidly and leave many propagules in the egg and seed bank also facilitates community recovery on flooding of a temporary wetland after a drying event. 4. To maintain the diversity of temporary wetland communities through droughts and floods we need to manage the dry and wet phases of wetlands. To conserve a wide range of wetland types, we need to maintain a variety of hydrological patterns across the landscape.

Analysis of tannins in seeds and skins of Shiraz grapes throughout berry development

Abstract: The flavan-3-ol and proanthocyanidin composition of both seeds and skin of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz grapes was determined by reversed-phase HPLC after acetone extraction and acid-catalysis in the presence of excess phloroglucinol. Samples were taken at weekly intervals from fruit-set until commercial harvest. The main period of proanthocyanidin accumulation in grape seeds occurred immediately after fruit-set with maximum levels observed around veraison. Over two seasons there was variation in both the timing and content of proanthocyanidins in seeds. In skin, proanthocyanidin accumulation occurred from fruit set until 1-2 weeks after veraison. Proanthocyanidin subunit composition was different in seeds and skin and changed during berry development but the mean degree of polymerisation of the tannin polymers in skins was higher than in the seeds at all stages of berry development. Proanthocyanidin levels in both seeds and skin decreased between veraison and harvest. Additional proanthocyanidin subunits were released when the residues remaining after acetone extraction were subjected to direct acid-catalysis in the presence of phloroglucinol. In the seeds, these accounted for much of the post-veraison decrease, but not in grape skin. At harvest, 75% of extractable berry proanthocyanidin was in the seeds. Accumulation of proanthocyanidins in the seeds appears to be independent of that in the skins, but in both tissues synthesis occurs early in berry development and maximum levels are reached around veraison.