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Institution

University of Adelaide

EducationAdelaide, South Australia, Australia
About: University of Adelaide is a education organization based out in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 27251 authors who have published 79167 publications receiving 2671128 citations. The organization is also known as: The University of Adelaide & Adelaide University.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: These guidelines are presented for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes.
Abstract: In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

4,316 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For the first time, a multi-variables optimization approach is described to determine the optimum operation parameters so as to enhance process performance and photooxidation efficiency in the photocatalytic water treatment process.

4,293 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Luke Jostins1, Stephan Ripke2, Rinse K. Weersma3, Richard H. Duerr4, Dermot P.B. McGovern5, Ken Y. Hui6, James Lee7, L. Philip Schumm8, Yashoda Sharma6, Carl A. Anderson1, Jonah Essers9, Mitja Mitrovic3, Kaida Ning6, Isabelle Cleynen10, Emilie Theatre11, Sarah L. Spain12, Soumya Raychaudhuri9, Philippe Goyette13, Zhi Wei14, Clara Abraham6, Jean-Paul Achkar15, Tariq Ahmad16, Leila Amininejad17, Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan9, Vibeke Andersen18, Jane M. Andrews19, Leonard Baidoo4, Tobias Balschun20, Peter A. Bampton21, Alain Bitton22, Gabrielle Boucher13, Stephan Brand23, Carsten Büning24, Ariella Cohain25, Sven Cichon26, Mauro D'Amato27, Dirk De Jong3, Kathy L Devaney9, Marla Dubinsky5, Cathryn Edwards28, David Ellinghaus20, Lynnette R. Ferguson29, Denis Franchimont17, Karin Fransen3, Richard B. Gearry30, Michel Georges11, Christian Gieger, Jürgen Glas22, Talin Haritunians5, Ailsa Hart31, Christopher J. Hawkey32, Matija Hedl6, Xinli Hu9, Tom H. Karlsen33, Limas Kupčinskas34, Subra Kugathasan35, Anna Latiano36, Debby Laukens37, Ian C. Lawrance38, Charlie W. Lees39, Edouard Louis11, Gillian Mahy40, John C. Mansfield41, Angharad R. Morgan29, Craig Mowat42, William G. Newman43, Orazio Palmieri36, Cyriel Y. Ponsioen44, Uroš Potočnik45, Natalie J. Prescott6, Miguel Regueiro4, Jerome I. Rotter5, Richard K Russell46, Jeremy D. Sanderson47, Miquel Sans, Jack Satsangi39, Stefan Schreiber20, Lisa A. Simms48, Jurgita Sventoraityte34, Stephan R. Targan, Kent D. Taylor5, Mark Tremelling49, Hein W. Verspaget50, Martine De Vos37, Cisca Wijmenga3, David C. Wilson39, Juliane Winkelmann51, Ramnik J. Xavier9, Sebastian Zeissig20, Bin Zhang25, Clarence K. Zhang6, Hongyu Zhao6, Mark S. Silverberg52, Vito Annese, Hakon Hakonarson53, Steven R. Brant54, Graham L. Radford-Smith55, Christopher G. Mathew12, John D. Rioux13, Eric E. Schadt25, Mark J. Daly2, Andre Franke20, Miles Parkes7, Severine Vermeire10, Jeffrey C. Barrett1, Judy H. Cho6 
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute1, Broad Institute2, University of Groningen3, University of Pittsburgh4, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center5, Yale University6, University of Cambridge7, University of Chicago8, Harvard University9, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven10, University of Liège11, King's College London12, Université de Montréal13, New Jersey Institute of Technology14, Cleveland Clinic15, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry16, Université libre de Bruxelles17, Aarhus University18, University of Adelaide19, University of Kiel20, Flinders University21, McGill University22, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich23, Charité24, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai25, University of Bonn26, Karolinska Institutet27, Torbay Hospital28, University of Auckland29, Christchurch Hospital30, Imperial College London31, Queen's University32, University of Oslo33, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences34, Emory University35, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza36, Ghent University37, University of Western Australia38, University of Edinburgh39, Queensland Health40, Newcastle University41, University of Dundee42, University of Manchester43, University of Amsterdam44, University of Maribor45, Royal Hospital for Sick Children46, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust47, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute48, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital49, Leiden University50, Technische Universität München51, University of Toronto52, University of Pennsylvania53, Johns Hopkins University54, University of Queensland55
01 Nov 2012-Nature
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis genome-wide association scans is undertaken, followed by extensive validation of significant findings, with a combined total of more than 75,000 cases and controls.
Abstract: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the two common forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), affect over 2.5 million people of European ancestry, with rising prevalence in other populations. Genome-wide association studies and subsequent meta-analyses of these two diseases as separate phenotypes have implicated previously unsuspected mechanisms, such as autophagy, in their pathogenesis and showed that some IBD loci are shared with other inflammatory diseases. Here we expand on the knowledge of relevant pathways by undertaking a meta-analysis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis genome-wide association scans, followed by extensive validation of significant findings, with a combined total of more than 75,000 cases and controls. We identify 71 new associations, for a total of 163 IBD loci, that meet genome-wide significance thresholds. Most loci contribute to both phenotypes, and both directional (consistently favouring one allele over the course of human history) and balancing (favouring the retention of both alleles within populations) selection effects are evident. Many IBD loci are also implicated in other immune-mediated disorders, most notably with ankylosing spondylitis and psoriasis. We also observe considerable overlap between susceptibility loci for IBD and mycobacterial infection. Gene co-expression network analysis emphasizes this relationship, with pathways shared between host responses to mycobacteria and those predisposing to IBD.

4,094 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The emphasis of this review is on the origin of the electrocatalytic activity of nanostructured catalysts toward a series of key clean energy conversion reactions by correlating the apparent electrode performance with their intrinsic electrochemical properties.
Abstract: A fundamental change has been achieved in understanding surface electrochemistry due to the profound knowledge of the nature of electrocatalytic processes accumulated over the past several decades and to the recent technological advances in spectroscopy and high resolution imaging. Nowadays one can preferably design electrocatalysts based on the deep theoretical knowledge of electronic structures, via computer-guided engineering of the surface and (electro)chemical properties of materials, followed by the synthesis of practical materials with high performance for specific reactions. This review provides insights into both theoretical and experimental electrochemistry toward a better understanding of a series of key clean energy conversion reactions including oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The emphasis of this review is on the origin of the electrocatalytic activity of nanostructured catalysts toward the aforementioned reactions by correlating the apparent electrode performance with their intrinsic electrochemical properties. Also, a rational design of electrocatalysts is proposed starting from the most fundamental aspects of the electronic structure engineering to a more practical level of nanotechnological fabrication.

3,918 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The posterior probability of meeting the target of halting by 2025 the rise in obesity at its 2010 levels, if post-2000 trends continue, is calculated.

3,766 citations


Authors

Showing all 27579 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Martin White1962038232387
Nicholas G. Martin1921770161952
David W. Johnson1602714140778
Nicholas J. Talley158157190197
Mark E. Cooper1581463124887
Xiang Zhang1541733117576
John E. Morley154137797021
Howard I. Scher151944101737
Christopher M. Dobson1501008105475
A. Artamonov1501858119791
Timothy P. Hughes14583191357
Christopher Hill1441562128098
Shi-Zhang Qiao14252380888
Paul Jackson141137293464
H. A. Neal1411903115480
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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
2023127
2022597
20215,500
20205,342
20194,803
20184,443