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Showing papers by "University of Alabama published in 1987"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Exchange has been widely accepted as the core concept in marketing, yet the topic has received limited attention by researchers in the marketing discipline as discussed by the authors, and the authors discuss exchange theory and marketing discipline.
Abstract: Exchange has been widely accepted as the core concept in marketing, yet the topic has received limited attention by researchers in the marketing discipline. The authors discuss exchange theory and ...

513 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An empirical study involving 97 manufacturing firms that averaged $20 million in annual sales yielded a strong positive correlation between the degree of planning formality and firm performance, suggesting formalized strategic planning was consistently a positive factor associated with high levels of organizational performance.
Abstract: An empirical study involving 97 manufacturing firms that averaged $20 million in annual sales yielded a strong positive correlation between the degree of planning formality and firm performance. Additionally, interactive analysis disclosed that this relationship pervaded various grand strategies; the implication being that formalized strategic planning was consistently a positive factor associated with high levels of organizational performance.

463 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a large-scale simulation design was used to study the sensitivity of maximum likelihood (ML) factor analysis to violations of measurement scale and distributional assumptions in the input data.
Abstract: A large-scale simulation design was used to study the sensitivity of maximum likelihood (ML) factor analysis to violations of measurement scale and distributional assumptions in the input data. Pro...

297 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: Organic matter amendments to soil can be used to manage phytoparasitic nematodes and the most effective amendments are those with narrow C:N ratios and high protein or amine-type N content.
Abstract: Organic matter amendments to soil can be used to manage phytoparasitic nematodes. The most effective amendments are those with narrow C:N ratios and high protein or amine-type N content. For soil with 1.0% (w/w) organic matter amendment there is a direct relation between extent of nematode control and the N content of amendments. A special group of amendments are those containing chitinous materials. Chitin addition to soil results in stimulation of a select microflora capable of degrading the polymer. Several microbial species are known to destroy the eggs of phytonematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Organic matter can be modified by addition of specific compounds or by inoculation with particular microbial species to produce an amendment that will induce suppressiveness.

216 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper tested hypotheses concerning the differences in boundary-spanning strategies between freestanding organizations and organizations that are members of a monolithic organizational structure using an institutional framework, and found that the differences between the two groups varied significantly.
Abstract: Using an institutional framework, this study tested hypotheses concerning the differences in boundary-spanning strategies between freestanding organizations and organizations that are members of mu...

202 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The analysis of available data suggests that general anesthesia affects the splanchnic and hepatic circulation in various directions and to different degrees, and Hepatic oxygen deprivation may play an important role in anesthesia-induced hepatotoxicity in different experimental models.
Abstract: This article describes hepatic circulatory disturbances associated with anesthesia and surgical intervention. The material is presented in three parts: part 1 describes the effects of general anesthetics on the hepatic circulation; part 2 deals with different factors related to surgical procedures and anesthesia; and part 3 analyzes the role of hepatic circulatory disturbances and hepatic oxygen deprivation in anesthesia-induced hepatotoxicity. The analysis of available data suggests that general anesthesia affects the splanchnic and hepatic circulation in various directions and to different degrees. The majority of anesthetics decreases portal blood flow in association with a decrease in cardiac output. However, hepatic arterial blood flow can be preserved, decreased, or increased. The increase in hepatic arterial blood flow, when it occurs, is usually not enough to compensate for a decrease in portal blood flow and therefore total hepatic blood flow is usually decreased during anesthesia. This decrease ...

170 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Nine isolates of Aspergillus flavus and As pergillus parasiticus were screened for aflatoxin production on a coconut extract agar medium and several types of shredded coconut available in the United States were found to be satisfactory.
Abstract: Nine isolates of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus were screened for aflatoxin production on a coconut extract agar medium. Aflatoxin-producing colonies were detected under long-wave UV light (365 nm) by blue fluorescence on the reverse side after 2 to 5 days of growth. Aflatoxin production was verified by chemical analysis. Several types of shredded coconut available in the United States were tested and found to be satisfactory. No additives were required. Various parameters affecting the test were investigated.

158 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of heavy ions in the formation of SAR arcs was examined and sufficient energy is transferred to the electron gas at high altitudes via Coulomb collisions between the observed ring current ions and thermal electrons to support the enhanced F region electron temperatures measured on these field lines.
Abstract: Observations of thermal and energetic ion populations by the Dynamics Explorer 1 satellite in the magnetospheric energy source region as well as nearly simultaneous Langmuir probe measurements of enhanced electron temperatures by Dynamics Explorer 2 within the stable auroral red (SAR) arc at F region heights are used to examine the role of heavy ions in the formation of SAR arcs. It is found that sufficient energy is transferred to the electron gas at high altitudes via Coulomb collisions between the observed ring current ions and thermal electrons to support the enhanced F region electron temperatures measured on these field lines. The latitudinal variation in the electron heating rates calculated using observed ion populations is consistent with the observed variation in electron temperature across the SAR arc. In all cases, ring current O(+) is the major source of energy for the SAR arcs.

145 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sex differences in absolute strength for both groups were typically smaller than those previously reported and the extent to which the difference could be explained by indices of muscle size was determined.
Abstract: Although the magnitude of the sex difference in muscular strength is well documented, the extent to which it reflects long-term behavioural differences in physical activity compared to innate biological differences in muscle mass or neuromuscular function is unclear. The purposes of this study were to determine: (1) the magnitude of the sex difference in upper- and lower-body strength in groups of men and women with similar backgrounds of physical activity and (2) the extent to which the difference in strength could be explained by indices of muscle size. Maximum curl, bench press, handgrip, leg press and leg extension strengths; fat-free weight (FFW); and upper-arm, forearm and thigh fat-free cross-sectional areas (FFCSA) were measured on 24 male and 25 female swimmers and 23 male and 25 female non-athletes, 15-28 years of age. Sex differences in absolute strength for both groups were typically smaller than those previously reported. Sex differences in absolute strength were generally smaller for the swi...

139 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed data from the standardization sample of the 1981 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) to determine the relationships of WAISR IQs to the demographic variables upon which the sample was stratified.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Arnabels et al. as discussed by the authors present a rich array of data on clay sources, climate, subsistence practices, workload scheduling, division of labor, social status, and economic complexity.
Abstract: In ceramic studies, as in other fields, there is a periodic need for synthesis: a need to assess the accumulated data and wring from them a semblance of order, a need to systematize. This need is met, for now, by Arnold's book—a well-illustrated and cogently argued discourse on ceramic ecology. In creating it he assembles a world-embracing array of data on clay sources, climate, subsistence practices, workload scheduling, division of labor, social status, and economic complexity. He draws upon general systems theory and a cultural ecological perspective to organize this seemingly diverse array of data and focus them upon the practice of potting. Frankly, I am surprised and relieved that he does so without using ponderous jargon. The book opens with a crisp overview of the author's chosen subject and a statement of his position on issues of epistemology, theory, and evidence. His position on ceramic types and varieties, and his view of the cogency of ceramic evidence for inferring past patterns of social and political organization will trouble some of my colleagues. Some, I suppose, will simply choose to ignore them, but as his copious examples in the following chapters illustrate they will do so at their own and their profession's peril. In the first of seven substantive chapters Arnold addresses clay, water, and fuel quality, quantity, and distribution to assess their threshold effect on the appearance, intensification, and spread of pottery production or aspects thereof. He follows this with a well-conceived chapter on weather and climate as regulatory mechanisms with respect to crucial steps and . stages in the scheduling of ceramic manufacturing tasks and the cost effectiveness of special production techniques and facilities. The next three chapters are devoted to the scheduling conflicts that stem from the interrelations among climate, resource distribution, subsistence practices, and population size as these are mediated by the sexual division of labor, the emergence of craft specialization, and the level of demand for products of the potter's effort. Chapter seven focuses upon the specific consequences of population growth and population pressure for the spread and diversification of potting as an income-producing craft and chapter eight upon those technological innovations that make potting a more efficient income producer. To his credit, Arnold neglects neither the natural nor the cultural barriers that innovators encounter in attempts to enhance their efficiency and increase their income. In the final chapter Arnold models the environmental forces that shape potting as it takes the form of a domestic chore, a household craft, and a workshop industry. If there is a shortcoming here it is not Arnold's but an atomistic tendency in the systems approach itself, a tendency to see motion as a consequence of the interaction among entities rather than an integral part of the system, a tendency to emphasize being rather than becoming and structure rather than structuring. He concludes, rightfully enough, with some intriguing and potentially potent suggestions for his archaeological colleagues, suggestions that I, for one, do not think we can afford to ignore.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that oxygen depletion in the shallow bottom waters of Mobile Bay, Alabama, and in adjacent nearshore and continental shelf waters, is directly related to the intensity of water column stratification.
Abstract: Oxygen depletion in the shallow bottom waters of Mobile Bay, Alabama, and in adjacent nearshore and continental shelf waters, is shown to be directly related to the intensity of water column stratification. Low winds speeds are coincidental with the onset of water column stratification and the occurrence of hypoxic events. Hourly, daily, and seasonal changes in the relationship between percent oxygen saturation or oxygen concentration in the bottom waters and surface-bottom density differences indicate that the oxidized materials are recently formed, and not relic or overwintering carbon sources. The influence of density structure (water column stratification) in other oxygen-depleted coastal water masses is compared to Mobile Bay.

Journal ArticleDOI
30 Apr 1987-Nature
TL;DR: Gastaldo et al. as discussed by the authors found an erect in situ Early Pennsylvanian lycophyte swamp which provides the first confirmatory evidence for previously hypothetical ecological amplitudes.
Abstract: Tropical lowlands dominated by arborescent lycophytes are the principal foci for our understanding of Carboniferous peat and non-peat accumulating coastal swamps1,2. Suggested palaeoeco-logical interpretations of various lycophytes and accessory vegetation have been based on transported compression assemblages3,4 and palynomorphs5,6, or in situ permineralized peats7. Where transported macrodetritus, resulting in compression assemblages, is used to reconstruct past vegetational patterns, taphonomic factors tend to bias the preserved flora8–11. Taken alone, or out of depositional context, the heterogeneity of an assemblage most probably bears little or no relationship to that of the original contributing communities. Gastaldo9 suggests that reconstructions should be based on the autecology of erect in situ plants because, with peats permineralized in situ, precise resolution in time of laterally equivalent vegetation is difficult. Here I document an erect in situ Early Pennsylvanian lycophyte swamp which provides the first confirmatory evidence for previously hypothetical ecological amplitudes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data strongly suggest that the MThGH genes are stably integrated into chromosomal DNA, and that transgenic channel catfish can be generated by cytoplasmic injection of early embryos.
Abstract: The metallothionein-human growth hormone fusion gene (MThGH), constructed by fusing the mouse metallothionein promoter with the human growth hormone gene, was microinjected into the cytoplasm of one-cell embryos of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. The 3-week-old fish that developed were analyzed for integrated copies of the MThGH gene. Two of 10 animals contained MThGH sequences that comigrated with genomic DNA of high molecular weight in southern blots. The MThGH sequences were organized in head-to-tail tandem arrays that are characteristic of foreign genes integrated into recipient cell genomes. These data strongly suggest that the MThGH genes are stably integrated into chromosomal DNA, and that transgenic channel catfish can be generated by cytoplasmic injection of early embryos.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the quasichemical approximation for an arbitrary lattice and choice of cluster is formulated for an alloy, and the statistical problem of the average number of each class of clusters is collapsed into a polynomial equation.
Abstract: In this theoretical study, the quasichemical approximation for an ${A}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}x}$${B}_{x}$ alloy is formulated for an arbitrary lattice and choice of cluster. The statistical problem of the average number of each class of clusters is collapsed into a polynomial equation. An n-atom cluster of type j is characterized by an excess energy ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{j}$, the number of B atoms ${n}_{j}$(B) and a degeneracy ${g}_{j}$. If ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{j}$ is a linear function of ${n}_{j}$(B) and ${g}_{j}$ is a binomial coefficient of n and ${n}_{j}$(B), then the cluster populations are random. Strains due to lattice-size mismatches, chemical (electron-ion interaction) differences, and differences between the electron-electron Coulomb interactions of the alloy constituents drive nonlinear variations of ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{j}$ on ${n}_{j}$(B). The ${g}_{j}$ is modified by coherent, externally applied stresses and temperature gradients present during crystal growth. We derive the conditions under which compounds are formed or spinodal decomposition occurs. We also discuss the possibility of materials consisting of arrays of two kinds of domains: one a random alloy and the other an ordered compound. The theory is specialized to semiconductor alloys ${A}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}x}$${B}_{x}$C in a distorted zinc-blende structure; numerical results are presented for ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{x}}$As and ${\mathrm{GaAs}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Sb}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ alloys. A major conclusion is that semiconductor alloys are almost never truly random.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Inadequate documentation of pain assessment has legal and continuity of patient care implications and needs to be addressed.
Abstract: Eighty-four nurse-patient dyads were studied to obtain descriptions of pain from medical, surgical and oncology patients experiencing pain. These descriptions were compared with the documentation of pain assessment recorded by the nurses providing care to these patients. Neither the descriptions of pain nor the amount of information documented about that pain differed significantly across the three groups. For each group, nurses documented significantly less than 50% of what the patients described. Inadequate documentation of pain assessment has legal and continuity of patient care implications.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: From 1977 to 1986, 50 children aged 15 months to 18 years were treated for supratentorial malignant gliomas at the Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center and the New York University Medical Center, with no apparent correlation between survival and tumor histology or tumor location.
Abstract: From 1977 to 1986, 50 children aged 15 months to 18 years were treated for supratentorial malignant gliomas at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and the New York University Medical Center. Thirteen patients had glioblastoma multiforme, 29 had anaplastic astrocytomas, and 8 had malignant gliomas. In 10 patients the tumor evolved from a low-grade lesion. Seven patients, including 2 patients with neurofibromatosis, developed multiple primary malignant neoplasms. The median time to tumor progression after surgery was 31 weeks, with local recurrence representing the mode of treatment failure in nearly all patients. Notable clinical features included symptomatic leptomeningeal metastasis (13 patients) and intratumoral hemorrhage (9 patients). The estimated median survival time for all 50 patients was 98 weeks, with a 3-year survival rate of 32%. A trend toward longer survival was seen in patients 12 years of age or younger at diagnosis. There was no apparent correlation between survival and tumor histology or tumor location. Recommendations for management are presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The histologic features of 112 Odontogenic keratocysts were examined from both a clinical and histopathological perspective with emphasis on the microscopic presence of inflammation and its relationship to transformation of the classic epithelial cyst lining found in OKC's to a nonkeratinized lining characteristic of common inflammatory odontogenic cysts.
Abstract: The histologic features of 112 odontogenic keratocysts (OKC's) were examined from both a clinical and histopathological perspective with emphasis on the microscopic presence of inflammation and its relationship to transformation of the classic epithelial cyst lining found in OKC's to a nonkeratinized lining characteristic of common inflammatory odontogenic cysts. Eighty-five (76%) of these cases exhibited inflammation. The sensitivity of inflammation as a predictor of this aforementioned transformation is 100%, and its positive predictive value is 88%. The specificity of the same parameters remains high at 73%. Using previous studies, the implications of these findings on the biologic behavior of OKC's is discussed with special reference to therapeutic considerations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the synthesis of novel hydrocarbon soluble crystalline complexes of thorium and uranium (M), using bulky ligands, was reported, and features of structural interest concern results derived from single crystal X-ray diffraction and/or variable temperature NMR spectroscopy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a method to quantitatively measure the degree of value congruency and the strength of value consistency is proposed, and an exploratory empirical study is presented in which organization values are measured and found to impact upon strategy implementation.
Abstract: The concept of shared organizational values and its impact upon successful marketing strategy implementation are discussed. The need to measure the degree to which values within the organization are shared is stressed. A method to quantitatively measure the degree of value congruency and the strength of value consistency is proposed. An exploratory, empirical study is presented in which organization values are measured and found to impact upon strategy implementation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed adaptive behavior research in the following areas: the relationship between adaptive behavior and intelligence and school achievement, the relationship among different measures of adaptive behavior, predictive aspects, declassification, group differences in adaptive behaviour, relationship between parents' and teachers' ratings, factorial dimensions, the effects of training and intervention, and stability and interrater reliability.
Abstract: In recent years, a great deal of research concerning adaptive behavior scales has been conducted. This article reviews adaptive behavior research in the following areas: the relationship between adaptive behavior and intelligence and school achievement, the relationship between different measures of adaptive behavior, predictive aspects, declassification, group differences in adaptive behavior, the relationship between parents' and teachers' ratings, factorial dimensions, the effects of training and intervention, and stability and interrater reliability.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A free-recall memory task was used to assess the after-effects of strenuous exercise on the cognitive functioning of young adults and there were no differences in the serial position effect between the two groups.
Abstract: A free-recall memory task was used to assess the after-effects of strenuous exercise on the cognitive functioning of young adults. In a first study, 24 college-age subjects performed tests of memory immediately following a treadmill run to voluntary exhaustion. The number of words recalled following exercise did not differ from the number of words recalled by 24 subjects in a non-exercise control group. Further, there were no differences in the serial position effect between the two groups. In a second study, 12 highly fit subjects were compared with 12 subjects of average fitness. No differences were found.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results agree with the finding that oral dosing of pregnant mice with arsenate has less effect on the conceptus than does treatment by injection.
Abstract: Pregnant CD-1 mice were treated with 20 (i.p.) or 40 (p.o.) mg/kg sodium arsenate on gestation day 18 (plug = day 1). Individual fetuses, pooled placentas and maternal blood, urine, liver, and kidneys were obtained from three or more litters at intervals up to 24 hours following treatment. Acid-digested samples were analyzed for total arsenic by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The rate of arsenic elimination from maternal samples was not influenced by administration route. First-order elimination followed a brief period of distribution, and the biological half-life was approximately 10 hours. Arsenic was found in most samples, with mean peak concentrations expressed as μg As/gm (wet wt.) or /ml (values listed are post-treatment sampling times in minutes or hours and concentrations for i.p. and for p.o. treated groups, respectively) as follows: fetuses–2, 3.5; 6, 0.8, placentas–2, 9.3; 1, 2.3, blood–10 minutes, 6.9; 1, 2.0, urine–1, 712; 2, 342, kidney–20 minutes, 25.4; 1, 11.0, liver–0.5, 7.9; 1, 11.7. By 24 hours, arsenic levels in fetuses and placentas had declined to 0.22 μg/gm and 0.74 μg/gm for i.p. and 0.33 μg/gm and 0.57 μg/gm for p.o. treatments, respectively. Fetal arsenic uptake and loss were more rapid following i.p. than p.o. treatments, and although the i.p. dose was only half that used p.o., peak fetal As+5 was almost fivefold higher following i.p. treatment. These results agree with the finding that oral dosing of pregnant mice with arsenate has less effect on the conceptus than does treatment by injection. Arsenic metabolites (mono- and dimethyl arsenic) were quantitated in fetuses and ranged up to 83% of total fetal arsenicals by 24 hours.

Journal Article
01 May 1987-Oncogene
TL;DR: It is found that bryostatin, a macrocyclic lactone which does not induce differentiation of HL-60 cells but activates PK-C, mimics the effects of phorbol esters on protein phosphorylation andPK-C location.
Abstract: When human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) are induced by phorbol esters to differentiate to macrophages, the process is accompanied by immediate activation of protein kinase C (PK-C) in the cytoplasm and later changes in DNA and RNA synthesis. Although these events are temporarily related, it remains unclear how activation of this protein kinase leads to changes in nuclear transcription. In this study, we find that bryostatin, a macrocyclic lactone which does not induce differentiation of HL-60 cells but activates PK-C, mimics the effects of phorbol esters on protein phosphorylation and PK-C location. Treatment of HL-60 cells with bryostatin stimulates phosphorylation of the surface transferrin receptor and in the cytoplasm of five proteins having the molecular weights of 17-43 kDa over the same time course as that stimulated by phorbol esters. Similarly, prolonged treatment with bryostatin, like that with phorbol esters, causes the loss of all cellular PK-C activity. Unlike the phosphorylation studies, bryostatin treatment, over a 1-100 nM concentration range and for varying lengths of time, did not affect HL-60 c-myc RNA levels, while phorbol ester treatment rapidly decreased c-myc RNA levels. These data suggest that neither the activation of PK-C and the phosphorylation of specific substrates nor the loss of total cellular PK-C activity from HL-60 cells is sufficient to induce marked decreases in c-myc levels and differentiation of HL-60 cells.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis of results suggests that a mental health role is often not integrated into primary care practice, regardless of physician performance during psychiatric training experiences, and that active collaboration between mental health professional and primary care providers in training is reaffirmed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that sociocultural risk factors emerge in the modernization process as a result of social structural imbalances generated by economic development and represent independent risk factors for elevated arterial blood pressure.
Abstract: The relationship between individual modernization and elevated arterial blood pressure was examined in a study in urban Brazil. We hypothesized that elevated blood pressure would result from the discrepancy between an individual's style of life and his or her economic resources; specifically, we suggested that when modern life-style acquisition exceeded economic resources, a circumstance referred to as “life-style stress,” blood pressure would be elevated. This factor was related to diastolic, but not systolic, blood pressure, independently of a variety of biologic, dietary, and sociocultural confounding factors. The perceived change associated with life events also predicted diastolic, but not systolic, blood pressure. Other predictors of diastolic blood pressure were calcium intake, fat intake, race, age, and the body mass index. We argue that sociocultural risk factors emerge in the modernization process as a result of social structural imbalances generated by economic development and represent independent risk factors for elevated arterial blood pressure.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The neuroclinician is introduced to the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC), a new test of intelligence and achievement with a strong theoretical base supported by diverse cognitive and neuropsychological research.
Abstract: This article introduces the neuroclinician to the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC), a new test of intelligence and achievement with a strong theoretical base supported by diverse cognitive and neuropsychological research. The K-ABC global scales and their subtests are described in some detail, followed by a discussion of the neuropsychological relevance of the K-ABC subtests. The article also provides discussions of research in the following areas: psychometric properties of the K-ABC and a comparison to the Wechsler scales; interpretation and remediation of sequential-simultaneous processing differences; the value of the K-ABC in the assessment of minority children; and controversy surrounding the K-ABC.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An anesthesia system which integrates closed-loop control of ventilation, oxygen, nitrous oxide, and anesthetic agent delivery into a closed breathing circuit makes available the advantages of closed-system anesthesia without encumbering the anesthesiologist with the control tasks associated with the technique.
Abstract: An anesthesia system which integrates closed-loop control of ventilation, oxygen, nitrous oxide, and anesthetic agent delivery into a closed breathing circuit is described. Breathing circuit volume is regulated by controlling the sum of oxygen and nitrous oxide flow, and oxygen concentration in the breathing circuit is regulated by controlling the ratio of oxygen flow to the sum of oxygen and nitrous oxide flow. End-tidal anesthetic agent concentration is regulated by controlling the agent delivery, and end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration is regulated by controlling the ventilation. After tuning the ventilation and anesthetic delivery controllers in preliminary trials in ten dogs, the system was tested and evaluated in five dogs. All control loops were stable and exhibited time responses to step changes in setpoint or external disturbances which were clinically acceptable. The system makes available the advantages of closed-system anesthesia without encumbering the anesthesiologist with the control tasks associated with the technique.