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Showing papers by "University of Alabama published in 2011"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The roles and limitations of pilot studies are described here using a clinical trial as an example to evaluate the feasibility of recruitment, randomization, retention, assessment procedures, new methods, and implementation of the novel intervention.

1,366 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
08 Jul 2011-Cell
TL;DR: It is shown that functional loss of GD-linked glucocerebrosidase in primary cultures or human iPS neurons compromises lysosomal protein degradation, causes accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn), and results in neurotoxicity through aggregation-dependent mechanisms, suggesting that GCase depletion contributes to the pathogenesis of sporadic synucleinopathies.

1,089 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
08 Jun 2011-JAMA
TL;DR: Among women in the general US population, simultaneous screening with CA-125 and transvaginal ultrasound compared with usual care did not reduce ovarian cancer mortality.
Abstract: Context Screening for ovarian cancer with cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) and transvaginal ultrasound has an unknown effect on mortality. Objective To evaluate the effect of screening for ovarian cancer on mortality in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. Design, Setting, and Participants Randomized controlled trial of 78 216 women aged 55 to 74 years assigned to undergo either annual screening (n = 39 105) or usual care (n = 39 111) at 10 screening centers across the United States between November 1993 and July 2001. Intervention The intervention group was offered annual screening with CA-125 for 6 years and transvaginal ultrasound for 4 years. Participants and their health care practitioners received the screening test results and managed evaluation of abnormal results. The usual care group was not offered annual screening with CA-125 for 6 years or transvaginal ultrasound but received their usual medical care. Participants were followed up for a maximum of 13 years (median [range], 12.4 years [10.9-13.0 years]) for cancer diagnoses and death until February 28, 2010. Main Outcome Measures Mortality from ovarian cancer, including primary peritoneal and fallopian tube cancers. Secondary outcomes included ovarian cancer incidence and complications associated with screening examinations and diagnostic procedures. Results Ovarian cancer was diagnosed in 212 women (5.7 per 10 000 person-years) in the intervention group and 176 (4.7 per 10 000 person-years) in the usual care group (rate ratio [RR], 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99-1.48). There were 118 deaths caused by ovarian cancer (3.1 per 10 000 person-years) in the intervention group and 100 deaths (2.6 per 10 000 person-years) in the usual care group (mortality RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.82-1.71). Of 3285 women with false-positive results, 1080 underwent surgical follow-up; of whom, 163 women experienced at least 1 serious complication (15%). There were 2924 deaths due to other causes (excluding ovarian, colorectal, and lung cancer) (76.6 per 10 000 person-years) in the intervention group and 2914 deaths (76.2 per 10 000 person-years) in the usual care group (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.96-1.06). Conclusions Among women in the general US population, simultaneous screening with CA-125 and transvaginal ultrasound compared with usual care did not reduce ovarian cancer mortality. Diagnostic evaluation following a false-positive screening test result was associated with complications. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00002540

1,073 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
15 Jun 2011-JAMA
TL;DR: Elevated FGF-23 is an independent risk factor for end-stage renal disease in patients with relatively preserved kidney function and for mortality across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease.
Abstract: Context A high level of the phosphate-regulating hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) is associated with mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease, but little is known about its relationship with adverse outcomes in the much larger population of patients with earlier stages of chronic kidney disease. Objective To evaluate FGF-23 as a risk factor for adverse outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective study of 3879 participants with chronic kidney disease stages 2 through 4 who enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort between June 2003 and September 2008. Main Outcome Measures All-cause mortality and end-stage renal disease. Results At study enrollment, the mean (SD) estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 42.8 (13.5) mL/min/1.73 m 2 , and the median FGF-23 level was 145.5 RU/mL (interquartile range [IQR], 96-239 reference unit [RU]/mL). During a median follow-up of 3.5 years (IQR, 2.5-4.4 years), 266 participants died (20.3/1000 person-years) and 410 reached end-stage renal disease (33.0/1000 person-years). In adjusted analyses, higher levels of FGF-23 were independently associated with a greater risk of death (hazard ratio [HR], per SD of natural log-transformed FGF-23, 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-1.7). Mortality risk increased by quartile of FGF-23: the HR was 1.3 (95% CI, 0.8-2.2) for the second quartile, 2.0 (95% CI, 1.2-3.3) for the third quartile, and 3.0 (95% CI, 1.8-5.1) for the fourth quartile. Elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 was independently associated with significantly higher risk of end-stage renal disease among participants with an estimated GFR between 30 and 44 mL/min/1.73 m 2 (HR, 1.3 per SD of FGF-23 natural log-transformed FGF-23; 95% CI, 1.04-1.6) and 45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 or higher (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.4), but not less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . Conclusion Elevated FGF-23 is an independent risk factor for end-stage renal disease in patients with relatively preserved kidney function and for mortality across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease.

911 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that human capital relates strongly to performance, especially when the human capital in question is not readily tradable in labor markets and when researchers use operational performance measures that are not subject to profit appropriation.
Abstract: Theory at both the micro and macro level predicts that investments in superior human capital generate better firm-level performance. However, human capital takes time and money to develop or acquire, which potentially offsets its positive benefits. Indeed, extant tests appear equivocal regarding its impact. To clarify what is known, we meta-analyzed effects drawn from 66 studies of the human capital-firm performance relationship and investigated 3 moderators suggested by resource-based theory. We found that human capital relates strongly to performance, especially when the human capital in question is not readily tradable in labor markets and when researchers use operational performance measures that are not subject to profit appropriation. Our results suggest that managers should invest in programs that increase and retain firm-specific human capital.

904 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This Review discusses the relative merits of batch and micro flow reactors for performing synthetic chemistry in the laboratory.
Abstract: The fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industries are transforming how their products are manufactured, where economically favorable, from traditional batchwise processes to continuous flow. This evolution is impacting synthetic chemistry on all scales-from the laboratory to full production. This Review discusses the relative merits of batch and micro flow reactors for performing synthetic chemistry in the laboratory.

849 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
S. Chatrchyan, Vardan Khachatryan, Albert M. Sirunyan, A. Tumasyan  +2268 moreInstitutions (158)
TL;DR: In this article, the transverse momentum balance in dijet and γ/Z+jets events is used to measure the jet energy response in the CMS detector, as well as the transversal momentum resolution.
Abstract: Measurements of the jet energy calibration and transverse momentum resolution in CMS are presented, performed with a data sample collected in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36pb−1. The transverse momentum balance in dijet and γ/Z+jets events is used to measure the jet energy response in the CMS detector, as well as the transverse momentum resolution. The results are presented for three different methods to reconstruct jets: a calorimeter-based approach, the ``Jet-Plus-Track'' approach, which improves the measurement of calorimeter jets by exploiting the associated tracks, and the ``Particle Flow'' approach, which attempts to reconstruct individually each particle in the event, prior to the jet clustering, based on information from all relevant subdetectors

750 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used 13,441 new or existing U-Pb ages of zircon crystals from strata in the Lesser Himalayan, Greater Himalayan and Tethyan sequences in the Himalaya, the Lhasa, Qiangtang, and Nan Shan-Qilian Shan-Altun Shan terranes in Tibet, and platformal strata of the Tarim craton to constrain changes in provenance through time.
Abstract: Detrital zircon data have recently become available from many different portions of the Tibetan-Himalayan orogen. This study uses 13,441 new or existing U-Pb ages of zircon crystals from strata in the Lesser Himalayan, Greater Himalayan, and Tethyan sequences in the Himalaya, the Lhasa, Qiangtang, and Nan Shan-Qilian Shan-Altun Shan terranes in Tibet, and platformal strata of the Tarim craton to constrain changes in provenance through time. These constraints provide information about the paleogeographic and tectonic evolution of the Tibet-Himalaya region during Neoproterozoic to Mesozoic time. First-order conclusions are as follows: (1) Most ages from these crustal fragments are <1.4 Ga, which suggests formation in accretionary orogens involving little pre-mid-Proterozoic cratonal material; (2) all fragments south of the Jinsa suture evolved along the northern margin of India as part of a circum-Gondwana convergent margin system; (3) these Gondwana-margin assemblages were blanketed by glaciogenic sediment during Carboniferous-Permian time; (4) terranes north of the Jinsa suture formed along the southern margin of the Tarim-North China craton; (5) the northern (Tarim-North China) terranes and Gondwana-margin assemblages may have been juxtaposed during mid-Paleozoic time, followed by rifting that formed the Paleo-Tethys and Meso-Tethys ocean basins; (6) the abundance of Permian-Triassic arc-derived detritus in the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes is interpreted to record their northward migration across the Paleo- and Meso-Tethys ocean basins; and (7) the arrival of India juxtaposed the Tethyan assemblage on its northern margin against the Lhasa terrane, and is the latest in a long history of collisional tectonism. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union.

630 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
02 Nov 2011-JAMA
TL;DR: Annual screening with chest radiograph did not reduce lung cancer mortality compared with usual care in the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial.
Abstract: Context The effect on mortality of screening for lung cancer with modern chest radiographs is unknown Objective To evaluate the effect on mortality of screening for lung cancer using radiographs in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial Design, Setting, and Participants Randomized controlled trial that involved 154 901 participants aged 55 through 74 years, 77 445 of whom were assigned to annual screenings and 77 456 to usual care at 1 of 10 screening centers across the United States between November 1993 and July 2001 The data from a subset of eligible participants for the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST), which compared chest radiograph with spiral computed tomographic (CT) screening, were analyzed Intervention Participants in the intervention group were offered annual posteroanterior view chest radiograph for 4 years Diagnostic follow-up of positive screening results was determined by participants and their health care practitioners Participants in the usual care group were offered no interventions and received their usual medical care All diagnosed cancers, deaths, and causes of death were ascertained through the earlier of 13 years of follow-up or until December 31, 2009 Main Outcome Measures Mortality from lung cancer Secondary outcomes included lung cancer incidence, complications associated with diagnostic procedures, and all-cause mortality Results Screening adherence was 866% at baseline and 79% to 84% at years 1 through 3; the rate of screening use in the usual care group was 11% Cumulative lung cancer incidence rates through 13 years of follow-up were 201 per 10 000 person-years in the intervention group and 192 per 10 000 person-years in the usual care group (rate ratio [RR]; 105, 95% CI, 098-112) A total of 1213 lung cancer deaths were observed in the intervention group compared with 1230 in usual care group through 13 years (mortality RR, 099; 95% CI, 087-122) Stage and histology were similar between the 2 groups The RR of mortality for the subset of participants eligible for the NLST, over the same 6-year follow-up period, was 094 (95% CI, 081-110) Conclusion Annual screening with chest radiograph did not reduce lung cancer mortality compared with usual care Trial Registration clinicaltrialsgov Identifier: NCT00002540

553 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential links between China's historical large-scale afforestation practices and the program's effects on environmental restoration in arid and semi-arid regions in northern China based on a review of data from published papers are discussed.

550 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work considers the conditions under which ordinary and dynamic capabilities contribute to higher relative firm performance as well as the effects of environmental dynamism and the degree of capability heterogeneity to examine the positive and negative contributions of capabilities torelative firm performance.
Abstract: Strategy scholars have argued that capabilities can influence firm performance through a variety of means and mechanisms. However, the role of capabilities and their proposed contributions have been narrowly theorized and insufficiently tested. We contribute to resolving these issues by considering the conditions under which ordinary and dynamic capabilities contribute to higher relative firm performance. We do so by examining the positive and negative contributions of capabilities to relative firm performance as well as the effects of environmental dynamism and the degree of capability heterogeneity. We utilize measures of relative firm performance at both the process and firm level within a sample of Chilean firms, which due to a dynamic environment allows for a clearer link between the environment and the use of capabilities. We find that environmental dynamism negatively affects the contribution of ordinary capabilities and positively affects the contribution of dynamic capabilities to relative firm performance. Further, heterogeneity strengthens the contribution of dynamic capabilities to relative firm performance, but is less important for ordinary capabilities. Interestingly, we find support for the direct effects of capabilities to be stronger with a process-level performance measure, whereas the influences of environmental dynamism and heterogeneity are stronger with a firm-level measure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Current evidence for the relationship between leading-edge range shifts and species' traits is assessed and expected relationships for several datasets are found, including diet breadth in North American Passeriformes and egg-laying habitat in British Odonata are found.
Abstract: Although some organisms have moved to higher elevations and latitudes in response to recent climate change, there is little consensus regarding the capacity of different species to track rapid climate change via range shifts Understanding species' abilities to shift ranges has important implications for assessing extinction risk and predicting future community structure At an expanding front, colonization rates are determined jointly by rates of reproduction and dispersal In addition, establishment of viable populations requires that individuals find suitable resources in novel habitats Thus, species with greater dispersal ability, reproductive rate and ecological generalization should be more likely to expand into new regions under climate change Here, we assess current evidence for the relationship between leading-edge range shifts and species' traits We found expected relationships for several datasets, including diet breadth in North American Passeriformes and egg-laying habitat in British Odonata However, models generally had low explanatory power Thus, even statistically and biologically meaningful relationships are unlikely to be of predictive utility for conservation and management Trait-based range shift forecasts face several challenges, including quantifying relevant natural history variation across large numbers of species and coupling these data with extrinsic factors such as habitat fragmentation and availability

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The architecture of home M2M networks decomposed into three subareas depending on the radio service ranges and potential applications is presented, and cross-layer joint admission and rate control design is reported for QoS-aware multimedia sharing.
Abstract: It is envisioned that home networks will shift from current machine-to-human communications to the machine-to-machine paradigm with the rapid penetration of embedded devices in home surroundings. In this article, we first identify the fundamental challenges in home M2M networks. Then we present the architecture of home M2M networks decomposed into three subareas depending on the radio service ranges and potential applications. Finally, we focus on QoS management in home M2M networks, considering the increasing number of multimedia devices and growing visual requirements in a home area. Three standards for multimedia sharing and their QoS architectures are outlined. Cross-layer joint admission and rate control design is reported for QoS-aware multimedia sharing. This proposed strategy is aware of the QoS requirements and resilience of multimedia services. Illustrative results indicate that the joint design is able to intelligently allocate radio bandwidth based on QoS demands in resource-constrained home M2M networks.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Positive affect more strongly predicted risky driving for teen and male drivers than for adult and female drivers, and future research into interventions designed to moderate the positive affect surrounding driving may have promise for reducing risky driving behavior.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a method to separate the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) into transnational and domestic terrorist incidents was proposed, which is essential for the understanding of some terrorism phenomena when the two types of terrorism are hypothesized to have different impacts.
Abstract: This article devises a method to separate the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) into transnational and domestic terrorist incidents. This decomposition is essential for the understanding of some terrorism phenomena when the two types of terrorism are hypothesized to have different impacts. For example, transnational terrorism may have a greater adverse effect than domestic terrorism on economic growth. Moreover, the causes of the two types of terrorism may differ. Once the data are separated, we apply a calibration method to address some issues with GTD data - namely, the missing data for 1993 and different coding procedures used before 1998. In particular, we calibrate the GTD transnational terrorist incidents to ITERATE transnational terrorist incidents to address GTD's undercounting of incidents in much of the 1970s and its overcounting of incidents in much of the 1990s. Given our assumption that analogous errors characterize domestic terrorist events in GTD, we apply the same calibrations to adjust GTD domestic incidents. The second part of the article investigates the dynamic aspects of GTD domestic and transnational terrorist incidents, based on the calibrated data. Contemporaneous and lagged cross-correlations for the two types of terrorist incidents are computed for component time series involving casualties, deaths, assassinations, bombings, and armed attacks. We find a large cross-correlation between domestic and transnational terrorist incidents that persists over a number of periods. A key finding is that shocks to domestic terrorism result in persistent effects on transnational terrorism; however, the reverse is not true. This finding suggests that domestic terrorism can spill over to transnational terrorism, so that prime-target countries cannot ignore domestic terrorism abroad and may need to assist in curbing this homegrown terrorism.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The journey from the discovery of the dissolution of cellulose in ionic liquids to the cusp of an enabling technology for a true biorefinery is discussed and some of the key questions which remain are considered.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Anakinra as first-line therapy for systemic JIA was associated with rapid resolution of systemic symptoms and prevention of refractory arthritis in almost 90% of patients during the interval examined.
Abstract: To examine the safety and efficacy of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist anakinra as first-line therapy for systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Patients with systemic JIA receiving anakinra as part of initial disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy were identified from 11 centers in 4 countries. Medical records were abstracted using a standardized instrument, and resulting data were analyzed to characterize concomitant therapies, clinical course, adverse events, and predictors of outcome. Among 46 patients meeting inclusion criteria, anakinra monotherapy was used in 10 patients (22%), while 67% received corticosteroids and 33% received additional DMARDs. Outcomes were evaluated at a median followup interval of 14.5 months. Fever and rash resolved within 1 month in >95% of patients, while C-reactive protein and ferritin normalized within this interval in >80% of patients. Active arthritis persisted at 1 month in 39% of patients, at 3 months in 27%, and at >6 months of followup in 11%. Approximately 60% of patients, including 8 of 10 receiving anakinra monotherapy, attained a complete response without escalation of therapy. Disease characteristics and treatment were similar in partial and complete responders, except that partial responders were markedly younger at onset (median age 5.2 years versus 10.2 years; P = 0.004). Associated adverse events included documented bacterial infection in 2 patients and hepatitis in 1 patient. Tachyphylaxis was not observed. Anakinra as first-line therapy for systemic JIA was associated with rapid resolution of systemic symptoms and prevention of refractory arthritis in almost 90% of patients during the interval examined. These results justify further study of IL-1 inhibition as first-line, rather than rescue, therapy in systemic JIA

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In patients with extensive-stage disease, chemotherapy alone can palliate symptoms and prolong survival in most patients; however, long-term survival is rare, and smoking cessation should be strongly promoted.
Abstract: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for about 13 % of all lung cancer cases, with about 29,000 new cases diagnosed annually in the USA [1]. The incidence of SCLC is declining, due in part to decreased smoking rates, increased use of filtered cigarettes, and changes in pathologic criteria for classifying SCLC [2].

Journal ArticleDOI
18 Mar 2011-Science
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the spent fuel type derived from the removal of greater than two equivalents of H2 per molecule of AB can be converted back to AB nearly quantitatively by 24-hour treatment with hydrazine in liquid ammonia at 40°C in a sealed pressure vessel.
Abstract: Ammonia borane (H 3 N-BH 3 , AB) is a lightweight material containing a high density of hydrogen (H 2 ) that can be readily liberated for use in fuel cell–powered applications. However, in the absence of a straightforward, efficient method for regenerating AB from dehydrogenated polymeric spent fuel, its full potential as a viable H 2 storage material will not be realized. We demonstrate that the spent fuel type derived from the removal of greater than two equivalents of H 2 per molecule of AB (i.e., polyborazylene, PB) can be converted back to AB nearly quantitatively by 24-hour treatment with hydrazine (N 2 H 4 ) in liquid ammonia (NH 3 ) at 40°C in a sealed pressure vessel.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of existing literature in the area of nano-modification of asphalt and proceed to apply nano-materials to asphalt to improve the performance is presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
02 Dec 2011-Science
TL;DR: In this article, the authors showed that β-amyloid peptide is an important contributor to Alzheimer's disease (AD) by directing the peptide to the secretory pathway.
Abstract: Aβ (beta-amyloid peptide) is an important contributor to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We modeled Aβ toxicity in yeast by directing the peptide to the secretory pathway. A genome-wide screen for toxicity modifiers identified the yeast homolog of phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM) and other endocytic factors connected to AD whose relationship to Aβ was previously unknown. The factors identified in yeast modified Aβ toxicity in glutamatergic neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans and in primary rat cortical neurons. In yeast, Aβ impaired the endocytic trafficking of a plasma membrane receptor, which was ameliorated by endocytic pathway factors identified in the yeast screen. Thus, links between Aβ, endocytosis, and human AD risk factors can be ascertained with yeast as a model system.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that younger adults use a greater breadth of technologies than older adults, however, age-related differences in usage and the frequency of use depend on the technology domain.
Abstract: When we think of technology-savvy consumers, older adults are typically not the first persons that come to mind. The common misconception is that older adults do not want to use or cannot use technology. But for an increasing number of older adults, this is not true (Pew Internet and American Life Project 2003). Older adults do use technologies similar to their younger counterparts, but perhaps at different usage rates. Previous research has identified that there may be subgroups of older adults, “Silver Surfers”, whose adoption patterns mimic younger adults (Pew Internet and American Life Project 2003). Much of the previous research on age-related differences in technology usage has only investigated usage broadly—from a “used” or “not used” standpoint. The present study investigated age-related differences in overall usage of technologies, as well as frequency of technology usage (i.e., never, occasional, or frequent). The data were gathered through a questionnaire from younger adults (N = 430) and older adults (N = 251) in three geographically separate and ethnically diverse areas of the United States. We found that younger adults use a greater breadth of technologies than older adults. However, age-related differences in usage and the frequency of use depend on the technology domain. This paper presents technology usage and frequency data to highlight age-related differences and similarities. The results provide insights into older and younger adults’ technology-use patterns, which in turn provide a basis for expectations about knowledge differences. Designers and trainers can benefit from understanding experience and knowledge differences.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Direct experimental evidence is reported in the form of single-crystal X-ray structures of solid-state products resulting from the reaction of CO2 with acetate ILs, which confirm both the reaction mechanism and the role of complex anion formation.
Abstract: Real chemistry: Spectroscopic and crystallographic analyses confirm the chemical reaction of CO 2 with carbene present in 1,3- dialkylimidazolium acetate ionic liquids and the supporting role of the acetate ion. When CO 2 was bubbled through [C 2mim][OAc], formation of the corresponding imidazolium carboxylate, [C 2mim +-COO -], could be observed. Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the neutrino oscillation parameters Δm^2_(21), θ-, 12, and θ_(13) from a three-flavor analysis of solar and KamLAND data are presented.
Abstract: We present new constraints on the neutrino oscillation parameters Δm^2_(21), θ_(12), and θ_(13) from a three flavor analysis of solar and KamLAND data. The KamLAND data set includes data acquired following a radiopurity upgrade and amounts to a total exposure of 3.49 x 10^(32) target-proton-year. Under the assumption of CPT invariance, a two-flavor analysis (θ_(13) = 0) of the KamLAND and solar data yields the best-fit values tan^2θ_(12) = 0.444^(+0.036)_(-0.030) and Δm^2_(21) = 7.50^(+0.19)_(-0.20) x 10^(-5) eV^2; a three-flavor analysis with θ13 as a free parameter yields the best-fit values tan^2θ_(12) = 0.452^(+0.035)_(-0.033), Δm^2_(21) = 7.50^(+0.19)_(-0.20) x 10^(-5) eV^2, and sin^2θ_(13) = 0.020^(+0.016)_(-0.016). This θ_(13) interval is consistent with other recent work combining the CHOOZ, atmospheric and long-baseline accelerator experiments. We also present a new global θ_(13) analysis, incorporating the CHOOZ, atmospheric, and accelerator data, which indicates sin^2θ_(13) = 0.009^(+0.013)-_(0.007). A nonzero value is suggested, but only at the 79% C.L.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between personal financial knowledge (both objective and subjective), financial satisfaction, and selected demographic variables in terms of best practice financial behavior, and found that both objective financial knowledge and subjective financial knowledge influenced financial behavior.
Abstract: The current research examines the relationship between personal financial knowledge (both objective and subjective), financial satisfaction, and selected demographic variables in terms of best practice financial behavior. Data are taken from the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority’s (FINRA) National Financial Capability Study, a nationally representative sample of 1,488 participants and are analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Findings suggest that both objective and subjective financial knowledge influence financial behavior, with subjective knowledge having a larger relative impact. Other variables that have a significant impact on financial behavior include financial satisfaction, income, education, age, race, and ethnicity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Key evidence supporting both accumulation of BrM lipoproteins leading to lesion formation and lipoprotein production by the RPE is summarised, and future directions for research and therapeutic strategies based on an oil-spill analogy are suggested.
Abstract: Ageing is the largest risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and soft drusen and basal linear deposits are lipid-rich extracellular lesions specific to AMD. Oil red O binding neutral lipid represents a major age-related deposition in the Bruch membrane (BrM) and the first identified druse component. Decades after these seminal observations, a natural history of neutral lipid deposition has been articulated and a biochemical model proposed. Results obtained with multiple biochemical, histochemical, and ultrastructural methods, and supported indirectly by epidemiology, suggest that the RPE secretes apolipoprotein B (apoB)-lipoprotein particles of unusual composition into BrM, where they accumulate with age eventually forming a lipid wall, a precursor of basal linear deposit. The authors propose that constituents of these lesions interact with reactive oxygen species to form pro-inflammatory peroxidised lipids that elicit neovascularisation. Here, the authors summarise key evidence supporting both accumulation of BrM lipoproteins leading to lesion formation and lipoprotein production by the RPE. The authors update their model with genetic associations between AMD and genes historically associated with plasma HDL metabolism, and suggest future directions for research and therapeutic strategies based on an oil-spill analogy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the evolution of the Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) concept in an effort to identify areas of concern for the future development of knowledge around the construct and provide conceptual analyses to suggest how we might best move forward in the construct's development.
Abstract: In this manuscript, we examine the evolution of the Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) concept in an effort to identify areas of concern for the future development of knowledge around the construct and provide conceptual analyses to suggest how we might best move forward in the construct's development. We suggest that the continued accumulation of knowledge in the field is best facilitated by conceptualizing EO as a reflective model utilizing three dimensions that can be extended through the use of a classical classification scheme and that additional subcategories of EO should be developed within the EO conceptual family utilizing new measurement items.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a search for events with jets and missing transverse energy is performed in a data sample of pp collisions collected at 7 TeV by the CMS experiment at the LHC.
Abstract: A search for events with jets and missing transverse energy is performed in a data sample of pp collisions collected at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The analyzed data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 1.14 inverse femtobarns. In this search, a kinematic variable, alphaT, is used as the main discriminator between events with genuine and misreconstructed missing transverse energy. No excess of events over the standard model expectation is found. Exclusion limits in the parameter space of the constrained minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model are set. In this model, squark masses below 1.1 TeV are excluded at 95% CL. Gluino masses below 1.1 TeV are also ruled out at 95% CL for values of the universal scalar mass parameter below 500 GeV.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive overview of underemployment research can be found in this paper, where the authors identify relevant theoretical perspectives and dimensions of undeployment, as well as reviewing the empirical research on the relationships between undereployment's antecedents and outcomes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Galaxy Zoo 2, the second phase of the highly successful Galaxy Zoo project (http://www.galaxyzoo.org), was used to study the fraction of galaxies with bars as a function of global galaxy properties like colour, luminosity and bulge prominence as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: We present first results from Galaxy Zoo 2, the second phase of the highly successful Galaxy Zoo project (http://www.galaxyzoo.org). Using a volume-limited sample of 13 665 disc galaxies (0.01 < z < 0.06 and Mr < −19.38), we study the fraction of galaxies with bars as a function of global galaxy properties like colour, luminosity and bulge prominence. Overall, 29.4 ± 0.5 per cent of galaxies in our sample have a bar, in excellent agreement with previous visually classified samples of galaxies (although this overall fraction is lower than that measured by automated bar-finding methods). We see a clear increase in the bar fraction with redder (g−r) colours, decreased luminosity and in galaxies with more prominent bulges, to the extent that over half of the red, bulge-dominated disc galaxies in our sample possess a bar. We see evidence for a colour bimodality for our sample of disc galaxies, with a ‘red sequence’ that is both bulge and bar dominated, and a ‘blue cloud’ which has little, or no, evidence for a (classical) bulge or bar. These results are consistent with similar trends for barred galaxies seen recently both locally and at higher redshift, and with early studies using the RC3. We discuss these results in the context of internal (secular) galaxy evolution scenarios and the possible links to the formation of bars and bulges in disc galaxies.