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Showing papers by "University of Alberta published in 1980"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: During normal walking this mechanism could be of major importance during stance to prevent the initiation of the swing phase of a time when hindlimb extension is fully needed to support the weight of the animal.

580 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a Markowitz efficient portfolio is defined as the vector of weights X m that minimizes the variance σ m 2 of the total return from the portfolio, subject to the condition that the portfolio mean premium return μ m has a certain value.
Abstract: Given a set of N assets a portfolio is determined by a set of weights xi, i = 1, 2, …, N; Σ N i=1 xi = 1 indicating the proportion of the value of the portfolio devoted to each asset. A Markowitz efficient portfolio is the vector of weights X m that minimizes the variance σ m 2 of the total return from the portfolio, subject to the condition that the portfolio mean premium return μ m has a certain value. The estimators for the N × 1 vector X m , the return premium μ m , and the variable σ m 2 require estimators for the mean premium return vector and for the covariance matrix Σ. The expectations, variances, and asymptotic distributions of the estimators of X m , μ m , and σ m 2 are derived under the assumption that returns are normally distributed. The use of these sampling properties for statistical inference is also discussed. The derived results are also compared with results obtained from a Monte Carlo simulation for a population of 20 stocks and several sample sizes.

536 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was hypothesized that overt movement can either augment or inhibit certain cognitive activities depending on whether the movement has been positively associated with or negatively associated with that cognitive activity in the past.
Abstract: It was hypothesized that overt movement can either augment or inhibit certain cognitive activities depending on whether the movement has been positively associated with or negatively associated with that cognitive activity in the past. Seventy-two subjects who believed that they were testing headphone sets engaged in either vertical, horizontal, or no-instructed head movements while listening to a simulated radio broadcast. Subjects in the vertical headmovement conditions agreed with the editorial content of the radio broadcast more than did those in the horizontal head-movement conditions. This effect was true for both counterattitudinal and proattitudinal editorial content. A surreptitious behavioral measure indicated that vertical movements in the counterattitudinal message condition and horizontal movements in the proattitudinal message condition were more difficult than vertical movement in the proattitudinal message condition or horizontal movement in the counterattitudinal message condition. The pr...

476 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Efflux of contents from small unilamellar vesicles of various compositions, conaining a highly quenched fluorescent compound was determined as a function of temperature in the presence and absence of human serum.

467 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, four minimal Gaussian basis sets for the second-row atoms Li through Ne were generated for the hetero-and homodiatomic molecules and some organic molecules.
Abstract: Four minimal Gaussian basis sets are generated for the second-row atoms Li through Ne. The first one, MINI-1, consists of a 3-term contraction of primitive Gaussian-type orbitals for 1s, 2s, and 2p atomic orbitals. The convenient shorthand notation would be (3,3) for LiBe and (3,3/3) for BNe. The second one, MINI-2, can be represented by (3,3/4) for BNe. In the same way, MINI-3 is described as (4,3) for LiBe, and MINI-3 and MINI-4 are represented by (4,3/3) and (4,3/4) for BNe, respectively. Although the four basis sets are the minimal type, they give the valence shell orbital energies which are close to those of DZ. These four and other sets derived from them are tested for the hetero- and homodiatomic molecules and some organic molecules. They are found to give the orbital energies that agree well with those given by extended calculations. Atomization energies and other spectroscopic constants are also calculated and compared with those of extended calculations. The results clearly indicate that the present basis sets can be used very effectively in the molecular calculations.

425 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An inverse relationship between duration of inducing stimulus and duration of sensory persistence is suggested and allows the inference that visual persistence may be identified more fittingly with ongoing neural processes than with the decaying contents of an iconic store.
Abstract: SUMMARY Iconic memory has often been likened to a sensory store whose contents drain away rapidly as soon as the inducing stimulus is turned off. Instances of short-lived visible persistence have been explained in terms of the decaying contents of iconic store. A fundamental requirement of this storage model is that strength of persistence should be a decreasing function of time elapsed since the cessation—not since the onset—of the inducing stimulation. That is, strength of visible persistence may be directly related—but not inversely related—to the duration of the inducing stimulus. Two complementary paradigms were utilized in the present studies. In the first paradigm performance was facilitated by visible persistence in that the task required the bridging of a temporal gap between two successive displays. In the second paradigm (forward visual masking by pattern), performance was impaired by lingering visible persistence of the temporally leading mask. Both paradigms yielded evidence of an inverse relationship between duration of inducing stimulus and duration of visible persistence. More specifically, in a task requiring temporal integration of a pattern displayed briefly in two successive portions, performance was severely impaired if the duration of the leading part exceeded about 100 msec. This suggests an inverse relationship between duration of inducing stimulus and duration of sensory persistence and allows the inference that visual persistence may be identified more fittingly with ongoing neural processes than with the decaying contents of an iconic store. In keeping with this suggestion, two experiments disconfirmed the conjecture that lack of temporal integration following long inducing stimuli could be ascribed to emergence of unitary form separately in the two portions of the display or to the triggering of some sort of discontinuity detection mechanism within the visual system. In added support of a "processing" model, two further studies showed that the severity of forward masking by pattern declines sharply as the duration of the leading mask is increased. This pattern of results is equally unsupportive of a storage theory of iconic persistence as of perceptual moment theory in any of its versions. This is so because both theories regard interstimulus interval rather than stimulus-onset asynchrony as the crucial factor in temporal integration. Neither can the results be explained in terms of receptor adaptation or of metacontrast suppression. The theory of inhibitory channel interactions can encompass the more prominent aspects of the results but fails to account for foveal suppression and for some crucial temporal effects.

380 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a Bayesian model of information gain is used to mathematically prove that if an eyewitness identification of a suspect increases the probability that the suspect is the criminal, then a non-identification must decrease the probability of the suspect being the criminal.
Abstract: The criminal justice system's practice of treating eyewitness lineup identifications of suspects as highly informative while treating nonidentifications (i.e., no-choice responses or choices of foi ls) as uninformative is questioned. A Bayesian model of information gain is used to mathematically prove that (a) if an eyewitness identification of a suspect increases the probability that the suspect is the criminal, then a nonidentification must decrease the probability that the suspect is the criminal; and (b) the relative diagnosticity of identifications versus nonidentifications (regarding the probability that the suspect is the criminal) is determined by the probability of obtaining an identification versus nonidentification, with nonidentifications being more diagnostic if they are relatively less frequent than identifications. An application of the Bayesian model to previously published data suggests that greater diagnosticity for nonidentifications than identifications is more than just a theoretical possibili ty; the available data show nonidentifications to be more than one and a half times as diagnostic as identifications regarding the probability that the suspect is the criminal. A breakdown of nonidentifications into two types, eyewitness choices of a lineup foil versus no-choice decisions, suggests that the latter is more informative than the former regarding the probability that the suspect is innocent. The cognitive mechanisms that may be responsible for criminal justice investigators' discounting of nonidentifications are discussed in relation to research on human judgment.

253 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that when a wave is in a pure state or is totally polarized, all the polarization information can be represented by a single vector u in an n-dimensional unitary space.
Abstract: Summary. Procedures are developed for specifying the polarization characteristics of n-dimensional waves, and in particular three-dimensional waves of geophysical interest. We show that when a wave is in a pure state or is totally polarized, all the polarization information can be represented by a single vector u in an n-dimensional unitary space. Simple measures of the degree of polarization of the wave are constructed from the characteristic equation of the spectral matrix S. These measures are functions only of the scalar invariants of S and consequently S need not be diagonalized. If S represents a purely polarized wave, the unitary vector which contains the polarization information about the wave can be obtained directly from S using any 2n– 1 equations of n2 possible equations. By multiplying by a phase-factor this unitary vector can be written in the form u=r1+ir2 where r1 and r2 are orthogonal vectors in a real space. For an elliptically polarized wave, r1 and r2 locate the major and minor axes of the ellipse, and the ellipticity is given by the ratio of their magnitudes. The polarization parameters of ULF magnetic waves at the Earth's surface are computed from one set of five equations (n= 3) and compared with parameters calculated using established techniques.

212 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, historical research in marketing offers opportunities for charting our past and better understanding our present, and a suitable method for undertaking such research is proposed. But the method is not suitable for all types of research.
Abstract: Why history in marketing? Historical research in marketing offers opportunities for charting our past and better understanding our present. The author formulates a suitable method for undertaking h...

185 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effect of perceived activity choice on the frequency of exercise behavior of adult women in a private health club and found that the perceived choice was manipulated at the time of an individual's next visit to the club, with subjects in the choice group being led to believe that their initial activity selections were the basis for their programs.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of perceived activity choice upon the frequency of exercise behavior of adult women. Thirty-six recent enrollees in a private health club were recruited for involvement in a new exercise program. At an initial organizational meeting, subjects ranked their preferences for different activities and completed a number of self-report inventories. Subjects were paired on the basis of their activity preferences so as to establish two matched groups of subjects. One member of each pair was then randomly assigned to a choice condition while the other was assigned to a no choice control condition. Perceived choice was manipulated at the time of an individual's next visit to the club, with subjects in the choice group being led to believe that their initial activity selections were the basis for their programs whereas subjects in the control group were informed that they had been assigned a standardized exercise program by the club's instructresses. The overall attendance of the choice group was better than that of the control group. Across both groups there was a significant decline in attendance over the 6-week period but the decrement was significantly greater in the control group. At the conclusion of the 6-week period, subjects in the choice condition expressed a greater intention to continue exercising at the club than did subjects in the control condition.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis of results led to the conclusion that DLB were transported up to the lesion and represent the majority of the optically detectable particles which are transported in the retrograde direction.
Abstract: Myelinated axons were isolated from the sciatic nerve ofXenopus laevis and were subjected to localized (<30 μm wide) lesions. In axons which were bathed in a 0.12 M potassium glutamate solution there was very little local reaction to the lesion and optically-detectable particles undergoing axoplasmic transport accumulated immediately adjacent to, and mostly distal to, the lesion. Preparations fixed for electron microscopy at times up to 3 h following the lesion showed that the axoplasmic changes about the lesion were asymmetrical. Large organelles predominated on the distal side of the lesion; these were mostly dense lamellar bodies (DLB) with mean dimensions, as determined from thin sections, of 0.48 by 0.19 μm. Multivesicular bodies, mitochondria, and a variety of smaller membrane bounded bodies also appeared in the particle accumulation distal to the lesion. Analysis of these results led to the conclusion that DLB were transported up to the lesion and represent the majority of the optically detectable particles which are transported in the retrograde direction. Small vesicles and tubules were the commonest structures which accumulated proximal to the lesion. The time course of this accumulation was consistent with the hypothesis that these structures are particulate bodies which move in the orthograde direction at about 1.5 μm/s.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Popov and Psencik applied the ray centered coordinate system to the eikonal equation in order to produce a dynamic ray tracing system consisting of three nonlinear ordinary differential equations of the first order determining the second derivatives of the time field and, in this manner, even the basic geometrical properties of the wave fronts along the ray.
Abstract: The ray series method is used to study propagation of seismic waves in the three-dimensional media consisting of generally inhomogeneous layers separated by curved interfaces. The investigation is carried out with the help of the so-called ray centered corrdinate system which was proposed by Popov and Psencik (1978a). It is shown that in this system the principal components of the amplitude coefficients in the ray series for S waves do not rotate about the ray with respect to the basis vectors when the wave progresses, even though they rotate with respect to the unit vectors n^ and b^ along the direction of the normal and binormal to the ray, respectively. This considerably simplifies the final expressions for the amplitude coefficients for S waves, whose two principal components are decoupled in the ray-centered coordinate system. The ray-centered coordinate system is also applied to the eikonal equation in order to produce a dynamic ray tracing system consisting of three nonlinear ordinary differential equations of the first order determining the second derivatives of the time field and, in this manner, even the basic geometrical properties of the wave fronts (e.g., principal curvatures and geometrical spreading) along the ray. Several different modifications of the dynamic ray tracing system are presented. It is demonstrated that in the case of generally inhomogeneous two-dimensional media the dynamic ray tracing system reduces, under certain not too restrictive conditions, to the single first order differential equation of the Riccati type. Finally, the phase matching method is used to determine discontinuities of individual quantities in the dynamic ray tracing system when the wave is impinging on a curved interface separating two generally inhomogeneous media. Since all basic equations are presented in a computationally convenient matrix formulation, they can be readily employed for any numberical evaluation of dynamic properties of seismic waves propagating through structurally complicated media. As the paper describes all basic features of asymptotic ray theory (the name under which the ray series method is known on this continent), it can serve as a starting point for anyone wishing to develop computer programs for the computation of synthetic seismograms.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1980-Genetics
TL;DR: An additive effect on the reduction in spontaneous mutation leads to the conclusion that at least 90% of spontaneous mutations seen in the wild type are caused by mutagenic repair of spontaneous lesions.
Abstract: Characterization of two antimutator loci in yeast shows that both are members of the same mutagenic repair system known to be responsible for almost all induced mutation (LAWRENCE and CHRISTENSEN 1976, 1979a,b; PRAKASH 1976). One of the these newly isolated antimutator mutations is an allele of rev3 (LEMONTT 1971b). Two other alleles of rev3 were tested and were also found to be antimutators. Double mutants carrying rev3 and mutator mutations of rad3, rad51 or rad18 are like rev3 single mutants with respect to spontaneous mutation rate, supporting the hypothesis (HASTINGS, QUAH and VON BORSTEL, 1976) that many mutators in yeast act by channelling spontaneous lesions from accurate to mutagenic repair. However, the enhanced mutation rate seen in a radiation-resistant mutator mutant mut1 is not dependent on REV3, but is dependent on another gene designated ANT1. An additive effect on the reduction in spontaneous mutation, seen in the ant1 rev3 double-mutant strain, leads to the conclusion that at least 90% of spontaneous mutations seen in the wild type are caused by mutagenic repair of spontaneous lesions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a staged crime paradigm was used to evaluate the costs and benefits of fair and unfair lineups, and the results indicated that high-similarity lineups produced less identifications of the criminal and of the innocent suspect than low-similar similarity lineups.
Abstract: Doob and Kirshenbaum (1973) and Wells, Leippe, and Ostrom (1979) demonstrated that some real-world lineups have been constructed such that the suspect can be identified by mock witnesses given only a general description of the criminal. The authors of both studies suggest that “fair” lineups should contain foils that resemble the suspect in general physical appearance. Neither study considers the possible cost of such “fair” lineups in terms of lost convictions of guilty suspects. A staged crime paradigm was used to evaluate the costs and benefits of “fair” lineups. Unsuspecting witnesses (n=96) to a staged crime were given the opportunity to identify a criminal (confederate) from relatively fair or unfair lineups (six-picture arrays, varying high versus low foil similarity). One fair and one unfair lineup contained a picture of the criminal (criminal-present lineups) while one fair and one unfair lineup contained a picture of an innocent suspect who resembled the criminal (criminal-absent lineups). In the criminal justice system only identifications of the criminal or the innocent suspect lead to further proceedings. The results indicate that high-similarity lineups produced less identifications of the criminal and of the innocent suspect than low-similarity lineups. However, the reduction in identifications of the criminal was much less dramatic than the reduction of identifications of the innocent suspect. A Bayesian analysis (Wells & Lindsay, 1980) of the data led to the further conclusion that identification evidence obtained from relatively fair high-similarity lineups is superior to similar evidence obtained from relatively unfair low-similarity lineups. The cost (in lost convictions of guilty suspects) of using fair lineups (high foil similarity) appears to be rather small.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: 2 survivors of severe methanol poisoning who developed, apart from blindness, a Parkinson‐like extrapyramidal syndrome characterized by reduced initiative, poor voice volume, masked facies, mild tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia are reported.
Abstract: We report 2 survivors of severe methanol poisoning who developed, apart from blindness, a Parkinson-like extrapyramidal syndrome characterized by reduced initiative, poor voice volume, masked facies, mild tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Both patients were mildly demented and 1 had hyperreflexia and bilateral Babinski responses. Computed tomographic scans in both patients demonstrated bilateral symmetrical infarction of the frontocentral white matter and putamen. Electromyography in 1 patient showed extensive denervation, mainly involving the legs, but normal motor conduction velocities. L-Dopa administered to the more severely affected patient had no effect on the parkinsonian features. Autopsy revealed cystic resorption of the putamen and the frontocentral subcortical white matter in additon to widespread neuronal damage throughout the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Rainbow trout were used to determine the effects of water alkalinity and hardness on the incipient lethal concentration (ILC) of copper, and the toxicity of various combinations of copper and hydrogen ion were antagonistic but at pH 5.4 there appeared to be some synergism between pH and Cu toxicity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors experimentally measured the terminal velocity of porous spheres for a Reynolds number range of 0.2 to 120 and found that the porous sphere terminal velocity was less affected by the container walls than for the case of an impermeable sphere.
Abstract: Terminal velocity of porous spheres was experimentally measured for a Reynolds number range of 0.2 to 120 for a normalized sphere radius, β = R/R of 15.6 to 33, where R and k are the sphere radius and permeability, respectively. The drag coefficient for 15 < β < 33 was found to be CD = 24Ω/Re [1 + 0.1315 Re(0.82 - 0.05w)] for 0.1 < Re ≤ 7 and CD = 24Ω/Re [1 + 0.0853 Re(1.093 - 0.105w)] for 7 < Re < 120 with w = log10Re where Re is the sphere Reynolds number and Ω=2β2 [1 - (tanh β/β)] / 2β2 + 3[1 - tanh β/β)] At high Reynolds numbers, it was found that the porous sphere terminal velocity was less affected by the container walls than for the case of an impermeable sphere. However, at very low Reynolds numbers, the wall effects were found to be similar for both the permeable and the impermeable spheres. On a mesure experimentalement la vitesse de chute libre de spheres poreuses, pour des nombres de Reynolds variant entre 0.2 et 120, et pour un rayon normalise de sphere( β = R/k) de 15.6 a 33; R et k sont respectivement le rayon et la permeabilite de la sphere. On a trouve que le coefficient de frottement, dans le cas ou 15 < β < 33, etait: CD = 24Ω/Re [1 + 0.1315 Re(0.82 - 0.05 w)] lorsque 0.1 < Re ≤ 7 et CD = 24Ω/Re [1 + 0.0853 Re(1.093-0.105 w)] lorsque 7 < Re < 120 w = log10ReRe est le nombre de Reynolds de la sphere et Ω = 2β2 [1 - (tanh β/β)]/2β2 + 3[1 - (tanh β/β)] On a trouve que, pour des nombres de Reynolds eleves, la vitesse limite de la sphere poreuse etait moins affectee par les parois du contenant que lorsqil agissait d'une sphere impermeable; toutefois, pour des nombres de Reynolds faibles, les effets des parois etaient les měmes, dans le cas de spheres permeables et impermeables.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors quantified bar resistance empirically using data from rivers in Alberta, Canada, and used the device of slope division of reach-averaged bed stress.
Abstract: Gravel-bed streams with bankfull channels of low sinuosity are considered. At flood stages, most of the resistance is grain resistance. Thus, depth-discharge relations can be predicted with existing method, although the inherent scatter is large. At lower stages, however, from resistance due to the presence of bars becomes increasingly important. Bar resistance is quantified empirically using data from rivers in Alberta, Canada, and the device of slope division of reach-averaged bed stress. Further reduction leads to predictive design graphs for depth-discharge relations. A numerical example is provided.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The first visible spectrum of chloroperoxidase compound I is reported which has a peak at 689 nm as its most prominent feature.

Journal Article
TL;DR: The apparent competition with nitrobenzylthioinosine at the latter’s high-affinity binding sites suggests that dipyridamole and lidoflazine inhibit nucleoside transport by interaction with these sites.
Abstract: Transport of uridine by monolayer cultures of HeLa cells was inhibited by nitrobenzylthioinosine, dipyridamole, and lidoflazine. Biphasic concentration-effect curves were obtained for inhibition of nucleoside transport by nitrobenzylthioinosine, but not for inhibition by dipyridamole. Dipyridamole and lidoflazine interfered with high-affinity binding of [ 3 H]nitrobenzylthioinosine to HeLa cells in an apparently competitive fashion; values of 1, 30, and 300 nM were obtained for dissociation constants, respectively, for nitrobenzylthioinosine, dipyridamole, and lidoflazine. The apparent competition with nitrobenzylthioinosine at the latter’s high-affinity binding sites suggests that dipyridamole and lidoflazine inhibit nucleoside transport by interaction with these sites.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Phlaeothripidae are either derived independently from Protothysanoptera, or else are the sister-group of the Thripidae, the most specialized family of Terebrantia.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The competition for the hydrophobic peptide of glycophorin, T(is), between sodium deoxycholate and a series of phospholipids is examined as a possible means of obtaining a quantitative measure of protein-lipid affinity and it is concluded that the T( is) peptide has a relative lipid affinity of phosphatidylinositol > phosphatIDylcholine > phosph atidylserine.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The original purpose of behavioral technology is examined and a re-definition of the concept of “social importance” is presented which can direct applied researchers toward an analytic focus.
Abstract: This paper addresses the current help-oriented focus of researchers in applied behavior analysis. Evidence from a recent volume of JABA suggests that analytic behavior is at low levels in applied analysis while cure-help behavior is at high strength. This low proportion of scientific behavior is apparantly related to cure-help contingencies set by institutions and agencies of help and the editorial policies of JABA itself. These contingencies have favored the flight to real people and a concern with client gains, evaluation and outcome strategies rather than the analysis of contingencies of reinforcement controlling human behavior. In this regard, the paper documents the current separation of applied behavior analysis from the experimental analysis of behavior. There is limited use of basic principles in applied analysis today and almost no reference to the current research in the experimental analysis of behavior involving concurrent operants and adjunctive behavior. This divorce of applied behavior research and the experimental analysis of behavior will mitigate against progress toward a powerful technology of behavior. In order to encourage a return to analysis in applied research, there is a need to consider the objectives of applied behavior analysis. The original purpose of behavioral technology is examined and a re-definition of the concept of “social importance” is presented which can direct applied researchers toward an analytic focus. At the same time a change in the publication policies of applied journals such as JABA toward analytic research and the design of new educational contingencies for students will insure the survival of analysis in applied behavior analysis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that catastrophic moraltiy has a potentially significant effect on the optimal rotation strategy, average profits, and land valuation of a forest stand, and an alternate method for dealing with uncertainty is presented by incorporating estimates of the likelihood of catastrophes.
Abstract: Because standard methods for computing the optimal rotation age of a forest stand must assume complete knowledge of the stand value at any future time, a forest manager must treat his estimates of future values as if they were completely accurate. Minor, unpredictable fluctuations from year to year are assumed to somehow cancel each other out. Potential catastrophes, such as forest fires or insect plagues, are customarily ignored. An alternate method for dealing with uncertainty is presented here. This method can incorporate estimates of the likelihood of catastrophes. It is shown that catastrophic moraltiy has a potentially significant effect on the optimal rotation strategy, average profits, and land valuation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of recent experimental research regarding how well human observers can judge the accuracy of eyewitness testimony is made, and it is concluded that people may be overwilling to believe in the reliability of eyewitnesses' memory, rely too heavily on the confidence of witnesses in judging the validity of testimony, fail to adequately account for witnessing conditions across crimes, and cannot discriminate between accurate and inaccurate witnesses within crimes.
Abstract: A review is made of recent experimental research regarding how well human observers can judge the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. It is concluded that people: (a) may be overwilling to believe in the accuracy of eyewitnesses' memory; (b) rely too heavily on the confidence of eyewitnesses in judging the validity of testimony; (c) fail to adequately account for witnessing conditions across crimes; and (d) cannot discriminate between accurate and inaccurate witnesses within crimes. New data are reported from an experiment designed to test the effects that expert psychological advice has on subject-jurors' performance with regard to these four deficiencies. The results showed that expert advice served to eliminate the overbelief bias and greatly reduced subject-jurors' reliance on the confidence of the witnesses. Expert, advice did not improve the extent to which subject-jurors took account of the witnessing conditions across crimes nor their ability to discriminate between accurate and inaccurate witnesses within crimes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This comprehensive study of deadlock-handling techniques introduces a method for on-line detection in distributed data bases for deadlock prevention in terminal-oriented systems.
Abstract: Deadlock is a constant threat in terminal-oriented systems. This comprehensive study of deadlock-handling techniques introduces a method for on-line detection in distributed data bases.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Through the use of a single site model and a two site co-operative model, the differences in amino acid sequence of the various loop regions of the helix-loop-helix arrangement are correlated with experimentally determined affinities for calcium and magnesium as well as predict the relative cation affinITIES of loop regions from the amino acid sequences.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1980-Genetics
TL;DR: The linkage disequilibrium expected in a finite, partially selfing population is analyzed, assuming the infinite allele model and formulas are derived from the equilibrium values of sixteen inbreeding coefficients required to describe the behavior of the system.
Abstract: The linkage disequilibrium expected in a finite, partially selfing population is analyzed, assuming the infinite allele model. Formulas for the expected sum of squares of the linkage disequilibria and the squared standard linkage disequilibrium are derived from the equilibrium values of sixteen inbreeding coefficients required to describe the behavior of the system. These formulas are identical to those obtained with random mating if the effective population size N(e) = (1-(1/2)S)N and the effective recombination value r(e) = (1-S)r/(1-(1/2)S), where S is the proportion of selfing, are substituted for the population size and the recombination value. Therefore, the effect of partial selfing at equilibrium is to reduce the population size by a factor 1-(1/2)S and the recombination value by a factor (1-S)/(1-(1/2)S).