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Showing papers by "University of Alcalá published in 2008"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The magnitude of species-driven differences is much larger than previously thought and greater than climate-driven variation, and the decomposability of a species' litter is consistently correlated with that species' ecological strategy within different ecosystems globally, representing a new connection between whole plant carbon strategy and biogeochemical cycling.
Abstract: Worldwide decomposition rates depend both on climate and the legacy of plant functional traits as litter quality. To quantify the degree to which functional differentiation among species affects their litter decomposition rates, we brought together leaf trait and litter mass loss data for 818 species from 66 decomposition experiments on six continents. We show that: (i) the magnitude of species-driven differences is much larger than previously thought and greater than climate-driven variation; (ii) the decomposability of a species' litter is consistently correlated with that species' ecological strategy within different ecosystems globally, representing a new connection between whole plant carbon strategy and biogeochemical cycling. This connection between plant strategies and decomposability is crucial for both understanding vegetation-soil feedbacks, and for improving forecasts of the global carbon cycle.

1,935 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
J. Abraham, P. Abreu1, Marco Aglietta2, C. Aguirre  +485 moreInstitutions (74)
TL;DR: The energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 2.5 x 10;{18} eV, derived from 20,000 events recorded at the Pierre Auger Observatory, is described and the hypothesis of a single power law is rejected with a significance greater than 6 standard deviations.
Abstract: The energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 2.5 x 10;{18} eV, derived from 20,000 events recorded at the Pierre Auger Observatory, is described. The spectral index gamma of the particle flux, J proportional, variantE;{-gamma}, at energies between 4 x 10;{18} eV and 4 x 10;{19} eV is 2.69+/-0.02(stat)+/-0.06(syst), steepening to 4.2+/-0.4(stat)+/-0.06(syst) at higher energies. The hypothesis of a single power law is rejected with a significance greater than 6 standard deviations. The data are consistent with the prediction by Greisen and by Zatsepin and Kuz'min.

648 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new ECG enhancement method based on the recently developed empirical mode decomposition (EMD) that is able to remove both high-frequency noise and BW with minimum signal distortion and is validated through experiments on the MIT-BIH databases.

604 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
J. Abraham1, P. Abreu2, Marco Aglietta3, Marco Aglietta4  +480 moreInstitutions (79)
TL;DR: In this paper, the Pierre Auger Observatory data was used to confirm the anisotropy of the arrival direction of the highest-energy cosmic rays with the highest energy, which are correlated with the positions of relatively nearby active galactic nuclei (AGN) at a confidence level of more than 99%.

415 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of metrics were developed from 6 years of MODIS active fire data and grouped into eight classes representing three axes of fire activity: density, season duration and interannual variability.
Abstract: There is interest in the global community on how fire regimes are changing as a function of changing demographics and climate. The ground-based data to monitor such trends in fire activity are inadequate at the global scale. Satellite observations provide a basis for such a monitoring system. In this study, a set of metrics were developed from 6 years of MODIS active fire data. The metrics were grouped into eight classes representing three axes of fire activity: density, season duration and interannual variability. These groups were compared with biophysical and human explanatory variables on a global scale. We found that more than 30% of the land surface has a significant fire frequency. The most extensive fire class exhibited high fire density, low duration and high variability and was found in boreal and tropical wet and dry environments. A high association was found between population distribution and fire persistence. Low GDPkm � 2 was associated with fire classes with high interannual variability and low seasonal duration. In areas with more economic resources, fires tend to be more regular and last longer. High fire duration and low interannual variability were associated with croplands, but often with low fire density. The study was constrained by the limited length of satellite data record but is a first step toward developing a comprehensive global assessment of fire regimes. However, more attention is needed by the global observing systems to provide the underpinning socio-economic observations to better quantify and analyze the human characteristics of fire regimes.

316 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an integrated theoretical framework is proposed to analyze the impact of renewable energy on local sustainability, which can be empirically applied to identify these benefits in different territories, and can be used to identify the benefits in each region.
Abstract: Renewable energy sources (RES) have a large potential to contribute to the sustainable development (SD) of specific territories by providing them with a wide variety of socioeconomic and environmental benefits. However, the existing literature has put much emphasis on the environmental benefits (including the reduction of global and local pollutants), while socioeconomic impacts have not received a comparable attention. These include diversification of energy supply, enhanced regional and rural development opportunities, creation of a domestic industry and employment opportunities. With the exception of the diversification and security of energy supply, these benefits have usually been mentioned, but their analysis has been too general (i.e., mostly at the national level) and a focus on the regional and, even more so, the local level, has been lacking. At most, studies provide scattered evidence of some of those regional and local benefits, but without an integrated conceptual framework to analyse them. This paper tries to make a contribution in this regard by developing an integrated theoretical framework which allows a comprehensive analysis of the impact of renewable energy on local sustainability and which can be empirically applied to identify these benefits in different territories.

275 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper provided an approximation to the labor market effects of immigrants in Spain, a country where labor market institutions and immigration policy exhibit some peculiarities, during the second half of the 1990s, the period in which immigration flows accelerated.
Abstract: This paper provides an approximation to the labor market effects of immigrants in Spain, a country where labor market institutions and immigration policy exhibit some peculiarities, during the second half of the 1990s, the period in which immigration flows accelerated. By using alternative data sets, we estimate both the impact of legal and total immigration flows on the employment rates and wages of native workers, accounting for the possible occupational and geographical mobility of immigrants and native-born workers. Using different samples and estimation procedures, we have not found a significant negative effect of immigration on either the employment rates or wages of native workers.

226 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
J. Abraham1, P. Abreu2, Marco Aglietta3, C. Aguirre  +450 moreInstitutions (65)
TL;DR: In this article, a method is developed to search for air showers initiated by photons using data recorded by the surface detector of the Auger Observatory, based on observables sensitive to the longitudinal shower development, the signal risetime and the curvature of the shower front.

217 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
21 Mar 2008-Science
TL;DR: GenBank, the public repository for nucleotide and protein sequences, is a critical resource for molecular biology, evolutionary biology, and ecology as discussed by the authors, and some attention has been drawn to sequence errors ([1][1]), common annotation errors also reduce the value of this database.
Abstract: GenBank, the public repository for nucleotide and protein sequences, is a critical resource for molecular biology, evolutionary biology, and ecology. While some attention has been drawn to sequence errors ([1][1]), common annotation errors also reduce the value of this database. In fact, for

210 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the probability of earthquake-triggered landslide occurrence in the whole of El Salvador, with a Geographic Information System (GIS) and a logistic regression model.

196 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a method to estimate fuel moisture content (FMC) of Mediterranean vegetation species from satellite images in the context of fire risk assessment using two methodologies: empirical relations and statistical models based on simulated reflectances derived from radiative transfer models (RTM).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The aim of the present study is to review the available information on the life-history and ecological traits of the mud snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum Gray (Hydrobiidae, Mollusca), native from New Zealand, in order to explain its invasive success at different aquatic ecosystems around the world.
Abstract: The spread of non-native species is one of the most harmful and least reversible disturbances in ecosystems. Species have to overcome several filters to become a pest (transport, establishment, spread and impact). Few studies have checked the traits that confer ability to overcome these steps in the same species. The aim of the present study is to review the available information on the life-history and ecological traits of the mud snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum Gray (Hydrobiidae, Mollusca), native from New Zealand, in order to explain its invasive success at different aquatic ecosystems around the world. A wide tolerance range to physico-chemical factors has been found to be a key trait for successful transport. A high competitive ability at early stages of succession can explains its establishment success in human-altered ecosystems. A high reproduction rate, high capacity for active and passive dispersal, and the escape from native predators and parasites explains its spread success. The high reproduction and the ability to monopolize invertebrate secondary production explain its high impact in the invaded ecosystems. However, further research is needed to understand how other factors, such as population density or the degree of human perturbation can modify the invasive success of this aquatic snail.

Journal ArticleDOI
J. Abraham1, P. Abreu2, Marco Aglietta3, C. Aguirre  +464 moreInstitutions (71)
TL;DR: The surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory is sensitive to Earth-skimming tau neutrinos that interact in Earth's crust to place an upper limit on the diffuse flux of nu(tau) at EeV energies.
Abstract: The surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory is sensitive to Earth-skimming tau neutrinos that interact in Earth's crust. Tau leptons from ντ charged-current interactions can emerge and decay in the atmosphere to produce a nearly horizontal shower with a significant electromagnetic component. The data collected between 1 January2004 and 31 August 2007 are used to place an upper limit on the diffuse flux of ντ at EeV energies. Assuming an Eν-2 differential energy spectrum the limit set at 90% C.L. is Eν2dNντ/dEν<1.3×10-7GeVcm-2s-1sr-1 in the energy range 2×1017eV

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that rod and cone degeneration in the rd10 mouse model is followed by deterioration of their postsynaptic cells and the cells in the inner retina, however, the functional preservation of receptors for photoreceptor transmission in bipolar cells may open new therapeutic possibilities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Treated wastewater involves a substantially lower environmental impact when compared to the influent, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are very important contributors to toxicity in this wastewater.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Most patients not achieving recanalization will develop gastroesophageal varices during follow-up, however, development of variceal bleeding and ascites is infrequent, and survival is satisfactory.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Dendriplexes with +/- charge ratio of 2 were determined to have the highest transfection efficiency while maintaining a low level of toxicity in these systems including hard-to-transfect HIV-infected PBMC and SupT1.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A group of 33 organic compounds, mainly pharmaceuticals and some relevant metabolites present in the wastewater effluents, were evaluated before and after the ozonation process using a liquid chromatography-hybrid triple-quadrupole linear ion trap system and it is demonstrated that the oz onation degrades these compounds with efficiencies of over 99% in most cases.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A lack of androgen receptor expression could explain a physiological Sertoli cell androgen insensitivity during fetal and early postnatal life, which may serve to protect the testis from precocious SERToli cell maturation, resulting in proliferation arrest and spermatogenic development.
Abstract: Context: Although gonadotropins and testosterone are high in the fetal/early postnatal periods, Sertoli cells remain immature and spermatogenesis does not progress. We hypothesized that Sertoli cells do not respond to testosterone because they do not express the androgen receptor. Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the precise ontogeny of androgen receptor expression in the human testis from fetal life through adulthood. Design: This was an immunohistochemical study on testicular biopsies from fetal, neonatal, prepubertal, pubertal, and adult human testes. Main Outcome Measures: Quantification of androgen receptor expression in Sertoli cells was measured. Evaluation of androgen receptor expression in peritubular and interstitial cells as well as anti-Mullerian hormone and inhibin-α was also performed. Results: Androgen receptor expression was first observed in the nuclei of few Sertoli cells at the age of 5 months. Labeling was weak in 2–15% of Sertoli cells until 4 yr of age and progre...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Five of the six 21-hydroxylase-deficient NCAH patients carried a severe CYP21 allele requiring genetic counseling and highlighting the importance of excluding this disorder among hyperandrogenic patients.
Abstract: Context: The diagnosis of the polycystic ovary syndrome requires the exclusion of nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCAH). Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the actual prevalences of 21-hydroxylase and 11β-hydroxylase deficiencies among women presenting with hyperandrogenic complaints. Settings: This study was performed at an academic hospital. Patients: A total of 270 consecutive unselected women presenting with hyperandrogenic symptoms were prospectively recruited. Interventions: Basal and ACTH-stimulated 11-deoxycortisol and 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations were measured. Main Outcome Measures: The prevalences of 21-hydroxylase and 11β-hydroxylase deficiencies were calculated, and the diagnostic performance of basal serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels for the screening of NCAH was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results: Six of the 270 patients had 21-hydroxylase-deficient NCAH that was confirmed by CYP21 genotyping, whereas no patient was diagnosed...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The analyses suggest that both local and broad-scale patterns of mammal body size variation are influenced in part by the strong mesoscale climatic gradients existing in mountainous areas.
Abstract: Aim To describe the geographical pattern of mean body size of the non-volant mammals of the Nearctic and Neotropics and evaluate the influence of five environmental variables that are likely to affect body size gradients. Location The Western Hemisphere. Methods We calculated mean body size (average log mass) values in 110 × 110 km cells covering the continental Nearctic and Neotropics. We also generated cell averages for mean annual temperature, range in elevation, their interaction, actual evapotranspiration, and the global vegetation index and its coefficient of variation. Associations between mean body size and environmental variables were tested with simple correlations and ordinary least squares multiple regression, complemented with spatial autocorrelation analyses and split-line regression. We evaluated the relative support for each multiple-regression model using AIC. Results Mean body size increases to the north in the Nearctic and is negatively correlated with temperature. In contrast, across the Neotropics mammals are largest in the tropical and subtropical lowlands and smaller in the Andes, generating a positive correlation with temperature. Finally, body size and temperature are nonlinearly related in both regions, and split-line linear regression found temperature thresholds marking clear shifts in these relationships (Nearctic 10.9 ° C; Neotropics 12.6 ° C). The increase in body sizes with decreasing temperature is strongest in the northern Nearctic, whereas a decrease in body size in mountains dominates the body size gradients in the warmer parts of both regions. Main conclusions We confirm previous work finding strong broad-scale Bergmann trends in cold macroclimates but not in warmer areas. For the latter regions (i.e. the southern Nearctic and the Neotropics), our analyses also suggest that both local and broad-scale patterns of mammal body size variation are influenced in part by the strong mesoscale climatic gradients existing in mountainous areas. A likely explanation is that reduced habitat sizes in mountains limit the presence of larger-sized mammals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the ozonation of naproxen and carbamazepine during catalytic and non-catalytic semicontinuous oxidation experiments performed at 25°C and in the range of pH 3-7.
Abstract: This study investigates the ozonation of naproxen and carbamazepine during catalytic and non-catalytic semicontinuous oxidation experiments performed at 25 °C and in the range of pH 3–7. The results showed that naproxen and carbamazepine were completely consumed in the first few minutes of reaction. The extent of mineralization during non-catalytic runs reached about 50% and essentially took place during a period covering the first 10–20 min. Catalytic runs were carried out on a commercial catalyst consisting of fumed colloidal TiO2 particles. The catalyst increased the extent of mineralization by up to 75% of the initial organic carbon. The results showed that the catalyst enhanced mineralization both in acidic and neutral solutions, but the best results were obtained in a slightly acidic media. This effect was probably linked to the adsorption of reaction intermediates on Lewis acid catalytic sites. The catalyst enhanced the decomposition of ozone in an acid medium, but inhibited it in a neutral solution. This seems to exclude a mechanism based on the surface formation of hydroxyl radicals followed by their migration and bulk reaction with organic compounds. The evolution of the total organic carbon measured in samples taken during the run was modelled as a function of the integral ozone exposure. The kinetic regression model considered that the ozonation products from naproxen or carbamazepine consisted of either oxidizable or refractory compounds, where the latter were necessarily produced from the former. The model assumed a second order reaction between organic compounds and ozone. The higher non-catalytic rate constants for the first mineralization period were 1.048 × 10−2 ± 9.3 × 10−4 L mmol−1 s−1 for naproxen and 6.16 × 10−3 ± 5.6 × 10−4 L mmol−1 s−1 for carbamazepine, both at pH 7. The corresponding pseudohomogeneous catalytic rate constants were 7.76 × 10−3 ± 3.9 × 10−4 and 4.25 × 10−3 ± 9.7 × 10−4 L mmol−1 s−1 for naproxen and carbamazepine, respectively, at pH 5 and with a catalyst load of 1 g/L. The evolution of carboxylic acids during reaction revealed that the catalyst avoided the accumulation of oxalate especially in comparison with non-catalytic runs, in which it accounted for up to 30% of the final organic carbon. Specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm was also followed during the run. The products from naproxen reached a high absorbance from the beginning of the ozonation that was maintained throughout the run. For carbamazepine, however, the absorbance rapidly decreased revealing a different chemical structure of reaction products.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a series of concepts and methodological tools are proposed to deal with the uncertainties of the estimates of reduced emissions from deforestation in the context of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Abstract: A common paradigm when the reduction of emissions from deforestations is estimated for the purpose of promoting it as a mitigation option in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is that high uncertainties in input data—i.e., area change and C stock change/area—may seriously undermine the credibility of the estimates and therefore of reduced deforestation as a mitigation option. In this paper, we show how a series of concepts and methodological tools—already existing in UNFCCC decisions and IPCC guidance documents—may greatly help to deal with the uncertainties of the estimates of reduced emissions from deforestation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that in immune cells expressing CXCR4 and DOR, simultaneous addition of their ligands CXCL12 and [D‐Pen2, D‐Pen5]enkephalin does not trigger receptor function, and this is compatible with a model in which GPCR oligomerization leads to suppression of signaling, promoting a dominant negative effect.
Abstract: The CXCR4 chemokine receptor and the delta opioid receptor (DOR) are pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Both are widely distributed in brain tissues and immune cells, and have key roles in inflammation processes and in pain sensation on proximal nerve endings. We show that in immune cells expressing CXCR4 and DOR, simultaneous addition of their ligands CXCL12 and [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin does not trigger receptor function. This treatment does not affect ligand binding or receptor expression, nor does it promote heterologous desensitization. Our data indicate that CXCR4 and DOR form heterodimeric complexes that are dynamically regulated by the ligands. This is compatible with a model in which GPCR oligomerization leads to suppression of signaling, promoting a dominant negative effect. Knockdown of CXCR4 and DOR signaling by heterodimerization might have repercussions on physiological and pathological processes such as inflammation, pain sensation and HIV-1 infection.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Geo- graphical gradients in prevalence of avian haematozoa differ between parasite genera and hemispheres, probably in relation to the existence of appropriate vector-parasite-host interactions.
Abstract: The existence of latitudinal gradients in species richness and their abundance is known for many free living organisms but few cases have been reported for parasitic diseases. In addition, asymmetries between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in several characteristics may affect the distribution and diversity of species at all ecological levels. In this respect, we study the distribution of several genera of blood parasites infecting birds along a latitudinal gradient that includes the world's southernmost forests ecosystems. Birds were mist-netted and sampled for blood in localities across Chile ranging from 33°S to 55°S during the years 2003-06. Overall, 26 bird species were sampled and 27 parasite lineages were identified.The latter belonged to three genera: Plasmodium (8), Haemoproteus (8) and Leucocytozoon (11). We found a positive significant relationship between prevalence and latitude for Leucocytozoon lineages and a negative relationship for Haemoproteus, Plasmodium and mixed infections. However, we did not find a significant relationship between parasite diversity and latitude. We found 18 lineages infecting only one species of host, and 19 lineages appear in only one of the localities of sampling. This pattern implies that some parasite lineages may evolve in isolation in some species/localities. In addition, specificity at the host-family level was only found for Haemoproteus lineages infecting birds in the family Emberizidae. Individuals of the long distance migrant bird white-crested elaenia (Elaenia albiceps), were found infected by the same parasite lineages in localities separated by 20° of latitude. Infections by these lineages were detected in other sedentary birds including juveniles and nestlings of different bird species. Therefore, long distance migrants are able to distort the presence of latitudinal gradients of diseases due to the potential role of migrants in spreading infections. Geo- graphical gradients in prevalence of avian haematozoa differ between parasite genera and hemispheres, probably in relation to the existence of appropriate vector-parasite-host interactions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effect of some inhibitors on the transport of HLPLP indicated that paracellular passive diffusion is likely the main mechanism of transport across the cell layer, and this was confirmed by measuring the flux of the peptide after reversion of the flux from the basolateral to the apical chamber.

Journal ArticleDOI
13 Jun 2008-Science
TL;DR: Using data from 89,365 forest survey plots covering peninsular Spain, the relationship between probability of occurrence and the local cover of remaining forest is explored, for each common tree species, to imply that plant-animal interactions help prevent the collapse of forest communities that suffer habitat destruction.
Abstract: Studies suggest that populations of different species do not decline equally after habitat loss. However, empirical tests have been confined to fine spatiotemporal scales and have rarely included plants. Using data from 89,365 forest survey plots covering peninsular Spain, we explored, for each of 34 common tree species, the relationship between probability of occurrence and the local cover of remaining forest. Twenty-four species showed a significant negative response to forest loss, so that decreased forest cover had a negative effect on tree diversity, but the responses of individual species were highly variable. Animal-dispersed species were less vulnerable to forest loss, with six showing positive responses to decreased forest cover. The results imply that plant-animal interactions help prevent the collapse of forest communities that suffer habitat destruction.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the structure of the different contributions to the image spectrum derived by the three-dimensional Fourier decomposition of sea clutter time series measured by ordinary X-band marine radars is analyzed.
Abstract: This work analyses the structure of the different contributions to the image spectrum derived by the three-dimensional Fourier decomposition of sea clutter time series measured by ordinary X-band marine radars. The goal of this investigation is to derive a method to estimate the significant wave height of the ocean wave fields imaged by the radar. The proposed method is an extension of a technique developed for the analysis of ocean wave fields by using synthetic aperture radar systems. The basic idea behind this method is that the significant wave height is linearly dependent on the square root of the signal-to-noise ratio, where the signal is assumed as the radar analysis estimation of the wave spectral energy and the noise is computed as the energy due to the sea surface roughness, which is closely related to the speckle of the radar image. The proposed method to estimate wave heights is validated using data sets of sea clutter images measured by a marine radar and significant wave heights derived from measurements taken by a buoy used as reference sensor.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The regulation of chemokines and their receptors could be a future potential therapeutic target to decrease liver inflammation and to increase specific T cell migration to the infected liver.
Abstract: Chemokines produced in the liver during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection induce migration of activated T cells from the periphery to infected parenchyma. The milieu of chemokines secreted by infected hepatocytes is predominantly associated with the T-helper cell/Tc1 T cell (Th1/Tc1) response. These chemokines consist of CCL3 (macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha; MIP-1 alpha), CCL4 (MIP-1 beta), CCL5 (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted; RANTES), CXCL10 (interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10; IP-10), CXCL11 (interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant; I-TAC), and CXCL9 (monokine induced by interferon gamma; Mig) and they recruit T cells expressing either CCR5 or CXCR3 chemokine receptors. Intrahepatic and peripheral blood levels of these chemokines are increased during chronic hepatitis C. The interaction between chemokines and their receptors is essential in recruiting HCV-specific T cells to control the infection. When the adaptive immune response fails in this task, non-specific T cells without the capacity to control the infection are also recruited to the liver, and these are ultimately responsible for the persistent hepatic damage. The modulation of chemokine receptor expression and chemokine secretion could be a viral escape mechanism to avoid specific T cell migration to the liver during the early phase of infection, and to maintain liver viability during the chronic phase, by impairing non-specific T cell migration. Some chemokines and their receptors correlate with liver damage, and CXCL10 (IP-10) and CXCR3 levels have shown a clinical utility as predictors of treatment response outcome. The regulation of chemokines and their receptors could be a future potential therapeutic target to decrease liver inflammation and to increase specific T cell migration to the infected liver.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse the changes in the user excess caused by public investment in transport infrastructure planned by the Spanish government and which will be located on the border between Spain and France.
Abstract: At present, Spain faces one of the key moments in planning the future design of the infrastructure network. As a consequence of the critical role played by haulage in intra-European trade, the most important investments are those that guarantee that road haulage traffic can move freely at the borders. That is why it is necessary to make serious evaluations of the economic and social profitability of these investments. Normally the most significant social benefit of investment projects in transport infrastructure is time saving, which in turn changes traffic intensity. In this article we analyse the changes in the user excess caused by public investment in transport infrastructure planned by the Spanish government and which will be located on the border between Spain and France. In particular, we study the increase in network user surplus for HGV traffic in the Spanish and French border zones in the Pyrenees.