Showing papers by "University of Arizona published in 1989"
TL;DR: It is concluded that asthma is almost always associated with some type of IgE-related reaction and therefore has an allergic basis, although not all the allergic stimuli that cause asthma appear to have been included in the battery of common aeroallergens the authors used to assess atopic status.
Abstract: We investigated the association of self-reported asthma or allergic rhinitis with serum IgE levels and skin-test reactivity to allergens in 2657 subjects in a general-population study. Regardless of the subjects' status with respect to atopy or their age group, the prevalence of asthma was closely related to the serum IgE level standardized for age and sex (P less than 0.0001), and no asthma was present in the 177 subjects with the lowest IgE levels for their age and sex (greater than 1.46 SD below the mean). The log odds ratio increased linearly with the serum IgE level after we controlled for possible confounders and the degree of reactivity to skin tests. In contrast, allergic rhinitis appeared to be associated primarily with skin-test reactions to common aeroallergens, independently of the serum IgE level. We conclude that asthma is almost always associated with some type of IgE-related reaction and therefore has an allergic basis, although not all the allergic stimuli that cause asthma appear to have been included in the battery of common aeroallergens we used to assess atopic status. These findings challenge the concept that there are basic differences between so-called allergic ("extrinsic") and nonallergic ("intrinsic") forms of asthma.
1,677 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated empirical regularities in post-war economic growth using pooled cross-section/time-series data on 113 countries, and found that the growth of government consumption is significantly negatively correlated with the economic growth in three of four subsamples, including the OECD, and that political repression is positively correlated with growth in Africa and Central and South America.
1,232 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that the mortality salience effect does not result from heightened self-awareness or physiological arousal, and implications for the role of fear of death in social behavior are discussed.
Abstract: On the basis of terror management theory, it was hypothesized that when mortality is made salient, Ss would respond especially positively toward those who uphold cultural values and especially negatively toward those who violate cultural values. In Experiment 1, judges recommended especially harsh bonds for a prostitute when mortality was made salient. Experiment 2 replicated this finding with student Ss and demonstrated that it occurs only among Ss with relatively negative attitudes toward prostitution. Experiment 3 demonstrated that mortality salience also leads to larger reward recommendations for a hero who upheld cultural values. Experiments 4 and 5 showed that the mortality salience effect does not result from heightened self-awareness or physiological arousal. Experiment 6 replicated the punishment effect with a different mortality salience manipulation. Implications for the role of fear of death in social behavior are discussed.
1,215 citations
TL;DR: A framework that captures and extends current theory on information processing from advertisements and includes inclusion of a new typology of emotional and cognitive responses explicitly linked to the levels of brand processing is provided.
Abstract: The authors provide a framework and a set of research propositions that capture and extend current theory on information processing from advertisements. The integrative attitude formation model inc...
1,187 citations
TL;DR: The pattern of inhibition for the phosphatase in myosin B is similar to that of the type-1 enzyme, and the effects of both compounds on various phosphatases are screened.
999 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider why customers resist innovations even though they are considered necessary and desirable and identify functional barriers such as usage, value, and risk, and psychological barriers, such as tradition and image, and conclude that successful innovation lies not in bowing down to consumer resistance, but in understanding the causes and developing a marketing strategy.
Abstract: Considers why customers resist innovations even though they are considered necessary and desirable. Identifies functional barriers such as usage, value, and risk, and psychological barriers such as tradition and image. Concludes that successful innovation lies not in bowing down to consumer resistance, but in understanding the causes and developing a marketing strategy to attack them.
991 citations
902 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the role of sediment subduction and recycling in island arc magma genesis and mantle evolution has been assessed using 36 modern marine sediments, including Mn nodules, biogenic oozes, and pelagic and hemipelagic clays from the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
745 citations
TL;DR: An integrative theoretical framework is proposed to account for unawareness of deficits in diverse neuropsychological syndromes and possible directions for future research are outlined.
Abstract: Damage to different regions of the brain can cause a variety of neuropsychological deficits, including specific disturbances of language, memory, perception and motor function. A significant number of brain-damaged patients are unaware of their deficits, even when they are profound and have debilitating effects on patients' performance. This article reviews clinical observations and experimental investigations concerning unawareness of deficits, considers methodological issues, and critically evaluates different interpretations of the phenomenon. An integrative theoretical framework is proposed to account for unawareness of deficits in diverse neuropsychological syndromes. Possible directions for future research are outlined.
637 citations
TL;DR: There is no significant difference between plant and animal data sets in the amount of homoplasy when the relationship between consistency index and number of taxa is taken into account, although there are still too few molecular studies to be confident of this result.
Abstract: Patterns of variation in levels of homoplasy were explored through statistical analyses of standardized consistency indexes. Data were obtained from 60 recent cladistic analyses of a wide variety of organisms based on several different kinds of characters. Consistency index is highly correlated with the number of taxa included in an analysis, with homoplasy increasing as the number of taxa increases. This observation is compatible with a simple model of character evolution in which 1) the probability of character-state change increases with the total number of branches in a tree and 2) the number of possible states of a character is limited. Consistency index does not show a significant relationship to the number of characters utilized in an analysis or to the taxonomic rank of the terminal taxa. When the relationship between consistency index and number of taxa is taken into account, there is no significant difference between plant and animal data sets in the amount of homoplasy. Likewise, the level of homoplasy in morphological and molecular data sets does not appear to differ significantly, although there are still too few molecular studies to be confident of this result. Future comparisons of consistency indexes, including studies along the lines established here, must take into account the influence of the number of taxa on homoplasy.
596 citations
University of Arizona1, California Institute of Technology2, New Mexico State University3, Russian Academy of Sciences4, Jet Propulsion Laboratory5, NASA Headquarters6, Cornell University7, Ames Research Center8, RAND Corporation9, University of Toronto10, Logica11, University of Wisconsin-Madison12, State University of New York System13, Stanford University14, University of Hawaii15
TL;DR: New Voyager 2 images of Neptune reveal a windy planet characterized by bright clouds of methane ice suspended in an exceptionally clear atmosphere above a lower deck of hydrogen sulfide or ammonia ices, dominated by a large anticyclonic storm system that has been named the Great Dark Spot.
Abstract: Voyager 2 images of Neptune reveal a windy planet characterized by bright clouds of methane ice suspended in an exceptionally clear atmosphere above a lower deck of hydrogen sulfide or ammonia ices. Neptune's atmosphere is dominated by a large anticyclonic storm system that has been named the Great Dark Spot (GDS). About the same size as Earth in extent, the GDS bears both many similarities and some differences to the Great Red Spot of Jupiter. Neptune's zonal wind profile is remarkably similar to that of Uranus. Neptune has three major rings at radii of 42,000, 53,000, and 63,000 kilometers. The outer ring contains three higher density arc-like segments that were apparently responsible for most of the ground-based occultation events observed during the current decade. Like the rings of Uranus, the Neptune rings are composed of very dark material; unlike that of Uranus, the Neptune system is very dusty. Six new regular satellites were found, with dark surfaces and radii ranging from 200 to 25 kilometers. All lie inside the orbit of Triton and the inner four are located within the ring system. Triton is seen to be a differentiated body, with a radius of 1350 kilometers and a density of 2.1 grams per cubic centimeter; it exhibits clear evidence of early episodes of surface melting. A now rigid crust of what is probably water ice is overlain with a brilliant coating of nitrogen frost, slightly darkened and reddened with organic polymer material. Streaks of organic polymer suggest seasonal winds strong enough to move particles of micrometer size or larger, once they become airborne. At least two active plumes were seen, carrying dark material 8 kilometers above the surface before being transported downstream by high level winds. The plumes may be driven by solar heating and the subsequent violent vaporization of subsurface nitrogen.
TL;DR: P-gly expression occurs in drug-refractory B-cell neoplasms and may contribute to the development of clinical drug resistance, however, other factors, such as the proliferative activity of the tumor, may also play a role in determining response to chemotherapy.
Abstract: The B-cell neoplasms, multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, frequently become drug resistant, despite initial responses to chemotherapeutic drugs. Tumor cells from eight patients with clinically drug-refractory disease were evaluated by immuno-histochemical staining for monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) expression, nuclear proliferation antigen, P-glycoprotein (P-gly) expression, and other cellular antigens. P-gly was detected on tumor cells from six of eight patients with drug-resistant disease. Of the six patients with P-gly-positive tumors, five patients had advanced multiple myeloma and one had a drug-refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cellular RNA analysis confirmed the over-expression of P-gly. In an effort to overcome drug resistance, a pilot study evaluated possible verapamil enhancement of chemotherapy in these eight patients. All patients had developed progressive disease while receiving a regimen containing vincristine and doxorubicin, and seven of eight patients had previously received continuous infusion vincristine and doxorubicin plus oral dexamethasone (VAD). At the time of progressive disease, continuous infusion verapamil was added to the VAD regimen. Three of the eight patients who were refractory to vincristine and doxorubicin alone responded when verapamil was added to VAD. The three patients who responded had P-gly-positive tumors. Verapamil increased the intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin and vincristine in vitro for both a P-gly-positive myeloma cell line and tumor cells from two patients with end-stage myeloma which over-expressed P-gly. The dose-limiting side effect associated with the addition of verapamil to chemotherapy was temporary impairment of cardiac function, manifest as hypotension and cardiac arrhythmia. We conclude that P-gly expression occurs in drug-refractory B-cell neoplasms and may contribute to the development of clinical drug resistance. However, other factors, such as the proliferative activity of the tumor, may also play a role in determining response to chemotherapy. The administration of verapamil along with VAD chemotherapy may partially circumvent drug resistance in patients whose tumors over-express P-gly.
TL;DR: By altering the concentrations of TGF‐beta, FGF, and IGF‐I, satellite cells can be induced to proliferate, differentiate, or to remain quiescent.
Abstract: Skeletal muscle satellite cells were cultured from mature rats and were treated in vitro with various combinations of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). In serum-free defined medium the following observations were made: TGF-beta depressed proliferation and inhibited differentiation; FGF stimulated proliferation and depressed differentiation; IGF-I stimulated proliferation to a small degree but demonstrated a more pronounced stimulation of differentiation. In evaluating combinations of these three factors, the differentiation inhibiting effect of TGF-beta could not be counteracted by any combination of IGF-I or FGF. The proliferation-depressing activity of TGF-beta, however, could not inhibit the mitogenic activity of FGF. Maximum stimulation of proliferation was observed in the presence of both FGF and IGF-I. The highest percentage fusion was also observed under these conditions, but differentiation with minimal proliferation resulted from treatment with IGF-I, alone. By altering the concentrations of TGF-beta, FGF, and IGF-I, satellite cells can be induced to proliferate, differentiate, or to remain quiescent.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a method to identify the root cause of a problem.Abbreviations: [2]... ].., [3]
TL;DR: When a current is passed through palladium or titanium electrodes immersed in an electrolyte of deuterated water and various metal salts, a small but significant flux of neutrons is detected as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: When a current is passed through palladium or titanium electrodes immersed in an electrolyte of deuterated water and various metal salts, a small but significant flux of neutrons is detected. Fusion of deuterons within the metal lattice may be the explanation.
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that the study of team work cannot be limited to intrapersonal cognitions and to simple interactional processes, and that cognitive, motivational and behavioral processes become increasingly interdependent and these processes need to be studied.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured turbulence parameters in a baffled, Rushton turbine agitated vessel with a laser-Doppler velocimeter, and the necessary corrections for the periodic, nondissipative velocity fluctuations in the near impeller region were made by an autocorrelation method.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of metal ion-biomolecule interaction on cell or capsid protein surface or on the nucleic acid of cells or viruses is discussed. But the authors do not consider the effects of metal ions on viruses.
Abstract: Disinfection due to copper or silver ions may result from action at the cell or capsid protein surface or on the nucleic acid of cells or viruses. Metals may alter enzyme structure and function or facilitate hydrolysis or nucleophilic displacement. The means by which cells may reduce the toxic effect of metal ions include: biomethylation, complexation with metallothionen, development of efflux pumps, the binding of metal ions to cell surfaces, and the removal of metal ions by precipitation. The phenomenon of “multiplicity of reactivation” may reduce the effect of a disinfectant on a virus by allowing a clump of partially inactivated viruses to produce a productive infection in a susceptible cell. Conditions which may affect metal ion‐biomolecule interaction include: pH, ionic strength, temperature, dissolved oxygen, presence of interfering substances or light, the chemical form and valency of the metal ion, and the condition of the microorganisms.
TL;DR: A general criterion to describe this limitation that must be satisfied by all materials is derived and experimentally evaluated this criterion for a lead-glass fiber.
Abstract: Two-photon absorption can place a fundamental limitation on waveguide all-optical switching devices. We have derived a general criterion to describe this limitation that must be satisfied by all materials. As a specific example, we have experimentally evaluated this criterion for a lead-glass fiber.
TL;DR: The process of atmospheric erosion by impacts is examined and it is shown that it may account for an early episode of atmosphere loss from Mars.
Abstract: ABUNDANT geomorphic evidence for fluvial processes on the surface of Mars suggests that during the era of heavy bombardment, Mars's atmospheric pressure was high enough for liquid water to flow on the surface. Many authors have proposed mechanisms by which Mars could have lost (or sequestered) an earlier, thicker atmosphere but none of these proposals has gained general acceptance. Here we examine the process of atmospheric erosion by impacts and show that it may account for an early episode of atmosphere loss from Mars. On the basis of this model, the primordial atmospheric pressure on Mars must have been in the vicinity of 1 bar, barring other sources or sinks of CO2. Current impact fluxes are too small to erode significantly the present martian atmosphere.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors obtained nonstationary soliton-like solutions for an extended version of the classical massive Thirring model which, in nonlinear optics, describes Bragg-resonant wave propagation in a periodic Kerr medium.
TL;DR: The good parent process is validated by a haploid population genetic model, which suggests that increases in the frequency of good fathers in the population and phenotypic plasticity of the trait enhance the evolution of a good parent trait.
TL;DR: The Tucson Children's Respiratory Study, Tucson, Arizona, has been established as a long-term, longitudinal, prospective study of the risk factors for acute lower respiratory tract illnesses in early childhood and for chronic obstructive airways disease in later life.
Abstract: The Tucson Children's Respiratory Study, Tucson, Arizona, has been established as a long-term, longitudinal, prospective study of the risk factors for acute lower respiratory tract illnesses in early childhood and for chronic obstructive airways disease in later life. A total of 1,246 newborns were enrolled into the study between May 1980 and January 1984, representing 78% of eligible infants. Cord blood for immunologic studies, neonatal blood specimens for blood counts and differentials, and blood specimens at nine to 15 months of age for immunologic studies, blood counts, and differentials have been obtained on the majority of enrolled children. Pre-illness physiologic and more detailed immunologic studies have also been done on large subgroups of subjects. The majority of lower respiratory tract illnesses suffered by these children in the first three years of life have been assessed in detail for etiologic agents by means of culture and serologic techniques; 1,052 illnesses have been evaluated thus far. The type of illness and nature of etiologic agents are very similar to those reported in other epidemiologic studies. Thus, this group of enrolled infants and their family members constitute an appropriate population for the long-term study of risk factors for acute and chronic respiratory disorders.
TL;DR: A detailed statistical analysis of the isobolographic method is presented with examples of the statistical procedures, a rational basis for selecting proportions of each drug in the combination, and a relatively novel application of theIsobologram concept, i.e., interactions involving different anatomical sites.
TL;DR: A cladistic test of the hypothesis that the evolution of dioecy is favored in animal‐dispersed plants indicates that dioECy may have originated somewhat more often in such lineages, which must largely account for the observed species‐level correlation between dispersal and breeding system.
Abstract: Studies of character evolution have frequently relied on ahistorical correlations rather than on phylogenies. However, correlations do not estimate the number of times that a trait evolved, and they are insensitive to the direction or the temporal sequence of character transformation. In contrast, cladograms can provide this information. A cladistic test of the hypothesis that the evolution of dioecy is favored in animal-dispersed plants indicates that dioecy may have originated somewhat more often in such lineages. Nevertheless, differences in rates of speciation or extinction must largely account for the observed species-level correlation between dispersal and breeding system. In considering the evolution of individual traits, cladograms help identify the context in which a feature evolved and specify which organisms should be compared in evaluating the causes of character change. Determining whether a feature and a performance advantage were strictly historically correlated or followed one another in sequence helps to distinguish whether the trait is an adaptation or an exaptation for the function. For example, cladograms of seed plants suggest that double fertilization arose incidentally prior to the origin of angiosperms and that the resulting product was later co-opted and elaborated as a nutritive tissue for the developing embryo. The order of character assembly in a lineage also bears on the evolution of functional and developmental interdependencies. In particular, it may be possible to trace the evolution of a character's "burden" from an initial period, during which change is more likely, through later stages, wherein successful modification is less likely owing to the evolution of dependent characters. The evolution of vessels and of floral phyllotaxis in angiosperms may exemplify this pattern. Recognition that the likelihood of character transformation may change during the evolution of a group warns against character weighting in phylogenetic analysis.
TL;DR: In this article, it is suggested that the polar heliospheric magnetic field at large heliocentric distances may deviate considerably from the generally accepted Archimedean spiral, and that the large-scale field near the poles may be dominated by randomly oriented transverse magnetic fields with magnitude much larger than the average spiral.
Abstract: It is suggested that the polar heliospheric magnetic field, at large heliocentric distances, may deviate considerably from the generally accepted Archimedean spiral. Instead, it is suggested that the large-scale field near the poles may be dominated by randomly-oriented transverse magnetic fields with magnitude much larger than the average spiral. The average vector field is still the spiral, but the average magnitude may be much larger. In addition, the field direction is transverse to the radial direction most of the time instead of being nearly radial. This magnetic-field structure has important consequences for the transport of cosmic rays. Preliminary model calculations suggest changes in the radial gradient of galactic cosmic rays which may improve agreement with observations.
TL;DR: This work has shown that both areas of the deutocerebrum receive primary sensory fibers from receptor cells in the antenna and most and possibly all axons of olfactory receptor belong to the antennal lobe.
Abstract: The deutocerebrum is usually regarded as a preoral neuromere subserving an antennal head segment (81). Most authors agree that it consists of two distinct neuropils (Figure 1): the antennal lobe (AL) and the antennal mechanosensory and motor center (AMMC), also called the dorsal lobe ( l0, 17, 35, 39). We adhere to this classical definition, but it should be noted that a different, extended definition of the deutocerebrum has recently been suggested by Strausfeld and coworkers (105, 106). Both areas of the deutocerebrum receive primary sensory fibers from receptor cells in the antenna. Most and possibly all axons of olfactory receptor
TL;DR: In this article, a disk-integrated beaming parameter of 0.72 was determined for the moon and used to correct empirically for the roughness effects in thermophysical models; the standard thermal model was found to systematically underestimate cold object diameters, while overstating their albedos.
TL;DR: A retrospective study of 189 cases, concentrating on human remains found on the desert floor or in the surrounding mountains and on remains found within closed structures, outlines the time frame and sequences of the decay process.
Abstract: The environment of southern Arizona with mild winters and hot, dry summers produces great variability in decay rates of human remains. Summer temperatures, which range well over 38°C (100°F), induce rapid bloating as a result of the accumulation of decompositional gases. However, in certain circumstances, the aridity can lead to extensive mummification, allowing preservation of remains for hundreds of years. A retrospective study of 189 cases, concentrating on remains found on the desert floor or in the surrounding mountains and on remains found within closed structures, outlines the time frame and sequences of the decay process. Remains can retain a fresh appearance for a considerable time in the winter, but the onset of marked decomposition is rapid in the summer months. Bloating of the body usually is present two to seven days following death. Following this, within structures, there is frequently rapid decomposition and skeletonization. With outdoor exposure, remains are more likely to pass through a long period of dehydration of outer tissues, mummification, and reduction of desiccated tissue. Exposure of large portions of the skeleton usually does not occur until four to six months after death. Bleaching and exfoliation of bone—the beginning stages of destruction of the skeletal elements—begins at about nine months' exposure. Insect activity, including that of maggot and beetle varieties, may accelerate decomposition, but this process is greatly affected by location of the body, seasonal weather, and accessibility of the soft tissues. Carnivores and other scavengers also are contributing factors, as are clothing or covering of the body, substrate, elevation, and latitude.
TL;DR: The paper shows how Psync can be efficiently implemented on an unreliable communications network, and it demonstrates how conversations serve as an elegant foundation for ordering messages exchanged in a distributed computation and for recovering from processor failures.
Abstract: When processes in a network communicate, the messages they exchange define a partial ordering of externally visible events. While the significance of this partial order in distributed computing is well understood, it has not been made an explicit part of the communication substrate upon which distributed programs are implemented. This paper describes a new interprocess communication mechanism, called Psync, that explicitly encodes this partial ordering with each message. The paper shows how Psync can be efficiently implemented on an unreliable communications network, and it demonstrates how conversations serve as an elegant foundation for ordering messages exchanged in a distributed computation and for recovering from processor failures.