Showing papers by "University of Arkansas published in 1994"
TL;DR: This implementation of simulated annealing was used in "Global Optimization of Statistical Functions with Simulated Annealing," Goffe, Ferrier and Rogers, Journal of Econometrics, vol.
1,665 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that organizational typologies meet the criteria of a theory and that when typologies are properly developed and fully specified, they are complex theories that can be subjected to rigorous empirical testing using the quantitative models they develop.
Abstract: Organizational typologies have proved to be a popular approach for thinking about organizational structures and strategies. Authors developing typologies, however, have been criticized for developing simplistic classification systems instead of theories. Contrary to these criticisms, we argue that typologies meet the criteria of a theory. When typologies are properly developed and fully specified, they are complex theories that can be subjected to rigorous empirical testing using the quantitative models we develop. We conclude by discussing the advantages of typological theories and presenting guidelines to improve the development of typologies.
1,483 citations
TL;DR: The trade-offs inherent in accepting one definition of quality over another are described and the implications of using various definitions of quality in future research are discussed.
Abstract: The search for a universal definition of quality has yielded inconsistent results. Such a global definition does not exist; rather, different definitions of quality are appropriate under different circumstances. In this article, we trace the evolution of quality definitions and describe the trade-offs inherent in accepting one definition of quality over another. The implications of using various definitions of quality in future research also are discussed.
1,264 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the reproduction of the interatomic potential in He 2, Ne 2, and Ar 2 by Kohn-Sham theory is investigated using a density functional program which can perform counterpoise corrections for both basis sets and numerical integration.
946 citations
TL;DR: The most common poultry wastes are poultry manure or poultry litter, dissolved air flotation (DAF) sludge originating from poultry processing plants, and composts produced from hatchery wastes and dead birds.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the development of management programs that meet the increasing demand for poultry products, while minimizing the environmental effects of poultry wastes on soils, crops, surface waters, and groundwaters. A description of the types and compositions of poultry wastes, and a review of recent research addressing the agricultural and environmental aspects of poultry waste management are discussed in the chapter. Effective environmental management of any poultry waste begins with an understanding of its composition and the physical, chemical, and microbiological reactions that control the fate of potential pollutants in the waste following land application. The three most common poultry wastes are poultry manure or poultry litter, dissolved air flotation (DAF) sludge originating from poultry processing plants, and composts produced from hatchery wastes and dead birds. The major poultry production operations include broiler chickens, turkeys, and eggs. Two types of confinement housing are commonly used for poultry operations: caged pit systems and floor/litter systems. Land application of animal waste is an important management practice to recycle nutrients, to improve or maintain soil fertility, and to improve soil biological and physical properties. The components of an effective waste management program for the agricultural use of organic wastes include site selection; production and collection; storage, handling, and treatment; transfer and application; and utilization.
425 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the impression management strategies embedded in the external discourse of an organization in crisis are identified and a typology of impression management strategy used by organizations is developed, and existing documents were used to collect 799 statements dealing with how stakeholders presently viewed or should view the organization.
Abstract: The impression management strategies embedded in the external discourse of an organization in crisis are identified and a typology of impression management strategies used by organizations is developed. Existing documents were used to collect 799 statements dealing with how stakeholders presently viewed or should view the organization. Ingratiation was the primary strategy appearing in the statements, with most ingratiation being self‐enhancing communication. No apologies were present. Different impression management strategies occurred in messages directed to different stakeholders. Intimidation was used with special interest groups. Denouncement strategies were embedded in messages to competitors, special interest groups, and suppliers. Results are discussed in light of institutional theory and the impression management literature.
381 citations
TL;DR: Current issues related to the use of positive behavioral supports and training in the delivery of human services and training of persons in the formal and informal support systems are addressed.
Abstract: As human service systems attempt to integrate persons with disabilities, particularly those with challenging behaviors, into the mainstream of society, use of positive behavioral supports must be implemented. Training of persons in the formal and informal support systems must also be reconceptualized in the context of using positive behavioral supports. This paper addresses some current issues related to the use of such supports and training in the delivery of human services.
351 citations
TL;DR: This experiment demonstrates that development of bovine embryos in vitro can be improved by the addition of free amino acids to a simple medium, and Contrary to work in rodents, the mixture of vitamins in MEM was not beneficial for bovines embryos.
Abstract: Due to the complicated media used for culturing bovine embryos, most of the nutrient requirements are unknown. Recently, we developed a simple, serum-free medium (CR1) that allows bovine embryos to develop in vitro. Therefore, our objective was to determine whether development of bovine embryos would be improved by the addition of free amino acids and vitamins to CR1. Oocytes were recovered from slaughterhouse ovaries and matured 22 +/- 2 h, following which the oocytes were randomly allotted to treatment. The experiment was a randomized block design with a 2 x 5 factorial treatment structure. The oocytes were fertilized with or without cumulus cells intact. The five fertilization media were 1) Control (CR1 +/- 10 micrograms/mL of phenol red); 2) control + basal medium Eagle (BME) essential amino acids (EAA) + minimum essential medium (MEM) nonessential amino acids (NEA) + MEM vitamins (VIT); 3) control + EAA + NEA; 4) control + EAA + VIT; and 5) control + NEA + VIT. Cleavage rate was greater (P < .001) when cumulus cells remained on the oocytes during fertilization (51.7 vs 73.2% without and with cumulus cells, respectively). The frequency of blastocysts was increased (P < .001) when EAA or NEA were added to CR1; however, adding VIT had no effect or tended (P = .12) to decrease the frequency of embryos attaining the blastocyst stage. This experiment demonstrates that development of bovine embryos in vitro can be improved by the addition of free amino acids to a simple medium. Contrary to work in rodents, the mixture of vitamins in MEM was not beneficial for bovine embryos.
288 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of justification (a form of education) on intent to remain are mediated by outcome and procedural fairness judgements, while voice and education showed no effect on fairness judgments.
Abstract: Organizational transitions may be difficult to implement if employees resist the change. ‘Participation’ and ‘education’ (Kotter and Schlesinger, 1979) are hypothesized to enhance commitment to change, however mechanisms for those effects are unclear. In a sample of employees from seven relocated organizations, a test of our model showed that the effects of justification (a form of education) on intent to remain are mediated by outcome and procedural fairness judgements. Voice (a form of participation) showed no effects on fairness judgments, perhaps because employees did not expect voice in relocation decisions. Supplementary analyses yielded no evidence for direct effects of voice and justification on intention to remain. The findings extend our understanding of fairness to transition settings.
197 citations
Patent•
13 Apr 1994TL;DR: In this article, a partially transparent, directional viewing sheet formed of plastic material with lenses, preferably lenticular lenses, formed on both the front and back surfaces of the sheet, there being on at least one of the surfaces intervening spaces between the lenses which spaces are not fully transparent and may be imprinted with an image that is viewable through the sheet from some directions.
Abstract: There is disclosed a partially transparent, directional viewing sheet formed of plastic material with lenses, preferably lenticular lenses, formed on both the front and the back surfaces of the sheet, there being on at least one of the surfaces intervening spaces between the lenses which spaces are not fully transparent and may be imprinted with an image that is viewable through the sheet from some directions. Preferably such lenses separated by non-transparent intervening spaces are concave lenses with a radius of curvature which is less than the radius of curvature of convex lenses, on the other surface, causing the concave lens focal length to be less than, typically about one-half of, the focal length of the convex lenses. The thickness of the sheet and hence the spacing between each concave lens and a corresponding convex lens causes the lenses axial spacing to be about the difference in focal lengths of the lenses producing the effect of a tiny Galilean telescope. The view through such a sheet in a direction substantially aligned with the optical axis of the tiny telescope is a minimally distorted view of objects distant from or near to the opposite side of the sheet while off-axis viewing will present the image imprinted on the intervening spaces between the concave lenses on the back surface of the sheet. Alternative embodiments employ intrusive mask elements between concave lens elements facilitating use for directional control of solar energy while maintaining image transmission for one direction of viewing.
162 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the performance of C. ljungdahlii grown on carbon monoxide, or hydrogen with carbon dioxide, and showed that the rate and yield parameters are similar for both types of plants.
Abstract: Synthesis gas provides a simple substrate for the production of fuels and chemicals. Synthesis gas can be produced via established technologies from a variety of feedstocks including coal, wood, and agricultural and municipal wastes. The gasification is thermally efficient and results in complete conversion of the feedstock to fermentable substrate.Clostridium ljungdahlii grows on the synthesis gas components, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. Production of acetic acid and ethanol accompanies growth with synthesis gas as sole source of energy and carbon. Rate and yield parameters are compared forC. ljungdahlii grown on carbon monoxide, or hydrogen with carbon dioxide.
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of pH and calcium (Ca) on inorganic P precipitation and solubility relationships in the water column was investigated in the Everglades agricultural area (EAA).
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Retinal avascularity may not be the single overriding stimulus for neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy, and the possibility that variable oxygen leads directly to vascular endothelial cell mitosis, a common retinal manifestation of ischemia-reperfusion, is considered.
Abstract: Purpose. To confirm a relationship between oxygen-induced retinal vasoattenuation and subsequent abnormal neovascularization in the newborn rat. Methods. Beginning at birth, some litters of Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 80% constant oxygen while others received oxygen varying between 40% and 80% in a cyclic fashion. The frequency of the change in inspired oxygen (FiO2) was either 6, 12, 24, or 48 hours. The exposure periods lasted for 14 days, at which time some rats from each exposure group were sacrificed and assessed for retinal vasoattenuation with injection of fluorescein-labeled dextran. The remaining rats from each group were transferred at day 14 from the hyperoxic atmosphere to room air for an additional 4 days. These animals were then killed and assessed for retinal neovascularization by staining for vascular ADPase activity. Results. Of all rats raised in variable oxygen, 62% exhibited abnormal retinal neovascularization after 4 days in room air. Only 18% of the rats exposed to constant oxygen responded with abnormal neovascularization. Among the four groups of variable oxygen-exposed rats, there was a direct correlation (R 2 = 0.96) between degree of retinal avascularity upon removal from oxygen and the propensity for subsequent abnormal neovascularization. Constant oxygen-exposed rats did not exhibit this relationship. This exposure produced the greatest retinal avascularity upon removal from oxygen but the lowest incidence of abnormal neovascularization after 4 days in room air. Conclusions. Retinal avascularity may not be the single overriding stimulus for neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy. Other hypotheses bear consideration, including the possibility that variable oxygen leads directly to vascular endothelial cell mitosis, a common retinal manifestation of ischemia-reperfusion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994; 35:3429-3435.
TL;DR: Variation in induced responses in soybean is shown to be dependent, in part, upon herbivore species, and the contribution of these findings to emerging theories of insect-plant interactions is discussed.
Abstract: Variation in induced responses in soybean is shown to be dependent, in part, upon herbivore species. Herbivory by the phloem-feeding three-cornered alfalfa hopper caused increases in the activities of several oxidative enzymes including lipoxygenases, peroxidases, ascorbate oxidase, and polyphenol oxidase. Bean leaf beetle defoliation caused increased lipoxygenase activity, but had little effect upon peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate oxidase, or trypsin inhibitor levels in either field or greenhouse studies. In one field experiment, prior herbivory by the bean leaf beetle subsequently reduced the suitability of foliage to the corn earwormHelicoverpa zea. The contribution of these findings to emerging theories of insect-plant interactions is discussed.
TL;DR: Midgut epithelium from larvae feeding on wounded tissues showed evidence of oxidative damage as indicated by significant increases in lipid peroxidation products and losses in free primary amines, and the potential role of oxidative and nutritional stress as a plant defensive response to herbivory is discussed.
Abstract: The potential role of the plant enzyme lipoxygenase in host resistance against the corn earwormHelicoverpa zea was examined. Lipoxygenase is present in most of the common host plants ofH. zea, with highest activity in the leguminous hosts such as soybean and redbean. Treatment of dietary proteins with linoleic acid and lipoxygenase significantly reduced the nutritive quality of soybean protein and soy foliar protein. Larval growth was reduced from 24 to 63% depending upon treatment. Feeding byH. zea on soybean plants caused damage-induced increases in foliar lipoxygenase and lipid peroxidation products. Larvae feeding on previously wounded plant tissue demonstrated decreased growth rates compared to larvae feeding on unwounded tissue. Midgut epithelium from larvae feeding on wounded tissues showed evidence of oxidative damage as indicated by significant increases in lipid peroxidation products and losses in free primary amines. The potential role of oxidative and nutritional stress as a plant defensive response to herbivory is discussed.
TL;DR: Results indicate that awareness of whether the product contains more than recommended amounts of negative nutrients differs across formats, and inclusion of reference values and higher levels of nutrition knowledge results in higher reported purchase likelihood for a product that is perceived as highly nutritious and lower purchase likelihoodfor a product with low perceived nutritiousness.
Abstract: The authors examine some potential effects of changes in nutrition labels associated with the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990. They report a study in which effects of basic label forma...
TL;DR: In this article, the Jarratt method of order four was extended to Banach spaces and a Kantorovich-type convergence theorem was established for the error bound of the method.
TL;DR: Heterophils from both the turkeys and chickens phagocytized more SE than did monocytes from either type of fowl, suggesting that the ultimate fate of the bacteria in these cells was not related to an oxygen-dependent mechanism.
TL;DR: Together, the 1H and 2H nuclear magnetic resonance methods suggest that the Trp9 and Trp11 side chain orientations could be very similar in dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine membranes and in sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used Markov process-based transition probability matrices (TPMs) to define the transition process of pavement conditions and applied the transition probability matrix with accessibility rules to improve pavement performance.
Abstract: Since the ASSHO road test of 1962, tremendous efforts have been devoted to improve the methodologies of pavement performance prediction. The successful implementation of the Network Optimization System (NOS) in the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), represented an advancement in the prediction methodology by using Markov-process-based transition-probability matrices (TPMs) to define the transition process of pavement conditions. This paper addresses some of the inadequacies of the original NOS prediction model. Two approaches were used to evaluate the transition probability matrices. First, the current pavement performance data base was used to develop new TPMs. Second, the Chapman-Kolmogorov method was used to examine the logical extension of the transition probability matrices from a single step to long-term pavement behavior. As a result, the concept of pavement probabilistic behavior curves (PBC) was established. The newly generated TPMs were modified with accessibility rules to improve the prediction of pavement performance. More importantly, it was demonstrated that Markovian prediction satisfactorily models actual pavement behavior. The developments presented in this paper improve the reliability of the microcomputer-based NOS.
TL;DR: The translocation of black bears from Minnesota to the interior Highlands of Arkansas has been reported to have been successful in terms of numbers of animals, but it will not be truly successful until people accept black bears as part of the regional fauna.
Abstract: In 1958, the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission began translocating black bears ( Ursus americanus ) from Minnesota to the Interior Highlands (Ozark and Ouachita mountains) of Arkansas where bears had been extirpated early in this century. This project continued for 11 years with little public imput, during which time an estimated 254 bears were released. We estimate there are now >2,500 bears in the Interior Highlands of Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma, making it one of the most successful translocations of a Carnivora. Factors that contributed to the success include use of wild-captured animals, elimination of major factors associated with extirpation, release into prime habitats within the former range, multiple release sites, release of 20–40 animals/year for eight years, and release of mostly males prior to release of mostly females. Studies on two allopatric populations demonstrate that they are now diverging in some demographic characteristics, including litter size, cub survivorship, and adult sex-ratio. Translocation of black bears to the Interior Highlands is successful in terms of numbers of animals, but it will not be truly successful until people accept black bears as part of the regional fauna. To that end, those associated with management and research of bears in Arkansas are now focussing on public education and control of nuisance bears.
TL;DR: The results of the repeated test-retest using differing application platforms add further support for the reliability of the EUCS measure and highlight some areas of concern for managers of information systems.
Abstract: This comment extends the test-retest reliability of the end-user computing satisfaction (EUCS) instrument by Torkzadeh and Doll [10]. Whereas Torkzadeh and Doll [10] reportedstability for two hour and two week EUCS test-retest reliability, we investigate the test-retest reliability of the EUCS instrument at two points in time, separated by a two yearinterval. We assess the end user computing satisfaction of personal computer, as well as mainframe, administrative end users in a large public organization. The results of the repeated test-retest using differing application platforms add further support for the reliability of the EUCS measure and highlight some areas of concern for managers of information systems.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the factors that motivate companies to utilize offshore sources or prevent them from doing so and find that buyers in the responding companies followed a more traditional approach to purchasing, concentrating on a search for the lowest cost source of supply.
Abstract: Explores the factors that motivate companies to utilize offshore sources or prevent them from doing so. One‐hundred‐and‐fifteen firms representing 68 different industries were surveyed. The findings indicate that buyers in the responding companies followed a more traditional approach to purchasing, concentrating on a search for the lowest cost source of supply. The ability to access and rely on a global network of world‐class suppliers holds the key to competitiveness in today′s environment.
TL;DR: Leaf expansion was more sensitive to stress than root elongation, with curtailed growth after 2 d of withholding water compared with 6 d with roots, and stress reducedRoot elongation and root volume.
Abstract: Information on the differential growth response of roots and shoots to water-deficit stress will better describe root growth within the soil for purposes of modeling plant growth and assessment of drought resistant traits. Our aim was to investigate leaf expansion and changes in root elongation for field and growth-chamber cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) during drought. Plants were grown in rhizotron containers and subjected to 6 d of water-deficit stress followed by 6 d of recovery and compared with a well-watered control. The stress period commenced when the plants were 55 to 65 d old. Leaf expansion was more sensitive to stress than root elongation, with curtailed growth after 2 d of withholding water compared with 6 d with roots. Stress reduced root elongation and root volume
TL;DR: A 1053-year reconstruction of spring rainfall (March-June) was developed for the southeastern United States, based on three tree-ring reconstructions of statewide rainfall from North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
Abstract: A 1053-year reconstruction of spring rainfall (March-June) was developed for the southeastern United States, based on three tree-ring reconstructions of statewide rainfall from North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. This regional reconstruction is highly correlated with the instrumental record of spring rainfall (r = +0.80; 1887–1982), and accurately reproduces the decade-scale departures in spring rainfall amount and variance witnessed over the Southeast during the past century. No large-magnitude centuries-long trends in spring rainfall amounts were reconstructed over the past 1053 years, but large changes in the interannual variability of spring rainfall were reconstructed during portions of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), Little Ice Age (LIA), and the 20th century. Dry conditions persisted at the end of the 12th century, but appear to have been exceeded by a reconstructed drought in the mid-18th century. High interannual variability, including five extremely wet years were reconstructed for a 20-yr period during the late 16th and early 17th centuries, and may reflect amplified atmospheric circulation over eastern North America during what appears to have been one of the most widespread cold episodes of the Little Ice Age.
TL;DR: Results indicated that basket height modification can positively influence children's shooting performance andSelf-efficacy was highest when children shot at the 8-ft basket.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of modification of basketball size and basket height on shooting performance and self-efficacy of girls and boys 9 to 12 years of age. Subjects (N = 74) completed a self-efficacy questionnaire before and after shooting 10 baskets under four conditions. Shooting conditions were a combination of basketball size (women's or men's) and basket height (10 or 8 ft). Repeated measures analyses of variance indicated that children made more baskets and had higher shooting scores at the 8-ft basket than the 10-ft basket. This was especially evident for girls and 9- and 10-year-old children. Self-efficacy was higher prior to shooting, and boys had higher self-efficacy than girls. Self-efficacy was highest when children shot at the 8-ft basket. These results indicated that basket height modification can positively influence children's shooting performance and self-efficacy.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that concepts from institutional theory and managerial dominant logic can be used to examine human resource managers' institutional role supporting the adoption of employer-sponsored childcare as a form of organizational adaptation to change.
Abstract: This paper argues that concepts from institutional theory and managerial dominant logic can be used to examine human resource managers' institutional role supporting the adoption of employer-sponsored childcare as a form of organizational adaptation to change. Three components of the dominant logic of employer-sponsored childcare were found: management control, environmental, and a coercive component. These components overlap to form an overall management orientation toward employer-sponsored childcare, which are related to management's demographic backgrounds, and their organizational and industry environments. The extent of adoption of employer-sponsored childcare was found to be positively related to (1) the strength of human resource manager's global orientation, and (2) their interpretations of favorable executive attitudes toward employer-sponsored childcare.
TL;DR: It is concluded that some cases of adult-onset schizophrenia are associated with prenatal events, which may include neurodevelopmental abnormalities or specific insults such as anoxia or infectious agents.
Abstract: Neuropathological, obstetrical, and epidemiological evidence increasingly suggest that some cases of adult-onset schizophrenia have prenatal or neonatal etiological roots. We evaluated the developmental histories of 23 monozygotic twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia to determine when they markedly and permanently began diverging from each other in motor skills or unusual behavior. Seven of the twins (30%) who later developed schizophrenia had become permanently different from their cotwins by age 5 years. The early divergence group differed from the others by multivariate tests (p = 0.002) for within-twin pair effects and by univariate tests for physical anomaly scores (p = 0.01), total finger ridge counts (p = 0.001), family history of psychosis (p = 0.004), and serious perinatal complications or low birth weight (p = 0.05). It is concluded that some cases of adult-onset schizophrenia are associated with prenatal events, which may include neurodevelopmental abnormalities or specific insults such as anoxia or infectious agents.
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: The question of whether chondrules behaved as open systems during formation is crucial to our understanding of both chondrule and chondrite formation as discussed by the authors, and it has been studied extensively in the literature.
Abstract: The question of whether chondrules behaved as open systems during formation is crucial to our understanding of both chondrule and chondrite formation. The very large range of chondrule types is best summarized by the compositional classification scheme, wherein the primitive chondrule groups (i.e., those not produced by metamorphic processes) are A1, A2, A5, and B1. In the Semarkona (LL3.0) chondrite, 10.5%, 25.0%, 5.0%, and 56.9% (by number) of the chondrules are groups A1, A2, A5, and B1, respectively. We argue that groups A1 and A2 were produced by reduction and evaporation during chondrule formation of material originally resembling group B1 chondrules.