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Showing papers by "University of Arkansas published in 2006"


Book
25 Apr 2006
TL;DR: The Social Psychology of Prosocial Behavior as discussed by the authors examines prosocial behavior from a multilevel perspective that explores the diverse influences that promote actions for the benefit of others and the myriad ways that prosocial actions can be manifested.
Abstract: Written by four leading researchers in the study of prosocial behavior, this book introduces a new perspective on prosocial behavior for the 21st century. Building on the bystander intervention work that has defined this area since the 1960s, The Social Psychology of Prosocial Behavior examines prosocial behavior from a multilevel perspective that explores the diverse influences that promote actions for the benefit of others and the myriad ways that prosocial actions can be manifested. The authors expand the breadth of the field, incorporating analyses of biological and genetic factors that predispose individuals to be concerned for the well being of others, as well as planned helping such as volunteering and organizational citizenship behavior and cooperative behavior within and between groups. They identify both the common and the unique processes that underlie the broad spectrum of prosocial behavior.Each chapter begins with a question about prosocial behavior and ends with a summary that answers the question. The final chapter summarizes the questions and the answers that research provides. Conceptual models that elaborate on and extend the multilevel approach to prosocial behavior are used to tie these findings together. The book concludes with suggestions for future research. The Social Psychology of Prosocial Behavior addresses the following:*the evolution of altruistic tendencies and other biological explanations of why humans are predisposed to be prosocial;*how the situation and motives that are elicited by these situations affect when and how people help;*the causes and maintenance of long-term helping, such as volunteering;*how prosocial behavior changes over time and the developmental processes responsible for these changes;*the consequences of helping for both the people who provide it and those who receive it;*helping and cooperation within and between groups and the implications of these actions.This accessible text is ideal for advanced courses on helping and altruism or prosocial behavior, taught in psychology, sociology, management, political science, and communication, or for anyone interested in learning more about prosocial behavior in general.

558 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined how accurately consumers estimate the nutrient content of typical restaurant meals using a survey methodology and conducted an experiment to address how the provision of nutrition information on menus influences purchase intentions and reported preferences.
Abstract: Objectives. Requiring restaurants to present nutrition information on menus is under consideration as a potential way to slow the increasing prevalence of obesity. Using a survey methodology, we examined how accurately consumers estimate the nutrient content of typical restaurant meals. Based on these results, we then conducted an experiment to address how the provision of nutrition information on menus influences purchase intentions and reported preferences.Methods. For both the survey and experiment, data were analyzed using analysis of variance techniques.Results. Survey results showed that levels of calories, fat, and saturated fat in less-healthful restaurant items were significantly underestimated by consumers. Actual fat and saturated fat levels were twice consumers’ estimates and calories approached 2 times more than what consumers expected. In the subsequent experiment, for items for which levels of calories, fat, and saturated fat substantially exceeded consumers’ expectations, the provision of ...

428 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A site-specific sequential nucleation and growth route to the systematic building of hierarchical, complex, and oriented ZnO micro/nanostructures in solution nanosynthesis.
Abstract: Here we report a site-specific sequential nucleation and growth route to the systematic building of hierarchical, complex, and oriented ZnO micro/nanostructures in solution nanosynthesis. Structures and morphologies of the products were confirmed by results from X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy studies. The organic structure-directing agents (SDAs), diaminopropane and citrate, are found to play different roles in controlling the evolution of these new morphologies. Through the selective adsorptions of SDAs on different crystal facets of the primary ZnO rods, we have alternated the hierarchical growth of secondary and tertiary new complex nanostructures. Roles of the SDA concentration, nucleation time, and growth kinetics in the solution hierarchical ZnO nanosyntheses have all been systematically investigated.

361 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Examples of host-altered behavior are reviewed and the range of altered behaviors exhibited by invertebrates including behaviorally induced fever, elevation seeking, reduced or increased activity, reduced response to semiochemicals, and changes in reproductive behavior are considered.
Abstract: Invertebrate pathogens and their hosts are taxonomically diverse. Despite this, there is one unifying concept relevant to all such parasitic associations: Both pathogen and host adapt to maximize their own reproductive output and ultimate fitness. The strategies adopted by pathogens and hosts to achieve this goal are almost as diverse as the organisms themselves, but studies examining such relationships have traditionally concentrated only on aspects of host physiology. Here we review examples of host-altered behavior and consider these within a broad ecological and evolutionary context. Research on pathogen-induced and host-mediated behavioral changes demonstrates the range of altered behaviors exhibited by invertebrates including behaviorally induced fever, elevation seeking, reduced or increased activity, reduced response to semiochemicals, and changes in reproductive behavior. These interactions are sometimes quite bizarre, intricate, and of great scientific interest.

360 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article highlights several unique aspects of WSNs, and describes the basic design criteria and challenges of transport protocols, including energy-efficiency, quality of service, reliability, and congestion control.
Abstract: In this article we present a survey of transport protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We first highlight several unique aspects of WSNs, and describe the basic design criteria and challenges of transport protocols, including energy-efficiency, quality of service, reliability, and congestion control. We then provide a summary and comparison of existing transport protocols for WSNs. Finally, we discuss several open research problems.

358 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the worldwide technical developments and state-of-the-art of electro-physical and chemical micromachining processes and issues related to the supporting technologies such as standardization, metrology and equipment design are briefly assessed.

358 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new methodological approach to microwear is described: dental microwear texture analysis, based on three-dimensional surface measurements taken using white-light confocal microscopy and scale-sensitive fractal analysis, which offers repeatable, quantitative characterizations of three- dimensional surfaces, free of observer measurement error.

355 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found evidence of a non-monotonic relationship between corruption and growth after controlling for several other economic variables and restricting the sample to those countries considered to be free, and showed that the growth-maximizing level of corruption is significantly greater than zero.

345 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined superlattices composed of the half-metallic ferromagnet La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 and the high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7 by absorption spectroscopy with circularly polarized X-rays and by off-specular neutron reflectometry.
Abstract: Carefully controlled interfaces between two materials can give rise to novel physical phenomena and functionalities not exhibited by either of the constituent materials alone. Modern synthesis methods have yielded high-quality heterostructures of oxide materials with competing order parameters. Although magnetic correlations at the interface are expected to be important in determining the macroscopic properties of such systems, a quantitative determination of the interfacial magnetization profile has thus far not been reported. Here we examine superlattices composed of the half-metallic ferromagnet La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 and the high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7 by absorption spectroscopy with circularly polarized X-rays and by off-specular neutron reflectometry. The resulting data yield microscopic insight into the interplay of spin and orbital degrees of freedom at the interface. The experiments also reveal an extensive rearrangement of the magnetic domain structure at the superconducting transition temperature. This methodology establishes an incisive probe of the interplay between competing electronic order parameters in oxide heterostructures.

339 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined factors that influence an individual's attitude toward pirating digital material and found that attitude toward digital pirating is influenced by beliefs about the outcome of behavior (cognitive beliefs), happiness and excitement (affective beliefs), age, the perceived importance of the issue, the influence of significant others (subjective norms), and machiavellianism.
Abstract: A new form of software piracy known as digital piracy has taken the spotlight. Lost revenues due to digital piracy could reach $5 billion by the end of 2005.Preventives and deterrents do not seem to be working – losses are increasing. This study examines factors that influence an individual’s attitude toward pirating digital material. The results of this study suggest that attitude toward digital pirating is influenced by beliefs about the outcome of behavior (cognitive beliefs), happiness and excitement (affective beliefs), age, the perceived importance of the issue, the influence of significant others (subjective norms), and machiavellianism. Given these results, measures can be developed which could alter attitudes toward digital piracy.

335 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a nonlocal continuum mechanics model is developed and applied to study the vibration of both single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and double-weled nanotsubes (DWNTs), via elastic beam theories.
Abstract: A nonlocal continuum mechanics model is developed and applied to study the vibration of both single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and double-walled nanotubes (DWNTs) via elastic beam theories. The small-scale effects on vibration characteristics of carbon nanotubes are explicitly derived through a complete mechanics analysis. A qualitative validation study shows that the results based on nonlocal continuum mechanics are in agreement with the published experimental reports in this field. Numerical simulations are conducted to quantitatively show the small-scale effect on vibrations of both SWNTs and DWNTs with different lengths and diameters.

Journal ArticleDOI
22 Sep 2006-Science
TL;DR: Biofuel crops, particularly using non-native species, must be introduced with an understanding of possible risks to the environment, according to the World Health Organization.
Abstract: Biofuel crops, particularly using non-native species, must be introduced with an understanding of possible risks to the environment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors determined whether a period of cocaine abstinence (at least 30 days) resulted in altered discounting rates of money in a population of primary cocaine-dependent patients compared to current cocaine users and non-drug-using matched controls.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that exogenous application of JA was able to activate defense gene expression and local induced resistance in rice seedlings against the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea).
Abstract: Many studies in dicotyledonous plants have shown that jasmonates, including jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate, are important signal molecules involved in induced resistance to pathogen infection and insect herbivory. However, very little genetic and molecular evidence is available to demonstrate their role in host defense response of rice and other economically important monocot plants. In this study, we have shown that exogenous application of JA was able to activate defense gene expression and local induced resistance in rice seedlings against the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea). Furthermore, we have characterized a pathogen-inducible rice OsAOS2 gene (which encodes allene oxide synthase, a key enzyme in the JA biosynthetic pathway) and examined the role of endogenous JA in rice defense response through transgenic manipulation of the JA biosynthesis. Sequence analysis indicated that OsAOS2 contains four common domains of the cytochrome P450 enzyme, but does not have the signal peptide for chloroplast targeting. The basal level of OsAOS2 expression is very low in leaves but relatively high in the sheath, culm, and flower of rice plants. Interestingly, the expression of OsAOS2 in rice leaves can be induced significantly upon M. grisea infection. Transgenic rice lines carrying the OsAOS2 transgene under the control of a strong, pathogen-inducible PBZ1 promoter accumulated abundant OsAOS2 transcripts and higher levels of JA, especially after the pathogen infection. These transgenic lines also exhibited enhanced activation of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes such as PR1a, PR3, and PR5 and increased resistance to M. grisea infection. Our results suggest that JA plays a significant role in PR gene induction and blast resistance in rice plants.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The maturity of individual-level technology-adoption research is recognized and three broad future research directions are suggested, which are: (i) business process change and process standards, (ii) supply-chain technologies, and (iii) services.
Abstract: This article recognizes the maturity of individual-level technology-adoption research and suggests three broad future research directions. They are: (i) business process change and process standards, (ii) supply-chain technologies, and (iii) services. Each of these areas is identified based on the topics likely of interest to the readers of the Decision Sciences by closely examining Decision Sciences' editorial mission and the recent research published in it. Within each of these three different broad topic areas, a few different specific directions are identified. The directions outlined here are not meant to be exhaustive but rather potential directions that can result in a theoretical contribution to individual-level technology-adoption research and the specific topic area.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Single crystalline and nearly monodisperse In2O3 nanocrystals with both dot and flower shapes were synthesized in a simple reaction system and hydrolysis and alcoholysis were identified as the major paths, as opposed to pyrolysis.
Abstract: Single crystalline and nearly monodisperse In2O3 nanocrystals with both dot and flower shapes were synthesized in a simple reaction system. This system used indium carboxylates as the precursors with or without alcohol as the activating reagents in a hydrocarbon solvent under elevated temperatures. Limited ligand protection (LLP) led to three-dimensional (3D) oriented attachment of nanodots, resulting in 3D nanoflowers. When the system had sufficient ligand protection for the nanocrystals, nanodots were found to be the stable products. The diameters of nearly monodisperse nanodots and nanoflowers were varied in a range from ∼5 to ∼15 nm and ∼15 to ∼60 nm, respectively. The simple reaction system made it possible to have a systematic study of the reaction mechanisms along with the growth kinetics of nanocrystals. Hydrolysis and alcoholysis were identified as the major paths for this system, as opposed to pyrolysis. Both nearly monodispersed nanodots and nanoflowers can be made through either of the reactio...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review is designed to summarize both classical and modern hypotheses regarding the causality of SDA as well as to review important findings from the past century of scientific research into SDA.
Abstract: Specific dynamic action (SDA) is the term used to refer to the increased metabolic expenditure that occurs in postprandial animals. Postprandial increases in metabolism were first documented in animals over two hundred years ago, and have since been observed in every species thus far examined. Ironically, the ubiquity of this physiological response to feeding understates its complex nature. This review is designed to summarize both classical and modern hypotheses regarding the causality of SDA as well as to review important findings from the past century of scientific research into SDA. A secondary aim of this work is to emphasize the importance of carefully designed experiments and systematic hypothesis testing to make more rapid progress in understanding the physiological processes that contribute to SDA. I also identify three areas in SDA research that deserve more detailed investigation. The first area is identification of the causality of SDA in ‘model’ organisms. The second area is characterization of SDA responses in novel species. The third area is exploration of the ecological and potential evolutionary significance of SDA in energy budgets of animals.

Journal ArticleDOI
23 Feb 2006-Analyst
TL;DR: Fluorescent microscopic images of QD labeled E. coli and Salmonella cells demonstrated that QD-antibody conjugates could evenly and completely attach to the surface of bacterial cells, indicating that the conjugated QD molecules still retain their effective fluorescence, while the Conjugated antibody molecules remain active and are able to recognize their specific target bacteria in a complex mixture.
Abstract: In this study, we explored the use of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as fluorescence labels in immunoassays for simultaneous detection of two species of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli O157∶H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium. QDs with different sizes can be excited with a single wavelength of light, resulting in different emission peaks that can be measured simultaneously. Highly fluorescent semiconductor quantum dots with different emission wavelengths (525 nm and 705 nm) were conjugated to anti-E. coli O157 and anti-Salmonella antibodies, respectively. Target bacteria were separated from samples by using specific antibody coated magnetic beads. The bead–cell complexes reacted with QD–antibody conjugates to form bead–cell–QD complexes. Fluorescent microscopic images of QD labeled E. coli and Salmonella cells demonstrated that QD–antibody conjugates could evenly and completely attach to the surface of bacterial cells, indicating that the conjugated QD molecules still retain their effective fluorescence, while the conjugated antibody molecules remain active and are able to recognize their specific target bacteria in a complex mixture. The intensities of fluorescence emission peaks at 525 nm and 705 nm of the final complexes were measured for quantitative detection of E. coli O157∶H7 and S. Typhimurium simultaneously. The fluorescence intensity (FI) as a function of cell number (N) was found for Salmonella and E. coli, respectively. The regression models can be expressed as: FI = 60.6log N − 250.9 with R2 = 0.97 for S. Typhimurium, and FI = 77.8log N − 245.2 with R2 = 0.91 for E. coli O157∶H7 in the range of cell numbers from 104 to 107 cfu ml−1. The detection limit of this method was 104 cfu ml−1. The detection could be completed within 2 hours. The principle of this method could be extended to detect multiple species of bacteria (3–4 species) simultaneously, depending on the availability of each type of QD–antibody conjugates with a unique emission peak and the antibody coated magnetic beads specific to each species of bacteria.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A theoretical model for predicting purchase behavior in electronic channels suggests that website use (i.e., technology use), a key indicator of the degree to which a site is sticky, is a significant antecedent of purchase behavior.
Abstract: We develop a theoretical model for predicting purchase behavior in electronic channels. The model suggests that website use (i.e., technology use), a key indicator of the degree to which a site is sticky, is a significant antecedent of purchase behavior. Furthermore, we relate the usability of a website to use behavior and purchase behavior. Specifically, individual characteristics and product type are argued to differentially influence the weights that customers place on five different categories of usability. The weighted ratings of the five categories together determine use behavior and purchase behavior, after controlling for purchase need, experience with similar sites, and previous purchase on the specific sites. The model was tested in a longitudinal field study among 757 customers who provided usability assessments for multiple websites from four different industriesi.e., airlines, online bookstores, automobile manufacturers, and car rental agencies. Six months later, 370 of these individuals provided responses to help understand the transition from visitor to customer, i.e., whether they actually transacted with a specific website. Results provided strong support for the model and yield important theoretical and practical implications.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The experimental results suggest the coexistence of two types of fragments in the prewire aggregates, known as "pearl-necklace" or "string-of-pearls" in the literature, which are loosely associated and chemically fused sections.
Abstract: We report here a relatively low temperature (100-180 degrees C) synthetic route to high-quality and single-crystalline CdSe nanowires using air-stable and generic chemicals. The diameter of nanowires was controlled and varied in an exceptionally small size regime, between 1.5 and 6 nm. This was achieved by using alkylamines, a single type or a mixture of two different types of amines, with different chain lengths and varying the reaction temperature. The experimental results suggest the coexistence of two types of fragments in the prewire aggregates, known as "pearl-necklace" or "string-of-pearls" in the literature, which are loosely associated and chemically fused sections.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: IgY levels, total or antigen-specific, in the dams' plasma or eggs were found to be a direct indicator of maternal antibody transfer to the chicks' circulation, with an expected percentage transfer of approximately 30%.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A model of the impacts of license restrictiveness and organizational sponsorship on two indicators of success: user interest in, and development activity on, open source software development projects concludes that users are most attracted to projects that are sponsored by nonmarket organizations and that employ nonrestrictive licenses.
Abstract: What differentiates successful from unsuccessful open source software projects? This paper develops and tests a model of the impacts of license restrictiveness and organizational sponsorship on two indicators of success: user interest in, and development activity on, open source software development projects. Using data gathered from Freshmeat.net and project home pages, the main conclusions derived from the analysis are that (1) license restrictiveness and organizational sponsorship interact to influence user perceptions of the likely utility of open source software in such a way that users are most attracted to projects that are sponsored by nonmarket organizations and that employ nonrestrictive licenses, and (2) licensing and sponsorship address complementary developer motivations such that the influence of licensing on development activity depends on what kind of organizational sponsor a project has. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, and the paper outlines several avenues for future research.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) DNA sensor, based on the nanoparticle amplification method, was developed for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and linear correlation between frequency change and logarithmic number of bacterial cell concentration was found.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors combine data on international trade linkages with network methods to examine the global trading system as an interdependent complex network and suggest new network based measures of international economic integration, at both a global system-wide level and a local country-level.
Abstract: We combine data on international trade linkages with network methods to examine the global trading system as an interdependent complex network. We map the topology of the international trade network and suggest new network based measures of international economic integration, at both a global system-wide level and a local country-level. We develop network based measures that incorporate not only the volume of trade but also the influence that a country has on the international trading system. These measures incorporate the structure and function of the network and may provide a more meaningful approach to globalization than current measures based on trade volumes. We find that in terms of participation and influence in the network, global trade is hierarchical with a core-periphery structure at meaningful levels of trade, though integration of smaller countries into the network increased considerably over the 1990's. The network is strongly "balkanized" according to geography of trading partners but not as strongly by income or legal origin. Using these new measures we find that a country's position in the network has substantial implications for economic growth and that network position is a substitute for physical capital but a complement to human capital. We therefore suggest that a network approach to international economic integration has potential for useful applications in international business, finance and development.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The first observation of discrete optical surface solitons at the interface between a nonlinear self-focusing waveguide lattice and a continuous medium is reported.
Abstract: We report the first observation of discrete optical surface solitons at the interface between a nonlinear self-focusing waveguide lattice and a continuous medium. The effect of power on the localization process of these optical self-trapped states at the edge of an AlGaAs waveguide array is investigated in detail. Our experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper developed a fairness theory perspective to explain the experience of being singled out for social undermining from supervisors and coworkers, and tested their predictions across four distinct social contexts, and concluded that attitudinal and behavioral reactions to undermining would be strongest when a correspondingly low level of undermining was found in the social context.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ongoing disturbances appear to have prevented recovery of many important coral species and had subsequent effects on the community structure of coral-feeding butterflyfishes.
Abstract: Disturbances have a critical effect on the structure of natural communities. In this study long-term changes were examined in the reef community at Tiahura Reef, on the northern coast of Moorea, which had been subject to many and varied disturbances over the last 25 years. Tiahura Reef was subject to an outbreak of crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) in 1980–1981, causing significant declines in the abundance of scleractinian corals and butterflyfishes. By 2003, the abundance of corals and butterflyfishes had returned to former levels, but despite this apparent recovery, the species composition of coral communities and butterflyfish assemblages was very different from those recorded in 1979. Ongoing disturbances (including further outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish, cyclones, and coral bleaching events) appear to have prevented recovery of many important coral species (notably, Acropora spp.), which has had subsequent effects on the community structure of coral-feeding butterflyfishes. This study shows that recurrent disturbances may have persistent effects on the structure and dynamics of natural communities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The generalizability of the MUG conceptualization, metric, and associated instrument from the United States to Finland is established and support for a model of site use that employs the Mugs categories and subcategories as predictors is found.
Abstract: Recent research has presented a conceptualization, metric, and instrument based on Microsoft Usability Guidelines (MUG; see Agarwal and Venkatesh 2002). In this paper, we use MUG to further our understanding of web and wireless site use. We conducted two empirical studies among over 1,000 participants. In study 1, conducted in both the United States and Finland, we establish the generalizability of the MUG conceptualization, metric, and associated instrument from the United States to Finland. In study 2, which involved longitudinal data collection in Finland, we delved into an examination of differences in factors important in determining web versus wireless site usability. Also, in study 2, based on a follow-up survey about site use conducted 3 months after the initial survey, we found support for a model of site use that employs the MUG categories and subcategories as predictors. The MUG-based model outperformed the widely employed technology acceptance model both in terms of richness and variance explained (about 70 percent compared to 50 percent).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although early posttransplantation survival is slightly lower than other patients with CHD, long-term results are encouraging, and protein-losing enteropathy can be expected to resolve.
Abstract: Background— The Fontan procedure is a successful palliation for children with single-ventricle physiology; however, many will eventually require heart transplantation. The purpose of this study was to determine risk factors for death awaiting transplantation and to examine results after transplantation in Fontan patients. Methods and Results— A retrospective, multi-institutional review was performed of 97 Fontan patients <18 years of age listed at 17 Pediatric Heart Transplant Study centers from 1993 to 2001. Mean age at listing was 9.7 years (0.5 to 17.9 years); 25% were <4 years old; 53% were United Network for Organ Sharing status 1; 18% required ventilator support. Pretransplantation survival was 78% at 6 months and 74% at 12 months and was similar to 243 children with other congenital heart disease (CHD) and 747 children without congenital heart disease (No-CHD), who were also awaiting transplantation. Patients who were younger, status 1, had shorter interval since Fontan, or were on a ventilator wer...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors document the prevalence of sampling designs used in mixed-methods research and examine the interpretive consistency between interpretations made in mixedmethods studies and the sampling design used.
Abstract: The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to document the prevalence of sampling designs utilised in mixed-methods research and to examine the interpretive consistency between interpretations made in mixed-methods studies and the sampling design used. Classification of studies was based on a two-dimensional mixed-methods sampling model. This model provides a typology in which sampling designs can be classified according to the time orientation of the components (i.e. concurrent versus sequential) and the relationship of the qualitative and quantitative samples (i.e. identical versus parallel versus nested versus multilevel). A quantitative analysis of the 42 mixed-methods studies that were published in the four leading school psychology journals revealed that a sequential design using multilevel samples was the most frequent sampling design, being used in 40.5% (n=17) of the studies. More studies utilised a sampling design that was sequential (66.6%; n=28) than concurrent (33.4%; n=14). Also, multilevel...